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Anaerobe Apr 2021Anaerobes form a large part of microbial communities, and have begun to be specifically studied in both healthy and pathologic contexts. Porphyromonas is one of the top... (Review)
Review
Anaerobes form a large part of microbial communities, and have begun to be specifically studied in both healthy and pathologic contexts. Porphyromonas is one of the top ten anaerobic taxa in the microbiome (anaerobiome) in healthy subjects. However, to date, most studies focused on the deleterious role of P. gingivalis, the most widely described species. Interestingly, targeted metagenomics reveals Porphyromonas other than gingivalis (POTG), highlighting other species such as P. catoniae or P. pasteri as potential biomarkers in disease progression or pathogen colonization susceptibility. From the sparse data, it appears that the Porphyromonas genus may also be a relevant target of investigation in several pulmonary diseases. Moreover, deciphering cutaneous, gastric and oral microbiomes hint that Porphyromonas may be a genus of interest in non-pulmonary diseases. This review aims to summarize the major data on POTG and to report their impact on the various human microbiomes in different clinical states.
Topics: Bacteroidaceae Infections; Humans; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Porphyromonas
PubMed: 32615270
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102230 -
Biomedical Journal Aug 2016Despite recent advances unraveling mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in innate immunity, the participation of purinergic signaling in infection-driven... (Review)
Review
Despite recent advances unraveling mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in innate immunity, the participation of purinergic signaling in infection-driven inflammation remains an emerging research field with many unanswered questions. As one of the most-studied oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered as a keystone pathogen with a central role in development of periodontal disease. This pathogen needs to evade immune-mediated defense mechanisms and tolerate inflammation in order to survive in the host. In this review, we summarize evidence showing that purinergic signaling modulates P. gingivalis survival and cellular immune responses, and discuss the role played by inflammasome activation and cell death during P. gingivalis infection.
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammasomes; Inflammation; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 27793267
DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.08.003 -
Oral Diseases Nov 2023Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is thought to be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether Pg or its contents can reach the brain and directly...
OBJECTIVE
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is thought to be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether Pg or its contents can reach the brain and directly affect neuropathology is, however, unknown. Here, we investigated whether outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Pg translocate to the brain and induce the pathogenic features of AD.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Pg OMVs were injected into the abdominal cavity of mice for 12 weeks. Pg OMV translocation to the brain was detected by immunohistochemistry using an anti-gingipain antibody. Tau protein and microglial activation in the mouse brain were examined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The effect of gingipains on inflammation was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction using human microglial HMC3 cells.
RESULTS
Gingipains were detected in the region around cerebral ventricles, choroid plexus, and ventricular ependymal cells in Pg OMV-administered mice. Tau and phosphorylated Tau protein increased and microglia were activated. Pg OMVs also increased the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in HMC3 cells in a gingipain-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION
Pg OMVs, including gingipains, can reach the cerebral ventricle and induce neuroinflammation by activating microglia. Pg OMVs may provide a better understanding of the implications of periodontal diseases in neurodegenerative conditions such as AD.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Microglia; tau Proteins; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Alzheimer Disease; Cerebral Ventricles
PubMed: 36266256
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14413 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022The association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has become a research hotspot. (), a crucial periodontal pathogen, affects the development of systemic... (Review)
Review
The association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has become a research hotspot. (), a crucial periodontal pathogen, affects the development of systemic diseases. The pathogenicity of is largely linked to interference with the host's immunity. This review aims to discover the role of in the modulation of the host's adaptive immune system through a large number of virulence factors and the manipulation of cellular immunological responses (mainly mediated by T cells). These factors may affect the cause of large numbers of systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, adverse pregnancy outcomes, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. The point of view of adaptive immunity may provide a new idea for treating periodontitis and related systemic diseases.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Immunity, Cellular; Periodontal Diseases; Adaptive Immunity; Alzheimer Disease
PubMed: 36467726
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1026457 -
European Journal of Clinical... Nov 2020Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major subgingival plaque bacterium in periodontitis, has recently attracted much attention as a possible microbial driver in Alzheimer's... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major subgingival plaque bacterium in periodontitis, has recently attracted much attention as a possible microbial driver in Alzheimer's disease. In the present paper, another common neuroinflammatory disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), is discussed. A recent study found major virulence factors of P. gingivalis such as gingipain R1 (RgpA) and lipopolysaccharide in the blood circulation of a PD population. The current review reveals how features such as systemic inflammation, hypercoagulation, presence of amyloid fibrin(ogen) in plasma, and marked ultrastructural changes in platelets, probably induced by P. gingivalis, may affect the development of PD. Several other clinical studies have also demonstrated an association between periodontitis and PD. Even if the risk of periodontal diseases causing neurological disorders needs to be better substantiated, that should not keep us from trying to prevent them by performing careful daily dental hygiene.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32564247
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03944-2 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of microbial etiology. It has been suggested that endodontic bacterial DNA might translocate to distant organs blood...
Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of microbial etiology. It has been suggested that endodontic bacterial DNA might translocate to distant organs blood vessels, but no studies have been conducted. We aimed first to explore overall extraradicular infection, as well as specifically by spp; and their potential to translocate from infected root canals to blood through peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this cross-sectional study, healthy individuals with and without a diagnosis of apical periodontitis with an associated apical lesion of endodontic origin (both, symptomatic and asymptomatic) were included. Apical lesions (N=64) were collected from volunteers with an indication of tooth extraction. Intracanal samples (N=39) and respective peripheral blood mononuclear cells from apical periodontitis (n=14) individuals with an indication of endodontic treatment, as well as from healthy individuals (n=14) were collected. The detection frequencies and loads (DNA copies/mg or DNA copies/μL) of total bacteria, and were measured by qPCR. In apical lesions, the detection frequencies (%) and median bacterial loads (DNA copies/mg) respectively were 70.8% and 4521.6 for total bacteria; 21.5% and 1789.7 for and 18.4% and 1493.9 for . In intracanal exudates, the detection frequencies and median bacterial loads respectively were 100% and 21089.2 (DNA copies/μL) for total bacteria, 41% and 8263.9 for ; and 20.5%, median 12538.9 for Finally, bacteria were detected in all samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells including apical periodontitis and healthy groups, though total bacterial loads (median DNA copies/μL) were significantly higher in apical periodontitis (953.6) compared to controls (300.7), p<0.05. was equally detected in both groups (50%), but its bacterial load tended to be higher in apical periodontitis (262.3) than controls (158.8), p>0.05; was not detected. Bacteria and specifically spp. were frequently detected in endodontic canals and apical lesions. Also, total bacteria and DNA were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, supporting their plausible role in bacterial systemic translocation.
Topics: Bacterial Translocation; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Periapical Periodontitis; Porphyromonas endodontalis
PubMed: 33816354
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.649925 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2024Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune disease with a complex outset. Besides the genetic susceptibility in its pathogenesis, various environmental factors... (Review)
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune disease with a complex outset. Besides the genetic susceptibility in its pathogenesis, various environmental factors also participate. Of these, in recent years, there have been increasing reports of the involvement of bacteria in the disease's outset and development, especially gut microbiota and oral pathogens. Most recent reports about bacteria participation in RA pathogenesis focus on and . There are also reports about the involvement of respiratory and urinary tract pathogens. The exact mechanisms leading to RA development used by bacteria are not well known; however, some mechanisms by which bacteria can interact with the immune system are known and can potentially lead to RA development. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the potential bacteria participating in RA development and the mechanism involved in that process.
Topics: Humans; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Communicable Diseases; Genetic Predisposition to Disease
PubMed: 38542357
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063386 -
Journal of Endodontics Jul 2023This scoping review aimed to map the evidence about the microbiota found in persistent endodontic infections. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
This scoping review aimed to map the evidence about the microbiota found in persistent endodontic infections.
METHODS
The study protocol was prospectively registered and is available at https://osf.io/3g2cp. The electronic search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Lilacs, BBO, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The eligibility criteria were based on the PCC acronym, where P (Population) represents patients with teeth presenting persistent endodontic infection, C (Concept) represents microbial profile, and C (Context) represents undergoing endodontic retreatment. Clinical studies that evaluated the microbial profile of samples collected from root canals of teeth undergoing retreatment, using classical or molecular methods, were included. Studies that did not show a minimum period of 1 year between primary endodontic treatment and retreatment or did not radiographically evaluate the quality of primary root canal filling were excluded. Two reviewers independently selected the articles and collected data.
RESULTS
From a total of 957 articles, 161 were read in full, and 32 studies were included. The most prevalent species were Enterococcus faecalis, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Dialister invisus, Propionibacterium acnes, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. Cases with symptomatology or inadequate root canal filling presented an increase in specific bacterial species compared to those with no symptomatology or adequate filling. A greater number of microorganisms was observed in teeth with inadequate coronal restoration compared to those with adequate restoration.
CONCLUSIONS
Persistent endodontic infections have a polymicrobial profile identified by the commonly used methods for bacterial detection/identification and are subject to the limitations present in each of those methods.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pulp Cavity; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Porphyromonas endodontalis
PubMed: 37211309
DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.05.010 -
Annals of Medicine 2023Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by diffuse hepatic steatosis and has quickly risen to become the most prevalent chronic liver disease. Its incidence... (Review)
Review
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by diffuse hepatic steatosis and has quickly risen to become the most prevalent chronic liver disease. Its incidence is increasing yearly, but the pathogenesis is still not fully understood. () is a major pathogen widely prevalent in periodontitis patients. Its infection has been reported to be a risk factor for developing insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this review is to evaluate the association between infection and NAFLD, identify the possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms, and raise public awareness of oral health to prevent and improve NAFLD. After searching in PubMed and Web of Science databases using '', 'non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', and 'hepatic steatosis' as keywords, studies related were compiled and examined. infection is a direct risk factor for NAFLD based on clinical and basic research. Moreover, it induces systematic changes and systemic abnormalities by disrupting metabolic, inflammatory, and immunologic homeostasis. -odontogenic infection promotes the occurrence and development of NAFLD. Further concerns are needed to emphasize oral health and maintain good oral hygiene for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Risk Factors; Databases, Factual; Insulin Resistance; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 37708866
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2255825 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Jan 2022Porphyromonas (P.) species (spp.) are a major etiological agent of apical periodontitis (AP), which in turn represents a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This...
OBJECTIVE
Porphyromonas (P.) species (spp.) are a major etiological agent of apical periodontitis (AP), which in turn represents a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This study explored the associations between endodontic infection with Porphyromonas species, the systemic bacterial burden, and cardiovascular risk, based on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), in young adults with AP.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cross-sectional study. Otherwise, healthy individuals with AP and controls (n = 80, ≤ 40 years) were recruited at the University Dental Clinic. Oral parameters and classic cardiovascular risk factors were registered. Endodontic Porphyromonas endodontalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis were identified using conventional PCR. Serum concentrations of anti-P. endodontalis and anti-P. gingivalis antibodies, and endotoxins were determined through ELISA and Limulus-amebocyte assays. Serum hsCRP was determined for cardiovascular risk stratification.
RESULTS
Intracanal detection of P. endodontalis and P. gingivalis in AP were 33.3% and 22.9%, respectively. Serum anti-P. endodontalis and anti-P. gingivalis IgG was higher in AP than controls (p < 0.05 and p = 0.057, respectively). Intracanal P. endodontalis associated with higher endotoxemia (p < 0.05). Among endodontic factors, the presence (OR 4.2-5.5, p < 0.05) and the number of apical lesions (OR 2.3, p < 0.05) associated with moderate-severe cardiovascular risk, whereas anti-P. endodontalis IgG were protective (OR 0.3, p > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
AP and infection with P. endodontalis positively associated with cardiovascular risk based on hsCRP levels and endotoxemia, respectively, whereas anti-P. endodontalis IgG response seems to be protective against low-grade systemic inflammation.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Apical periodontitis and endodontic P. endodontalis can influence the systemic burden with impact on the surrogate cardiovascular risk marker hsCRP, providing mechanistic links.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Periapical Periodontitis; Porphyromonas; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 34313848
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04083-4