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Viruses Jul 2021The oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), which prevents person-to-person transmission of poliovirus by inducing robust intestinal immunity, has been a crucial tool for global... (Review)
Review
The oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), which prevents person-to-person transmission of poliovirus by inducing robust intestinal immunity, has been a crucial tool for global polio eradication. However, polio outbreaks, mainly caused by type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2), are increasing worldwide. Meanwhile, immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) is considered another risk factor during the final stage of global polio eradication. Patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases are associated with higher risks for long-term iVDPV infections. Although a limited number of chronic iVDPV excretors were reported, the recent identification of a chronic type 2 iVDPV (iVDPV2) excretor in the Philippines highlights the potential risk of inapparent iVDPV infection for expanding cVDPV outbreaks. Further research on the genetic characterizations and molecular evolution of iVDPV2, based on comprehensive iVDPV surveillance, will be critical for elucidating the remaining risk of iVDPV2 during the post-OPV era.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Evolution, Molecular; Global Health; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases; Vaccination
PubMed: 34372613
DOI: 10.3390/v13071407 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2016World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988 encouraged the member states to launch Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) (resolution WHA41.28) against "the Crippler" called... (Review)
Review
World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988 encouraged the member states to launch Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) (resolution WHA41.28) against "the Crippler" called poliovirus, through strong routine immunization program and intensified surveillance systems. Since its launch, global incidence of poliomyelitis has been reduced by more than 99 % and the disease squeezed to only three endemic countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria) out of 125. Today, poliomyelitis is on the verge of eradication, and their etiological agents, the three poliovirus serotypes, are on the brink of extinction from the natural environment. The last case of poliomyelitis due to wild type 2 strain occurred in 1999 in Uttar Pradesh, India whereas the last paralytic case due to wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) was seen in November, 2012 in Yobe, Nigeria. Despite this progress, undetected circulation cannot fully rule out the eradication as most of the poliovirus infections are entirely subclinical; hence sophisticated environmental surveillance is needed to ensure the complete eradication of virus. Moreover, the vaccine virus in under-immunized communities can sometimes revert and attain wild type characteristics posing a big challenge to the program.
Topics: Cell Culture Techniques; Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; Population Surveillance; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Vaccination
PubMed: 26983728
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3292-4_2 -
Journal of Virology Dec 2019Accumulating evidence suggests that intestinal bacteria promote enteric virus infection in mice. For example, previous work demonstrated that antibiotic treatment of...
Accumulating evidence suggests that intestinal bacteria promote enteric virus infection in mice. For example, previous work demonstrated that antibiotic treatment of mice prior to oral infection with poliovirus reduced viral replication and pathogenesis. Here, we examined the effect of antibiotic treatment on infection with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a picornavirus closely related to poliovirus. We treated mice with a mixture of five antibiotics to deplete host microbiota and examined CVB3 replication and pathogenesis following oral inoculation. We found that, as seen with poliovirus, CVB3 shedding and pathogenesis were reduced in antibiotic-treated mice. While treatment with just two antibiotics, vancomycin and ampicillin, was sufficient to reduce CVB3 replication and pathogenesis, this treatment had no effect on poliovirus. The quantity and composition of bacterial communities were altered by treatment with the five-antibiotic cocktail and by treatment with vancomycin and ampicillin. To determine whether more-subtle changes in bacterial populations impact viral replication, we examined viral infection in mice treated with milder antibiotic regimens. Mice treated with one-tenth the standard concentration of the normal antibiotic cocktail supported replication of poliovirus but not CVB3. Importantly, a single dose of one antibiotic, streptomycin, was sufficient to reduce CVB3 shedding and pathogenesis while having no effect on poliovirus shedding and pathogenesis. Overall, replication and pathogenesis of CVB3 are more sensitive to antibiotic treatment than poliovirus, indicating that closely related viruses may differ with respect to their reliance on microbiota. Recent data indicate that intestinal bacteria promote intestinal infection of several enteric viruses. Here, we show that coxsackievirus, an enteric virus in the picornavirus family, also relies on microbiota for intestinal replication and pathogenesis. Relatively minor depletion of the microbiota was sufficient to decrease coxsackievirus infection, while poliovirus infection was unaffected. Surprisingly, a single dose of one antibiotic was sufficient to reduce coxsackievirus infection. Therefore, these data indicate that closely related viruses may differ with respect to their reliance on microbiota.
Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Coxsackievirus Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; HeLa Cells; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbiota; Picornaviridae; Poliovirus; Vancomycin; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31511379
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01339-19 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Apr 2024In July 2022, New York State (NYS) reported a case of paralytic polio in an unvaccinated young adult, and subsequent wastewater surveillance confirmed sustained local...
BACKGROUND
In July 2022, New York State (NYS) reported a case of paralytic polio in an unvaccinated young adult, and subsequent wastewater surveillance confirmed sustained local transmission of type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) in NYS with genetic linkage to the paralyzed patient.
