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Annual Review of Plant Biology 2015Meiosis is the cell division that reshuffles genetic information between generations. Recently, much progress has been made in understanding this process; in particular,... (Review)
Review
Meiosis is the cell division that reshuffles genetic information between generations. Recently, much progress has been made in understanding this process; in particular, the identification and functional analysis of more than 80 plant genes involved in meiosis have dramatically deepened our knowledge of this peculiar cell division. In this review, we provide an overview of advancements in the understanding of all aspects of plant meiosis, including recombination, chromosome synapsis, cell cycle control, chromosome distribution, and the challenge of polyploidy.
Topics: Cell Cycle; Chromosome Pairing; Chromosomes, Plant; Genes, Plant; Meiosis; Plants; Polyploidy; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 25494464
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-035923 -
The New Phytologist Apr 2021Polyploidy is a dominant feature of extant plant diversity. However, major research questions, including whether polyploidy is important to long-term evolution or is... (Review)
Review
Polyploidy is a dominant feature of extant plant diversity. However, major research questions, including whether polyploidy is important to long-term evolution or is just 'evolutionary noise', remain unresolved due to difficulties associated with the generation and analysis of data from polyploid lineages. Many of these difficulties have been recently overcome, such that it is now often relatively straightforward to infer the full and often reticulate phylogenetic history of groups with recently formed polyploids. This nascent field of 'polyploid phylogenetics' allows researchers to tackle long-standing questions of polyploid macroevolution, supplies the foundation for mechanistic models of ploidy change, and provides the opportunity to include a more complete and representative sample of plant taxa in our analyses in general.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Plant; Phylogeny; Plants; Polyploidy
PubMed: 33491778
DOI: 10.1111/nph.17105 -
Trends in Ecology & Evolution Jun 2022Polyploidy is a major driver of evolutionary change in plants, but many aspects of polyploidy in natural systems remain enigmatic. We argue that urban landscapes present... (Review)
Review
Polyploidy is a major driver of evolutionary change in plants, but many aspects of polyploidy in natural systems remain enigmatic. We argue that urban landscapes present an unprecedented opportunity to observe polyploidy in action. Integrating polyploid biology and urban evolutionary ecology, we discuss multiple factors expected to promote polyploid formation, establishment, and persistence in urban systems. We develop a predictive framework for the contemporary ecology and evolution of polyploid plants in cities, and through this novel perspective propose that studying polyploidy in an urban context could lead to breakthroughs in understanding fundamental processes in polyploid evolution. We conclude by highlighting the potential consequences of polyploidy in urban environments, and outline a roadmap for research into this currently unexplored field.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Plants; Polyploidy
PubMed: 35246321
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.02.005 -
Cytogenetic and Genome Research 2015This review summarizes the current status of the known extant genuine polyploid anuran and urodelan species, as well as spontaneously originated and/or experimentally... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes the current status of the known extant genuine polyploid anuran and urodelan species, as well as spontaneously originated and/or experimentally produced amphibian polyploids. The mechanisms by which polyploids can originate, the meiotic pairing configurations, the diploidization processes operating in polyploid genomes, the phenomenon of hybridogenesis, and the relationship between polyploidization and sex chromosome evolution are discussed. The polyploid systems in some important amphibian taxa are described in more detail.
Topics: Amphibians; Animals; Cell Fusion; Chromosome Duplication; Diploidy; Female; Genetic Techniques; Germ Cells; Hybridization, Genetic; Larva; Male; Meiosis; Models, Genetic; Polyploidy; Ranidae; Sex Chromosomes; Species Specificity; Xenopus
PubMed: 26112701
DOI: 10.1159/000431388 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023Polyploidy has been observed throughout major eukaryotic clades and has played a vital role in the evolution of angiosperms. Recent polyploidizations often result in... (Review)
Review
Polyploidy has been observed throughout major eukaryotic clades and has played a vital role in the evolution of angiosperms. Recent polyploidizations often result in highly complex genome structures, posing challenges to genome assembly and phasing. Recent advances in sequencing technologies and genome assembly algorithms have enabled high-quality, near-complete chromosome-level assemblies of polyploid genomes. Advances in novel sequencing technologies include highly accurate single-molecule sequencing with HiFi reads, chromosome conformation capture with Hi-C technique, and linked reads sequencing. Additionally, new computational approaches have also significantly improved the precision and reliability of polyploid genome assembly and phasing, such as HiCanu, hifiasm, ALLHiC, and PolyGembler. Herein, we review recently published polyploid genomes and compare the various sequencing, assembly, and phasing approaches that are utilized in these genome studies. Finally, we anticipate that accurate and telomere-to-telomere chromosome-level assembly of polyploid genomes could ultimately become a routine procedure in the near future.
