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Odontology Jan 2020Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides that are found in marine algae and have many useful activities, including antitumor effects, promotion of apoptosis of cancer...
Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides that are found in marine algae and have many useful activities, including antitumor effects, promotion of apoptosis of cancer cells, and antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic actions. In oral medicine, several case reports have shown that fucoidan-containing creams and tablets markedly improved recurrent aphthous stomatitis, symptomatic inflamed tongue, and recurrent oral herpes labialis. The aim of this study was to examine the properties of fucoidans for use in oral healthcare. The antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, endotoxin-neutralizing, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities of fucoidans were examined. Four key results were obtained: fucoidans showed strong antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis; significantly inhibited the adhesion of S. mutans to bovine teeth and porcelain; were suggested to bind to and neutralize endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in an LAL assay; and showed COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibitory activity. These results suggested that fucoidans may be useful in the field of oral healthcare.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cattle; Polysaccharides; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 31214896
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00437-3 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Apr 2018
Topics: Biofilms; Community Participation; Hemoglobins; Humans; Lipopolysaccharides; Mouth; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence
PubMed: 29461020
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12218 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Oct 2016Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are asymmetrical single bilayer membranous nanostructures produced by Gram-negative bacteria important for bacterial interaction with the... (Review)
Review
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are asymmetrical single bilayer membranous nanostructures produced by Gram-negative bacteria important for bacterial interaction with the environment. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis, produces OMVs that act as a virulence factor secretion system contributing to its pathogenicity. Despite their biological importance, the mechanisms of OMV biogenesis have not been fully elucidated. The ~14 times more curvature of the OMV membrane than cell outer membrane (OM) indicates that OMV biogenesis requires energy expenditure for significant curvature of the OMV membrane. In P. gingivalis, we propose that this may be achieved by upregulating the production of certain inner or outer leaflet lipids, which causes localized outward curvature of the OM. This results in selection of anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) and associated C-terminal domain (CTD) -family proteins on the outer surface due to their ability to accommodate the curvature. Deacylation of A-LPS may further enable increased curvature leading to OMV formation. Porphyromonas gingivalis OMVs that are selectively enriched in CTD-family proteins, largely the gingipains, can support bacterial coaggregation, promote biofilm development and act as an intercessor for the transport of non-motile bacteria by motile bacteria. The P. gingivalis OMVs are also believed to contribute to host interaction and colonization, evasion of immune defense mechanisms, and destruction of periodontal tissues. They may be crucial for both micro- and macronutrient capture, especially heme and probably other assimilable compounds for its own benefit and that of the wider biofilm community.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Biofilms; Cell Membrane; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Lipopolysaccharides; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 26466922
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12134 -
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Mar 2021Transcriptional regulation of autophagy depends on the transcription factors coordinated inflammatory feedback mechanism. Here, we provide a comprehensive functional...
INTRODUCTION
Transcriptional regulation of autophagy depends on the transcription factors coordinated inflammatory feedback mechanism. Here, we provide a comprehensive functional characterization of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), aiming to reveal previously unappreciated biological changes and to investigate how a transcription factor differentiated embryonic chondrocytes 2 (Dec2)-deficient environment influences the function of autophagy in nflamed human PDLFs.
METHODS
A Dec2-deficient (Dec2KO) experimental periodontal inflammation mouse model and treatment with P. gingivalis LPS were employed to examine the role of autophagy in PDLFs using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry in vivo. A Dec2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to modulate autophagy, and the effect of autophagy on the Dec2 pathway was explored using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis in vitro.
RESULTS
LPS-treated human PDLFs (HPDLFs) induced autophagy, as demonstrated by the enhanced levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and the induction of ATG5, Beclin1, and Dec2. Compared with a scrambled siRNA, a Dec2 siRNA triggered the detrimental influences of LPS and markedly enhanced autophagy expression in inflamed HPDLFs. The expression of phosphorylated ERK was increased and levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were decreased after exposure to LPS in Dec2 siRNA transfected HPDLFs. The Dec2KO model exhibited that P. gingivalis in Dec2 deficient conditions increases the inflammation of PDLFs by regulating autophagy.
CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that a Dec2 deficiency can alleviate LPS-induced inflammation via the ERK/mTOR signaling pathway by regulating autophagy, conceivably delivering a novel approach for the detection of periodontal treatments.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Cells, Cultured; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Periodontal Ligament; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 33270996
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.389 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Apr 2021To analyse, through a pre-clinical in vivo model, the possible mechanisms linking depression and periodontitis at behavioural, microbiological and molecular levels.
AIM
To analyse, through a pre-clinical in vivo model, the possible mechanisms linking depression and periodontitis at behavioural, microbiological and molecular levels.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Periodontitis (P) was induced in Wistar:Han rats (oral gavages with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum) during 12 weeks, followed by a 3-week period of Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) induction. Four groups (n = 12 rats/group) were obtained: periodontitis and CMS (P+CMS+); periodontitis without CMS; CMS without periodontitis; and control. Periodontal clinical variables, alveolar bone levels (ABL), depressive-like behaviour, microbial counts and expression of inflammatory mediators in plasma and brain frontal cortex (FC), were measured. ANOVA tests were applied.
RESULTS
The highest values for ABL occurred in the P+CMS+ group, which also presented the highest expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and NF-kB) in frontal cortex, related to the lipoprotein APOA1-mediated transport of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to the brain and the detection of F. nucleatum in the brain parenchyma. A dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis, reflected by the increase in plasma corticosterone and glucocorticoid receptor levels in FC, was also found in this group.
