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Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.... 2022Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, and rates vary by race and ethnicity. An analysis of suicide across large US cities is absent from the...
OBJECTIVES
Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States, and rates vary by race and ethnicity. An analysis of suicide across large US cities is absent from the literature. The objective of this study was to examine suicide rates among the total population, non-Hispanic Black population, and non-Hispanic White population in the United States and in the 30 largest US cities.
METHODS
We used data from the National Vital Statistics System to calculate non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and total age-adjusted suicide rates for the 30 largest US cities and for the entire nation during 2 periods: 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. We also examined absolute and relative differences in suicide rates among non-Hispanic White populations and non-Hispanic Black populations in each city.
RESULTS
The overall age-adjusted suicide rate per 100 000 population in the United States increased significantly from 12.3 in 2008-2012 to 13.5 in 2013-2017. Total suicide rates were stable in most cities; rates increased significantly in only 1 city (Louisville), and rates decreased significantly in 2 cities (Boston and Memphis). The non-Hispanic White suicide rate was significantly higher-1.3 to 4.3 times higher-than the non-Hispanic Black suicide rate in 24 of 26 study cities during 2013-2017. From 2008-2012 to 2013-2017, non-Hispanic White suicide rates decreased significantly in 3 cities and increased significantly in 3 cities; non-Hispanic Black suicide rates increased significantly in 5 cities and decreased in none. Absolute differences in suicide rates among non-Hispanic White populations and non-Hispanic Black populations increased significantly in 1 city (Louisville) and decreased significantly in 2 cities (Memphis and Boston).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study may inform the use of evidence-based programs and practices to address population-level risk factors for suicide.
Topics: Black or African American; Black People; Cities; Ethnicity; Humans; Suicide; United States
PubMed: 34478341
DOI: 10.1177/00333549211041548 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Nov 2021The aim of this study was to quantify the symmetry of the facial hard tissue structures using three-dimensional radiographic imaging modalities in a normal Caucasian... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to quantify the symmetry of the facial hard tissue structures using three-dimensional radiographic imaging modalities in a normal Caucasian population group.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Electronic literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to February 2021. The studies assessing symmetry of facial bones using computed tomography (CT) and cone beam CT were included.
RESULTS
The initial search revealed 8811 studies. Full-text analysis was performed on 33 studies. Only 10 studies were found eligible based on the inclusion criteria. The qualitative analysis revealed that a significant variability existed in relation to the methodologies applied for symmetry quantification.
CONCLUSION
The current review suggested that the overall relative symmetry of the normal Caucasian population group varied depending on the skeletal structure being assessed; however, majority of the observations showed a symmetry within the range of 1 mm without any significant difference between left and right sides.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The quantification of facial hard tissue structure symmetry is vital for the diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic and/or maxillofacial surgical procedures. Prospero registration number CRD42020169908.
Topics: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Facial Bones; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Population Groups; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34386858
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04126-w -
Genetic determinants and absence of breast cancer in Xavante Indians in Sangradouro Reserve, Brazil.Scientific Reports Jan 2023Genetic compositions of distinct human populations are different. How genomic variants influence many common and rare genetic diseases is always of great medical and...
Genetic compositions of distinct human populations are different. How genomic variants influence many common and rare genetic diseases is always of great medical and anthropological interest, and understanding of genetic architectures of population groups in relation to diseases can advance our knowledge of medicine. Here, we have studied the genomic architecture of a group of Xavante Indians, an indigenous population in Brazil, and compared them with normal populations from the 1000 Genomes Projects. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the Xavante Indians are genetically distinctive when compared to other ethnic groups. No incidence of breast cancer cases has ever been reported in the population, and polygenic risk analysis indicates extremely low breast cancer risk in this population when compared with germline TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) breast cancer normal control samples. Low germinal mutation burden among this population is also observed. Our findings will help to deepen the understanding of breast cancer and might also provide new approaches to study the disease.
Topics: Female; Humans; Anthropology; Brazil; Breast Neoplasms; Ethnicity; Indians, South American
PubMed: 36702877
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28461-y -
Circulation Aug 2021
Topics: Asian People; Black People; Humans
PubMed: 34247493
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055159 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jul 2023Hepatitis B virus (HBV) epidemiology in Europe differs by region and population risk group, and data are often incomplete. We estimated chronic HBV prevalence as...