Topics: Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Algorithms; Eukaryota; Eukaryotic Cells; Polyploidy
PubMed: 36720827
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2561-3_23 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Oct 2021Polyploidy is defined as a cell with three or more whole genome sets and enables cell growth across the kingdoms of life. Studies in model organisms have revealed that... (Review)
Review
Polyploidy is defined as a cell with three or more whole genome sets and enables cell growth across the kingdoms of life. Studies in model organisms have revealed that polyploid cell growth can be required for optimal tissue repair and regeneration. In mammals, polyploid cell growth contributes to repair of many tissues, including the liver, heart, kidney, bladder, and eye, and similar strategies have been identified in and zebrafish tissues. This review discusses the heterogeneity and versatility of polyploidy in tissue repair and regeneration. Polyploidy has been shown to restore tissue mass and maintain organ size as well as protect against oncogenic insults and genotoxic stress. Polyploid cells can also serve as a reservoir for new diploid cells in regeneration. The numerous mechanisms to generate polyploid cells provide an unlimited resource for tissues to exploit to undergo repair or regeneration.
Topics: Animals; DNA Damage; Heart; Humans; Polyploidy; Regeneration
PubMed: 34187807
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040881 -
Evolution; International Journal of... Sep 2021The effects of genetic mutations are influenced by genome structure. Polyploids have more gene or allele copies than diploids, which results in higher tolerance of...
The effects of genetic mutations are influenced by genome structure. Polyploids have more gene or allele copies than diploids, which results in higher tolerance of recessive deleterious mutations. However, this benefit may differ between autopolyploids and allopolyploids and between neopolyploids and older polyploid lineages due to the effects of hybridization and diploidization, respectively. To isolate these effects, we measured the impacts of controlled mutagenesis on reproductive fitness traits in closely related Arabidopsis diploids (A. thaliana), autotetraploids (A. thaliana), and allotetraploids (A. suecica), including both synthetic and natural polyploid lines. Overall, mutagenesis had the largest negative impacts on seed production, while its impacts on germination and survival were negligible. As expected, these effects were much stronger in diploids than in polyploids. The differences between autopolyploids, allopolyploids, and polyploids of different ages were minor-cumulative reproductive fitness did not significantly differ between the treatment and control groups for any polyploid line type. These results suggest that hybridization and polyploid age have not impacted the genomic redundancy of Arabidopsis polyploids enough to significantly alter their aggregate response to mutation, although this effect may differ in older polyploid lineages or in allopolyploids with different levels of divergence between parental subgenomes.
Topics: Aged; Arabidopsis; Diploidy; Genome, Plant; Humans; Hybridization, Genetic; Phenotype; Polyploidy
PubMed: 34251678
DOI: 10.1111/evo.14307 -
Current Biology : CB May 2015Polyploidy is defined as an increase in genome DNA content. Throughout the plant and animal kingdoms specific cell types become polyploid as part of their...
Polyploidy is defined as an increase in genome DNA content. Throughout the plant and animal kingdoms specific cell types become polyploid as part of their differentiation programs. When this occurs in subsets of tissues within an organism it is termed somatic polyploidy, because it is distinct from the increase in ploidy that is inherited through the germline and present in every cell type of the organism. Germline polyploidy is common in plants and occurs in some animals, such as amphibians, but will not be discussed further here. Somatic polyploid cells can be mononucleate or multinucleate, and the replicated sister chromatids can remain attached and aligned, producing polytene chromosomes, or they can be dispersed (Figure 1). In this Primer, we focus on why somatic polyploidy occurs and how cells become polyploid — the first of these issues being more speculative, given the status of the field.
Topics: Cell Cycle; Cell Size; DNA Replication; Gene Expression; Polyploidy
PubMed: 25942544
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.037 -
Yi Chuan = Hereditas Sep 2023Autotetraploid rice is a type of germplasm developed from the whole genome duplication of diploid rice, leading to large grains, high nutrient content, and resistance.... (Review)
Review
Autotetraploid rice is a type of germplasm developed from the whole genome duplication of diploid rice, leading to large grains, high nutrient content, and resistance. However, its low fertility has reduced yield and hampered commercialization. To address this issue, a new type of high fertility tetraploid rice was developed, which may serve as a useful germplasm for polyploid rice breeding. In this review, we summarize the progress made in understanding the cellular and molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the low fertility of autotetraploid rice and its F hybrid, as well as the main types of new tetraploid rice with high fertility. Lastly, the idea of utilizing the multi-generation heterosis of neo-tetraploid rice in the future is proposed as a reference for polyploid rice breeding.
Topics: Oryza; Tetraploidy; Plant Breeding; Cytoplasm; Polyploidy
PubMed: 37731232
DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.23-074 -
Protein & Cell Aug 2023Polyploid cells, which contain more than one set of chromosome pairs, are very common in nature. Polyploidy can provide cells with several potential benefits over their...
Polyploid cells, which contain more than one set of chromosome pairs, are very common in nature. Polyploidy can provide cells with several potential benefits over their diploid counterparts, including an increase in cell size, contributing to organ growth and tissue homeostasis, and improving cellular robustness via increased tolerance to genomic stress and apoptotic signals. Here, we focus on why polyploidy in the cell occurs and which stress responses and molecular signals trigger cells to become polyploid. Moreover, we discuss its crucial roles in cell growth and tissue regeneration in the heart, liver, and other tissues.
Topics: Humans; Liver; Hepatocytes; Cell Cycle; Polyploidy; Homeostasis
PubMed: 37526344
DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwac064