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Journal of Dental Research May 2018Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major oral pathogens implicated in the widespread inflammatory disorder periodontitis. Moreover, in recent years, P. gingivalis...
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major oral pathogens implicated in the widespread inflammatory disorder periodontitis. Moreover, in recent years, P. gingivalis has been associated with the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. The peptidylarginine deiminase enzyme of P. gingivalis (PPAD) is a major virulence factor that catalyzes the citrullination of both bacterial and host proteins, potentially contributing to production of anticitrullinated protein antibodies. Considering that these antibodies are very specific for rheumatoid arthritis, PPAD appears to be a link between P. gingivalis, periodontitis, and the autoimmune disorder rheumatoid arthritis. PPAD was thus far considered unique among prokaryotes, with P. gingivalis being the only bacterium known to produce and secrete it. To challenge this hypothesis, we investigated the possible secretion of PPAD by 11 previously collected Porphyromonas isolates from a dog, 2 sheep, 3 cats, 4 monkeys, and a jaguar with periodontitis. Our analyses uncovered the presence of secreted PPAD homologues in 8 isolates that were identified as Porphyromonas gulae (from a dog, monkeys, and cats) and Porphyromonas loveana (from sheep). In all 3 PPAD-producing Porphyromonas species, the dominant form of the secreted PPAD was associated with outer membrane vesicles, while a minor fraction was soluble. Our results prove for the first time that the citrullinating PPAD exoenzyme is not unique to only 1 prokaryotic species. Instead, we show that PPAD is produced by at least 2 other oral pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Western; Cats; Dogs; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Haplorhini; Panthera; Periodontitis; Phylogeny; Porphyromonas; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Protein-Arginine Deiminases; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sheep
PubMed: 29298553
DOI: 10.1177/0022034517747575 -
Microbial Pathogenesis May 2016Porphyromonas gingivalis is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of marginal periodontitis, and recent findings have consolidated its role as an important and unique... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of marginal periodontitis, and recent findings have consolidated its role as an important and unique pathogen. This bacterium has a unique dual lifestyle in periodontal sites including subgingival dental plaque (biofilm) and gingival cells, as it has been clearly shown that P. gingivalis is able to exert virulence using completely different tactics in each environment. Inter-bacterial cross-feeding enhances the virulence of periodontal microflora, and such metabolic and adhesive interplay creates a supportive environment for P. gingivalis and other species. Human oral epithelial cells harbor a large intracellular bacterial load, resembling the polymicrobial nature of periodontal biofilm. P. gingivalis can enter gingival epithelial cells and pass through the epithelial barrier into deeper tissues. Subsequently, from its intracellular position, the pathogen exploits cellular recycling pathways to exit invaded cells, by which it is able to control its population in infected tissues, allowing for persistent infection in gingival tissues. Here, we outline the dual lifestyle of P. gingivalis in subgingival areas and its effects on the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Gingiva; Humans; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 26456558
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.003 -
A Boolean Network Approach to Study the Mechanism Associated with Inflammatory Response Induced by .Archives of Razi Institute Feb 2023Anaerobic is a rod-shaped bacterium and is a primary agent of periodontal inflammation and thus periodontitis. This bacterium disturbs the normal flora of the oral... (Review)
Review
Anaerobic is a rod-shaped bacterium and is a primary agent of periodontal inflammation and thus periodontitis. This bacterium disturbs the normal flora of the oral cavity and causes dysbiosis. Databases including Google Scholar Scopus and PubMed were employed to find the evidence by using keywords like ',' 'Boolean network,' 'inflammatory response and ,' 'inflammation and . Only articles that reviewed the role of in oral inflammation were selected. promotes and reorganizes host immune systems against normal host flora, which causes a dysbiotic state. A reorganized immune system induces dysbiosis and periodontitis. Specifically, the role of the C5a receptor in the complement system is vital in this mechanism. can change the metabolic pathways of phagocytic cells without impeding inflammation. Toll-like receptor and complement signaling are inverted by , which aids them in overcoming immunological responses. However, they sustain the inflammation process, which promotes dysbiosis. Instead of a subjective approach, a systems perspective is required to comprehend this intricate process. A Boolean network is a system approach that seems to be a better approach to understanding this complicated interaction process of with the immune system and inflammation. In short, attempts to understand the complex process using the Boolean network will ultimately help in the early detection of periodontitis, and immediate treatment can prevent soft tissue destruction and dentition loss.
Topics: Animals; Dysbiosis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Inflammation; Hydrolases
PubMed: 37312726
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2021.356604.1877 -
Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Nov 2022Periodontitis, one of the most common inflammatory oral diseases in human beings, threatens the health of teeth and mouth and is closely associated with the development... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis, one of the most common inflammatory oral diseases in human beings, threatens the health of teeth and mouth and is closely associated with the development of many systemic diseases. Existing research about the pathogenesis of periodontitis mainly focuses on the oral microbial homeostasis and its complex interaction with the immune system. Among all the oral microorganisms, ( ) is considered to be the main pathogen causing chronic periodontitis. Recent studies have shown that poesseses HmuY, a special heme binding protein, which binds with heme to provide essential nutrition for and activates the host immune system. Therefore, HmuY plays an important role in the growth, proliferation, invasion, and pathogenesis of and is a potential virulence factor of the bacteria. Existing studies on HmuY are limited to the host immune response that HmuY triggers, and there are still no conclusive findings on whether HmuY participates in the pathogenesis of periodontitis through other ways, such as influencing periodontal bone metabolism. Herein, we reviewed the latest research findings on the biological characteristics and physiological functions of HmuY and its relationship with chronic periodontitis, so as to provide new ideas for in-depth research and further explorations into the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Chronic Periodontitis; Face; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 36443060
DOI: 10.12182/20221160208 -
Journal of Dental Research Apr 2021Epithelia are structurally integral elements in the fabric of oral mucosa with significant functional roles. Similarly, the gingival epithelium performs uniquely... (Review)
Review
Epithelia are structurally integral elements in the fabric of oral mucosa with significant functional roles. Similarly, the gingival epithelium performs uniquely critical tasks in responding to a variety of external stimuli and dangers through the regulation of specific built-in molecular mechanisms in a context-dependent fashion at cellular levels. Gingival epithelial cells form an anatomic architecture that confers defense, robustness, and adaptation toward external aggressions, most critically to colonizing microorganisms, among other functions. Accordingly, recent studies unraveled previously uncharacterized response mechanisms in gingival epithelial cells that are constructed to rapidly exert biocidal effects against invader pathobiotic bacteria, such as , through small danger molecule signaling. The host-adapted bacteria, however, have developed adroit strategies to 1) exploit the epithelia as privileged growth niches and 2) chronically target cellular bactericidal and homeostatic metabolic pathways for successful bacterial persistence. As the overgrowth of colonizing microorganisms in the gingival mucosa can shift from homeostasis to dysbiosis or a diseased state, it is crucial to understand how the innate modulatory molecules are intricately involved in antibacterial pathways and how they shape susceptibility versus resistance in the epithelium toward pathogens. Thus, in this review, we highlight recent discoveries in gingival epithelial cell research in the context of bacterial colonizers. The current knowledge outlined here demonstrates the ability of epithelial cells to possess highly organized defense machineries, which can jointly regulate host-derived danger molecule signaling and integrate specific global responses against opportunistic bacteria to combat microbial incursion and maintain host homeostatic balance. These novel examples collectively suggest that the oral epithelia are equipped with a dynamically robust and interconnected defense system encompassing sensors and various effector molecules that arrange and achieve a fine-tuned and advanced response to diverse bacteria.
Topics: Epithelial Cells; Gingiva; Homeostasis; Mouth Mucosa; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 33203318
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520973012 -
Annals of Surgical Oncology Dec 2023The association between oral microbiota and pancreatic cancer (PC) is increasingly recognized and studied. Yet, contrasting results are seen in current studies. This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The association between oral microbiota and pancreatic cancer (PC) is increasingly recognized and studied. Yet, contrasting results are seen in current studies. This study aimed to provide systematic review and meta-analysis comparing PC and oral microbiota.
METHODS
Studies related to the association between oral microbiota and PC were identified through digital databases including PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and SCOPUS without limitations on language or publication period. The last identification date was 10 March 2023. Three case-control studies concerning the issue were included. For the meta-analyses, RevMan software version 5.4 was used. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate articles and measurement of study differences, and publication bias was shown.
RESULTS
Porphyromonas gingivalis in oral bacteria was detected at a comparatively high detection rate in PC patients compared with healthy controls (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.74; P = 0.007; I = 34 %). The detection rate did not differ significantly between PC patients and healthy control patients for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (OR 0.98; 95 % CI 0.75-1.29; P = 0.90; I = 76 %); Tannerella forsythiaand (OR 1.12; 95 % CI 0.89-1.42; P = 0.33; I = 0 %), or Prevotella intermedia (OR 1.08; 95 % CI 0.84-1.39; P = 0.55; I = 0 %).
CONCLUSION
Oral microbiota were closely related to PC, whereas P. gingivalis was more commonly found in the PC patients than in the healthy controls. For patients with PC, P. gingivalis may play a role in early diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Microbiota
PubMed: 37787951
DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14366-7 -
Stem Cells and Development Dec 2021Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly used in tissue regeneration, not only because of their multilineage differentiation ability, but also because of their... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly used in tissue regeneration, not only because of their multilineage differentiation ability, but also because of their immunomodulatory function, which allows them to play a role in the inflammatory milieu, especially in periodontitis. () is an important pathogen associated with the progression of periodontitis. Heterogeneous MSC sources show differences in their inflammatory-immune responsiveness and osteogenesis capabilities when exposed to and its virulence factors. This article reviews the promoted inflammatory and immune responses of periodontal ligament stem cells, which are potential pitfalls in bone regeneration. MSCs from other sources showed contradictory inflammatory and immune reactions in the few studies on this topic. We also summarize the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory, immune responses and osteogenic potential of MSCs exposed to and its virulence factors to inform an improved utilization of MSCs in regenerative therapies for periodontitis.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Immunity; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 34628938
DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0068 -
Veterinary Microbiology May 2017Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease that causes occlusion change, tooth loss, difficulty in rumination, and premature culling of animals. This study...
Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease that causes occlusion change, tooth loss, difficulty in rumination, and premature culling of animals. This study aimed to detect species of the genera Porphyromonas and Prevotella present in the periodontal pocket of sheep with lesions deeper than 5mm (n=14) and in the gingival sulcus of animals considered periodontally healthy (n=20). The presence of microorganisms was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers for Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gulae, Prevotella buccae, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella loescheii, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella oralis, and Prevotella tannerae. Prevalence and risk analysis were performed using Student's t-test and Spearman's correlation. Among the Prevotella and Porphyromonas species detected in the periodontal lesions of sheep, P. melaninogenica (85.7%), P. buccae (64.3%), P. gingivalis (50%), and P. endodontalis (50%) were most prevalent. P. gingivalis (15%) and P. oralis (10%) prevailed in the gingival sulcus. P. gulae and P. tannerae were not detected in the 34 samples studied. Data evaluation by t-test verified that occurrence of P. asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. buccae, P. intermedia, P. melalinogenica, and P. nigrescens correlated with sheep periodontitis. The findings of this study will be an important contribution to research on pathogenesis of sheep periodontitis and development of its control measures.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Biofilms; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Porphyromonas; Prevotella; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 28619155
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.032 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that share common features of microbial-induced ecological... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that share common features of microbial-induced ecological dysregulation and host immune inflammatory response. The close relationship between periodontitis and IBD is characterized by a higher prevalence of IBD in patients with periodontitis and a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis in patients with IBD, indicating that periodontitis and IBD are different from the traditional independent diseases and form an "Oral-Gut" axis between the two, which affect each other and thus form a vicious circle. However, the specific mechanisms leading to the association between the two are not fully understood. In this article, we describe the interconnection between periodontitis and IBD in terms of microbial pathogenesis and immune dysregulation, including the ectopic colonization of the gut by pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis that promotes inflammation in the gut by activating the host immune response, and the alteration of the oral microbiota due to IBD that affects the periodontal inflammatory response. Among the microbial factors, pathogenic bacteria such as , and may act as the microbial bridge between periodontitis and IBD, while among the immune mechanisms, Th17 cell responses and the secreted pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α play a key role in the development of both diseases. This suggests that in future studies, we can look for targets in the "Oral-Gut" axis to control and intervene in periodontal inflammation by regulating periodontal or intestinal flora through immunological methods.
Topics: Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Periodontitis; Inflammation; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 36923589
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1132420 -
Voprosy Pitaniia 2023The oral microbiome is a community of symbiotic, commensal and opportunistic microorganisms, usually present in the form of biofilm, that plays a critical role in... (Review)
Review
The oral microbiome is a community of symbiotic, commensal and opportunistic microorganisms, usually present in the form of biofilm, that plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis and protective function of the oral cavity. Recently, the study of the human oral microbiome to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches has become a promising new area of the research in the field of personalized medicine. of this review was to generalise and analyse the accumulated data on the relationship between the oral microbiome characteristics and the course of systemic diseases. . Literature searches were performed using RSCI, PubMed, Google Scholar, and included original research data published mainly in the last 5 years. . The review summarized data on the role of the oral microbiome in the development of a number of systemic diseases, including alimentary diseases. The importance of the major exogenous and endogenous factors that lead to changes in the oral microbiome, including diet, macro- and micronutrient composition of foods, was highlighted. Data were provided on the main types of microorganisms associated with the development and c ourse of a number of somatic diseases, represented mainly by obligate anaerobic periodontal pathogens (Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans). The role of the systemic inflammatory response as the main pathogenetic factor of oral dysbiosis has been described. The benefits of periodontal therapy in metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia have been discussed. Promising approaches to correct oral dysbiosis have been presented. . The knowledge of the relationships between the oral microbiome composition, the development and characteristics of the course of somatic disease can contribute to the development of new technologies for its prevention and treatment. The change in the structure of the oral microbiome observed in systemic diseases is usually accompanied by a decrease in bacterial diversity and an increase in the number of pathogenic bacteria. Lifestyle modification, dietary therapy, smoking cessation, rational use of antibacterial drugs and treatment of periodontitis play an important role in normalising the structure of the oral microbiome.
Topics: Humans; Dysbiosis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Fusobacterium nucleatum
PubMed: 37801450
DOI: 10.33029/0042-8833-2023-92-4-6-19