BACKGROUND
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) epidemiology in Europe differs by region and population risk group, and data are often incomplete. We estimated chronic HBV prevalence as measured by surface antigen (HBsAg) among general and key population groups for each country in the European Union, European Economic Area and the United Kingdom (EU/EEA/UK), including where data are currently unavailable.
METHODS
We combined data from a 2018 systematic review (updated in 2021), data gathered directly by the European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC) from EU/EEA countries and the UK and further country-level data. We included data on adults from the general population, pregnant women, first time blood donors (FTBD), men who have sex with men (MSM), prisoners, people who inject drugs (PWID), and migrants from 2001 to 2021, with three exceptions made for pre-2001 estimates. Finite Mixture Models (FMM) and Beta regression were used to predict country and population group HBsAg prevalence. A separate multiplier method was used to estimate HBsAg prevalence among the migrant populations within each country, due to biases in the data available.
RESULTS
There were 595 included studies from 31 countries (N = 41,955,969 people): 66 were among the general population (mean prevalence ([Formula: see text]) 1.3% [range: 0.0-7.6%]), 52 among pregnant women ([Formula: see text]1.1% [0.1-5.3%]), 315 among FTBD ([Formula: see text]0.3% [0.0-6.2%]), 20 among MSM ([Formula: see text]1.7% [0.0-11.2%]), 34 among PWID ([Formula: see text]3.9% [0.0-16.9%]), 24 among prisoners ([Formula: see text]2.9% [0.0-10.7%]), and 84 among migrants ([Formula: see text]7.0% [0.2-37.3%]). The FMM grouped countries into 3 classes. We estimated HBsAg prevalence among the general population to be < 1% in 24/31 countries, although it was higher in 7 Eastern/Southern European countries. HBsAg prevalence among each population group was higher in most Eastern/Southern European than Western/Northern European countries, whilst prevalence among PWID and prisoners was estimated at > 1% for most countries. Portugal had the highest estimated prevalence of HBsAg among migrants (5.0%), with the other highest prevalences mostly seen in Southern Europe.
CONCLUSIONS
We estimated HBV prevalence for each population group within each EU/EAA country and the UK, with general population HBV prevalence to be < 1% in most countries. Further evidence is required on the HBsAg prevalence of high-risk populations for future evidence synthesis.
Topics: Pregnancy; Adult; Male; Humans; Female; European Union; Hepatitis B virus; Population Groups; Homosexuality, Male; Prevalence; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Sexual and Gender Minorities; United Kingdom; Europe
PubMed: 37430220
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08433-3 -
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2021Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases, including...
BACKGROUND
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and recently the role of overweight and obesity in lung disease has received new interest. Chronic obstructive lung disease is the third-leading cause of death globally, and both obesity and diet appear to play roles in its pathophysiology. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated an inverse association between obesity and the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
OBJECTIVE
Objective. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between smoking, lipid profile and obesity (body composition changes) in a selected groups of population (30 non-smokers, 30 smokers and 60 COPD patients).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We evaluated fat mass, fat free mass, body mass index and lipid profile in a group of 120 randomly selected probands (60 COPD patients; 30 smokers without COPD; 30 non-smokers without COPD) to identify possible negative relationships of smoking to body composition. To the measurement of fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) was used a device Bodystat Quadscan 4000 (Bodystat Ltd, British Isles). The device works by using four-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Laboratory parameters as total cholesterol (T-C), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TG) were investigated by automated clinical chemistry analyzer LISA 200th. The measured values were statistically processed and evaluated in a statistical program STATISTICA Cz. Version 7.1. (Kruskall-Wallis test).
RESULTS
A comparison of the mean fat mass we found statistically highly significant differences between the group of COPD patients and non-smokers (P <0.001) and insignificant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between the other groups of our experiment. A comparison of the mean fat mass values of all three groups of the experiment shows a steady increase in fat from non-smokers (17.66 ± 10.04 kg) to COPD patients with the highest mean value (25.08 ± 10.14 kg). In the group of COPD patients we recorded the lowest average value of FFM (51.76 ± 13.84 kg), in group of smokers the middle (56.06 ± 10.76 kg) and in non-smokers the highest average value of FFM (59.91 ± 9.90 kg) at relatively the same body weight in the groups. Based on calculated body mass index (BMI), we found in group of COPD patients overweight in 15 cases (25%), obesity in 7 patients (11.67%), severe obesity in 14 patients (23.3%) and morbid obesity in 2 patients (3.33%); in the group of smokers overweight in 16 cases (53.33%), obesity in 5 cases (16.6%) and severe obesity in 1 case (3.33%); in non-smokers we recording overweight in 14 cases (46.67%), obesity in 5 cases (16.67%) and severe obesity in 2 cases (6.67%). In the lipid profile of the monitored groups of probands, we observed statistically significant differences only for LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.001) between the group with COPD and smokers, as well as between the group of smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
In the vast majority of patients with COPD, the lung damage that leads to COPD is caused by long-term cigarette smoking. The presence and absence of risk factors such as smoking, inappropriate lipid profile and obesity (amount of fat mass) in selected population groups were observed. Additional studies to explore both the quantitative and qualitative changes in body composition with disease process of COPD are required.