METHODS
We adapted an established poliovirus transmission and oral poliovirus vaccine evolution model to characterize dynamics of poliovirus transmission in NYS, including consideration of the immunization activities performed as part of the declared state of emergency.
RESULTS
Despite sustained transmission of imported VDPV2 in NYS involving potentially thousands of individuals (depending on seasonality, population structure, and mixing assumptions) in 2022, the expected number of additional paralytic cases in years 2023 and beyond is small (less than 0.5). However, continued transmission and/or reintroduction of poliovirus into NYS and other populations remains a possible risk in communities that do not achieve and maintain high immunization coverage.
CONCLUSIONS
In countries such as the United States that use only inactivated poliovirus vaccine, even with high average immunization coverage, imported polioviruses may circulate and pose a small but nonzero risk of causing paralysis in nonimmune individuals.
Topics: Humans; Disease Outbreaks; New York; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring
PubMed: 37596838
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad355 -
Vaccine Aug 2017The European Region, certified polio-free in 2002, remains at risk of wild poliovirus reintroduction and emergence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV)... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The European Region, certified polio-free in 2002, remains at risk of wild poliovirus reintroduction and emergence of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) until global polio eradication is achieved, as demonstrated by the cVDPV1 outbreak in Ukraine in 2015.
METHODS
We reviewed epidemiologic, clinical and virology data on cVDPV cases, surveillance and immunization coverage data, and reports of outbreak-related surveys, country missions, and expert group meetings.
RESULTS
In Ukraine, 3-dose polio vaccine coverage declined from 91% in 2008 to 15% by mid-2015. In summer, 2015, two unrelated children from Zakarpattya province were paralyzed by a highly divergent cVDPV1. The isolates were 20 and 26 nucleotide divergent from prototype Sabin strain (with 18 identical mutations) consistent with their common origin and ∼2-year evolution. Outbreak response recommendations developed with international partner support included conducting three nationwide supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) with tOPV, strengthening surveillance and implementing communication interventions. SIAs were conducted during October 2015-February 2016 (officially reported coverage, round 1-64.4%, round 2-71.7%, and round 3-80.7%). Substantial challenges to outbreak response included lack of high-level support, resistance to OPV use, low perceived risk of polio, widespread vaccine hesitancy, anti-vaccine media environment, economic crisis and military conflict. Communication activities improved caregiver awareness of polio and confidence in vaccination. Surveillance was enhanced but did not consistently meet applicable performance standards. Post-outbreak assessments concluded that cVDPV1 transmission in Ukraine has likely stopped following the response, but significant gaps in population immunity and surveillance remained.
CONCLUSIONS
Chronic under-vaccination in Ukraine resulted in the accumulation of children susceptible to polioviruses and created favorable conditions for VDPV1 emergence and circulation, leading to the outbreak. Until programmatic gaps in immunization and surveillance are addressed, Ukraine will remain at high-risk for VDPV emergence and circulation, as well as at risk for other vaccine-preventable diseases.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Ukraine; Vaccination; Vaccination Refusal
PubMed: 28528761
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.036 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Oct 2022Environmental surveillance for poliovirus is increasingly used in poliovirus eradication efforts as a supplement to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance....
Environmental surveillance for poliovirus is increasingly used in poliovirus eradication efforts as a supplement to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. Environmental surveillance was officially established in 2017 in Senegal, where no poliovirus had been detected since 2010. We tested sewage samples from 2 sites in Dakar monthly for polioviruses. We identified a vaccine-derived poliovirus serotype 2 on January 19, 2021, from a sample collected on December 24, 2020; by December 31, 2021, we had detected 70 vaccine-derived poliovirus serotype 2 isolates circulating in 7 of 14 regions in Senegal. Sources included 18 AFP cases, 20 direct contacts, 17 contacts in the community, and 15 sewage samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of 2 clusters and provided evidence on the virus introduction from Guinea. Because novel oral polio vaccine serotype 2 was used for response activities throughout Senegal, we recommend expanding environmental surveillance into other regions.
Topics: Humans; Environmental Monitoring; Phylogeny; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Senegal; Serogroup; Sewage
PubMed: 36148906
DOI: 10.3201/eid2810.220847 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Mar 2018As a complement to the active search for cases of acute flaccid paralysis, environmental sampling was conducted from January to December 2011, to test for any putative...
As a complement to the active search for cases of acute flaccid paralysis, environmental sampling was conducted from January to December 2011, to test for any putative polio revertants and recombinants in sewage. A total of 165 environmental samples were obtained and analyzed for the presence of polioviruses by use of cell culture (L20B, RD and Caco-2) followed by neutralization and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Out of the 31 CPE positive samples, 26 contained one and 5 two different serotypes, yielding a total of 36 PVs. The microneutralization test revealed the presence of 7, 10 and 19 strains belonging to poliovirus serotype 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The genomic variability of 36 poliovirus strains was examined by the restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (RFLP). By combined analyses of two distant, polymorphic segments of the viral genome, one situated in the capsid protein VP1 coding region and the other in the 3D-polymerase coding region, we screened for the putative poliovirus revertants and recombinants. All detected PVs were classified as vaccine strains on the basis of RFLP-VP1 test. None of wild-type PVs or vaccine derived polioviruses were detected. RFLP assay also revealed the presence of 11 recombinants in 3D-polymerase coding region. Nine isolates appeared to be S3/S2, one S3/S1 and S1/S2 recombinant in analyzed 3Dpol region. This study revealed, through environmental monitoring, the introduction of SL PVs into the population associated with the routine use of OPV in Poland before the April 2016. Our findings demonstrate the usefulness of environmental surveillance in the overall polio eradication program.
Topics: Capsid Proteins; Environmental Monitoring; Genome, Viral; Humans; Neutralization Tests; Poland; Poliovirus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Serogroup; Sewage
PubMed: 30015429
DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0011.6147 -
Viruses Sep 2022Following the success of global vaccination programmes using the live-attenuated oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines (OPV and IPV), wild poliovirus (PV) is now only...
Following the success of global vaccination programmes using the live-attenuated oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines (OPV and IPV), wild poliovirus (PV) is now only endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan. However, the continued use of these vaccines poses potential risks to the eradication of PV. The production of recombinant PV virus-like particles (VLPs), which lack the viral genome offer great potential as next-generation vaccines for the post-polio world. We have previously reported production of PV VLPs using , however, these VLPs were in the non-native conformation (C Ag), which would not produce effective protection against PV. Here, we build on this work and show that it is possible to produce wt PV-3 and thermally stabilised PV-3 (referred to as PV-3 SC8) VLPs in the native conformation (D Ag) using . We show that the PV-3 SC8 VLPs provide a much-improved D:C antigen ratio as compared to wt PV-3, whilst exhibiting greater thermostability than the current IPV vaccine. Finally, we determine the cryo-EM structure of the yeast-derived PV-3 SC8 VLPs and compare this to previously published PV-3 D Ag structures, highlighting the similarities between these recombinantly expressed VLPs and the infectious virus, further emphasising their potential as a next-generation vaccine candidate for PV.
Topics: Humans; Antibodies, Viral; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 36298714
DOI: 10.3390/v14102159 -
Archives of Virology Nov 2020Due to the risk of poliovirus importation from Ukraine in 2015, a combined surveillance program monitoring the circulation of enteroviruses (EVs) in healthy children...
Due to the risk of poliovirus importation from Ukraine in 2015, a combined surveillance program monitoring the circulation of enteroviruses (EVs) in healthy children from at-risk areas and in the environment was conducted in Romania. Virological testing of stool samples collected from 155 healthy children aged from two months to six years and of 186 sewage water samples collected from different areas was performed. A total of 58 (37.42%) stool samples and 50 (26.88%) sewage water samples were positive for non-polio EVs, but no poliovirus was detected. A high level of circulation of echovirus (E) types 6 and 7 and coxsackievirus (CV) type B5 was observed.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Enterovirus; Enterovirus B, Human; Enterovirus Infections; Environment; Environmental Monitoring; Feces; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Infant; Limit of Detection; Logistic Models; Molecular Typing; Phylogeny; Poliovirus; Romania; Sewage; Wastewater
PubMed: 32776175
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04772-7 -
Biomeditsinskaia Khimiia Nov 2023Traditional antiviral vaccines are currently created by inactivating the virus chemically, most often using formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. These approaches are not... (Review)
Review
Traditional antiviral vaccines are currently created by inactivating the virus chemically, most often using formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. These approaches are not optimal since they negatively affect the safety of the antigenic determinants of the inactivated particles and require additional purification stages. The most promising platforms for creating vaccines are based on pseudoviruses, i.e., viruses that have completely preserved the outer shell (capsid), while losing the ability to reproduce owing to the destruction of the genome. The irradiation of viruses with electron beam is the optimal way to create pseudoviral particles. In this review, with the example of the poliovirus, the main algorithms that can be applied to characterize pseudoviral particles functionally and structurally in the process of creating a vaccine preparation are presented. These algorithms are, namely, the analysis of the degree of genome destruction and coimmunogenicity. The structure of the poliovirus and methods of its inactivation are considered. Methods for assessing residual infectivity and immunogenicity are proposed for the functional characterization of pseudoviruses. Genome integrity analysis approaches, atomic force and electron microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, and bioelectrochemical methods are crucial to structural characterization of the pseudovirus particles.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus; Vaccines; Formaldehyde; Propiolactone; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 37937429
DOI: 10.18097/PBMC20236905253