Topics: Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Obesity; Population Groups; Smoking
PubMed: 34553883
DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2021.0173 -
BMC Women's Health Oct 2019Substantial research has found that women assess their health as poor relative to men, but the reasons for this are not fully understood. Military women are... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Substantial research has found that women assess their health as poor relative to men, but the reasons for this are not fully understood. Military women are characterised by good health and the ability to work in an archetypically male culture. Thus, studies on the gender pattern of self-reported health in military personnel could generate hypotheses for future research on the possible associations between gender and health. However, such studies are rare and limited to a few countries. The aim of this study was to examine self-reported physical and mental health in Norwegian military women.
METHODS
We compared responses on self-reported health of 1068 active duty military women in Norway to those of active duty military men (n = 8100). Further, we compared the military women to civilian women working in the Norwegian Armed Forces (n = 1081). Participants were stratified into three age groups: 20-29; 30-39; and 40-60 years. We used Pearson Chi-square tests, Students t-tests and regression models to assess differences between the groups.
RESULTS
The military women in our study reported physical illness and injuries equal to those of military men, but more military women used pain relieving and psychotropic drugs. More military women aged 20-29 and 30-39 years reported mental health issues than military men of the same age. In the age group 30-39 years, twice as many military women assessed their health as poor compared to military men. In the age group 40-60 years, more military women than men reported musculoskeletal pain. Military women used less smokeless tobacco than military men, but there were few differences in alcohol consumption and smoking. Military women appeared to be more physically healthy than civilian women, but we found few differences in mental health between these two groups.
CONCLUSION
Most military women reported physical symptoms equal to those of military men, but there were differences between the genders in mental health and drug use. More favourable health compared to civilian women was most evident in the youngest age group and did not apply to mental health.
Topics: Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Military Personnel; Norway; Population Groups; Regression Analysis; Self Report; Sex Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 31623632
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0820-4 -
American Journal of Medical Genetics.... Jan 2017Down syndrome is the most common cause of cognitive impairment and presents clinically with universally recognizable signs and symptoms. In this study, we focus on exam... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Down syndrome is the most common cause of cognitive impairment and presents clinically with universally recognizable signs and symptoms. In this study, we focus on exam findings and digital facial analysis technology in individuals with Down syndrome in diverse populations. Photos and clinical information were collected on 65 individuals from 13 countries, 56.9% were male and the average age was 6.6 years (range 1 month to 26 years; SD = 6.6 years). Subjective findings showed that clinical features were different across ethnicities (Africans, Asians, and Latin Americans), including brachycephaly, ear anomalies, clinodactyly, sandal gap, and abundant neck skin, which were all significantly less frequent in Africans (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, and P < 0.05, respectively). Evaluation using a digital facial analysis technology of a larger diverse cohort of newborns to adults (n = 129 cases; n = 132 controls) was able to diagnose Down syndrome with a sensitivity of 0.961, specificity of 0.924, and accuracy of 0.943. Only the angles at medial canthus and ala of the nose were common significant findings amongst different ethnicities (Caucasians, Africans, and Asians) when compared to ethnically matched controls. The Asian group had the least number of significant digital facial biometrics at 4, compared to Caucasians at 8 and Africans at 7. In conclusion, this study displays the wide variety of findings across different geographic populations in Down syndrome and demonstrates the accuracy and promise of digital facial analysis technology in the diagnosis of Down syndrome internationally. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Down Syndrome; Facies; Female; Genetic Association Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Phenotype; Population Groups; Population Surveillance; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult
PubMed: 27991738
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38043 -
Forensic Science International. Genetics Nov 2023The assignment of individuals to a population can be of importance for the identification of mass disaster victims or criminal offenders in the field of forensic...
The assignment of individuals to a population can be of importance for the identification of mass disaster victims or criminal offenders in the field of forensic genetics. This assignment is based on biostatistical methods that process data of ancestry informative markers (AIMs), which are selected based on large allele frequency differences between the populations of interest. However, population assignments of individuals with an admixed genetic background are challenging. Admixed individuals are genetic mosaics of chromosomal segments from the parental populations, which may lead to ambiguous or no population assignment. This is problematic since admixture events are a substantial part of human history. In this study, we present challenges of interpreting the evidential weight of population assignments. We used Genogeographer for likelihood ratio (LR) calculations and Brazilians as examples of admixed individuals. Brazilians are a very heterogenous population representing a three-way admixture between Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans. Ancestry informative markers were typed in a total of 589 individuals from Brazil using the Precision ID Ancestry Panel. The Brazilians were assigned to six metapopulations (East Asia, Europe, Middle East, North Africa, South-Central Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa) defined in the Genogeographer software and LRs were calculated if the AIM profile was not an outlier in all metapopulations and simulated two-way (1:1) admixtures of the six metapopulations. Population assignments failed for 55% of the samples. These samples had significantly higher genetic contributions from East Asia, South-Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, and significantly lower genetic contributions from Europe. Most of the individuals with population assignments were assigned to the metapopulations of Middle East (58%) or North Africa (36%), followed by Europe (4%), South-Central Asia (1%), and Sub-Saharan Africa (1%). For 8% of the samples, population assignments were only possible when assignments to simulated two-way (1:1) admixtures of the six metapopulations were considered. Most of these individuals were assigned to two-way admixtures of North Africa, South-Central Asia, or Sub-Saharan Africa. Relatively low median likelihood ratios (LRs<1000) were observed when comparing population likelihoods for Europe, Middle East, North Africa, South-Central Asia, or simulated 1:1 admixtures of these metapopulations. Comparisons including East Asian or Sub-Saharan African populations resulted in larger median LRs (LR>10). The results suggested that the Precision ID Ancestry Panel provided too little information and that additional markers specifically selected for sub-continental differentiation may be required for accurate population assignment of admixed individuals. Furthermore, a Genogeographer database with additional populations including admixed populations would be advantageous for interpretation of admixed AIM profiles. It would likely increase the number of population assignments and illustrate alternatives to the most likely population, which would be valuable information for the case officer when writing the case report.
Topics: Humans; Brazil; Gene Frequency; Genetics, Population; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Population Groups
PubMed: 37713981
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102934 -
Preventing Chronic Disease Jun 2023Although current cigarette smoking among US adults decreased from 42.4% in 1965 to 12.5% in 2020, prevalence is higher among certain racial and ethnic groups, including...
INTRODUCTION
Although current cigarette smoking among US adults decreased from 42.4% in 1965 to 12.5% in 2020, prevalence is higher among certain racial and ethnic groups, including non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) adults.
METHODS
We examined trends in current cigarette smoking prevalence, population estimates, and relative disparity among US adults (aged ≥18 y) between 2011 and 2020 by using data from the National Health Interview Survey. SAS-callable SUDAAN was used to obtain prevalence and population estimates, and relative disparity was calculated on the basis of findings in the literature. Trends were significant at P < .05.
RESULTS
From 2011 to 2020, linear decreases in prevalence and population estimates were observed for non-Hispanic White (20.6% to 13.3%; 32.1 million to 20.7 million), non-Hispanic Black (19.4% to 14.4%; 5.1 million to 4.0 million), and Hispanic (12.9% to 8.0%; 4.2 million to 3.3 million) adults. For non-Hispanic AIAN adults, prevalence remained around 27%, and a linear increase in the population estimate was observed from 400,000 to 510,000. Relative disparity did not change across racial and ethnic categories.
CONCLUSION
Linear decreases have occurred between 2011 and 2020 for non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic adults who smoke, but the number of non-Hispanic AIAN adults who currently smoke has increased by 110,000, and relative disparities persist. To reduce racial and ethnic disparities in smoking, understanding how factors at multiple socioecologic levels impact smoking and helping to inform paths to equitable reach and implementation of tobacco control interventions for all population groups are needed.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Black or African American; Cigarette Smoking; Ethnicity; Hispanic or Latino; United States; White; Health Status Disparities; American Indian or Alaska Native
PubMed: 37262328
DOI: 10.5888/pcd20.220375