CONCLUSIONS
Neuroinflammation induced by F. nucleatum (through a leaky mouth) might act as the linking mechanism between periodontal diseases and depression.
Topics: Animals; Depression; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Periodontal Diseases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 33432590
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13420 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022is a major pathogenic bacterium involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Citrullination has been reported as the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis, which... (Review)
Review
is a major pathogenic bacterium involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Citrullination has been reported as the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis, which relies on the interplay between two virulence factors of the bacterium, namely gingipain R and the bacterial peptidyl arginine deiminase. Gingipain R cleaves host proteins to expose the C-terminal arginines for peptidyl arginine deiminase to citrullinate and generate citrullinated proteins. Apart from carrying out citrullination in the periodontium, the bacterium is found capable of citrullinating proteins present in the host synovial tissues, atherosclerotic plaques and neurons. Studies have suggested that both virulence factors are the key factors that trigger distal effects mediated by citrullination, leading to the development of some non-communicable diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, inhibition of these virulence factors not only can mitigate periodontitis, but also can provide new therapeutic solutions for systematic diseases involving bacterial citrullination. Herein, we described both these proteins in terms of their unique structural conformations and biological relevance to different human diseases. Moreover, investigations of inhibitory actions on the enzymes are also enumerated. New approaches for identifying inhibitors for peptidyl arginine deiminase through drug repurposing and virtual screening are also discussed.
Topics: Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Humans; Hydrolases; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Protein-Arginine Deiminases; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 36250046
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.987683 -
The Chinese Journal of Dental Research 2017To analyse the microbiome composition of health and gingivitis in Chinese undergraduates with high-throughput sequencing.
OBJECTIVE
To analyse the microbiome composition of health and gingivitis in Chinese undergraduates with high-throughput sequencing.
METHODS
Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was performed with the MiSeq system to compare subgingival bacterial communities from 54 subjects with gingivitis and 12 periodontally healthy controls.
RESULTS
A total of 1,967,372 sequences representing 14 phyla, 104 genera, and 96 species were detected. Analysis of similarities (Anosim) test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed significantly different community profiles between the health control and the subjects with gingivitis. Alpha-diversity metrics were significantly higher in the subgingival plaque of the subjects with gingivitis compared with that of the healthy control. Overall, the relative abundance of 35 genera and 46 species were significantly different between the two groups, among them 28 genera and 45 species showed higher relative abundance in the subjects with gingivitis, whereas seven genera and one species showed a higher relative abundance in the healthy control. The genera Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Tannerella showed higher relative abundance in the subjects with gingivitis, while the genera Capnocytophaga showed higher proportions in health controls. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas endodontalis had higher relative abundance in gingivitis. Among them, Porphyromonas gingivalis was most abundant.
CONCLUSION
Our results revealed significantly different microbial community composition and structures of subgingival plaque between subjects with gingivitis and healthy controls. Subjects with gingivitis showed greater taxonomic diversity compared with periodontally healthy subjects. The proportion of Porphyromonas, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, may be associated with gingivitis subjects aged between 18 and 21 years old in China. Adults with gingivitis in this age group may have a higher risk of developing periodontitis.
Topics: Adolescent; Asian People; Bacteroidetes; Capnocytophaga; Case-Control Studies; China; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Porphyromonas; Porphyromonas endodontalis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Principal Component Analysis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Treponema; Young Adult
PubMed: 28808698
DOI: 10.3290/j.cjdr.a38769 -
Critical Reviews in Microbiology Feb 2022Collagen is the most abundant structural protein in the body and the main component of the extracellular matrix of most tissues, including dentine and periodontal... (Review)
Review
Collagen is the most abundant structural protein in the body and the main component of the extracellular matrix of most tissues, including dentine and periodontal tissues. Despite the well-characterized role of collagen and specifically type-I collagen, as a ligand for host cells, its role as a substrate for bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation is less explored. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings regarding the adhesion of oral bacteria to collagen surfaces and its role in the progression and severity of oral and systemic diseases. Initial oral colonizers such as streptococci have evolved collagen-binding proteins (cbp) that are important for the colonization of dentine and periodontal tissues. Also, periodontal pathogens such as and utilise cbps for tissue sensing and subsequent invasion. The implications of bacteria-collagen coupling in the context of collagen biomaterials and regenerative dentistry approaches are also addressed. Furthermore, the importance of interdisciplinary techniques such as atomic force microscopy for the nanocharacterization of bacteria-collagen interactions is also considered. Overall, understanding the process of oral bacterial adhesion onto collagen is important for developing future therapeutic approaches against oral and systemic diseases, by modulating the early stages of biofilm formation.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Collagen; Disease Progression; Humans; Mouth; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 34270375
DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2021.1944054 -
Minerva Stomatologica Aug 2019The aim of this study was to evaluate dental plaque compositions, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1-alpha levels in gingival...
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to evaluate dental plaque compositions, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1-alpha levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) at hypofunctional and normofunctional teeth in healthy individuals and chronic periodontitis patients.
METHODS
Sixty systemically healthy individuals were enrolled. Study groups were: group 1 hypofunctional healthy group (group 1, N.=15); group 2 hypofunctional periodontitis group (group 2, N.=15); group 3 normofunctional healthy group (group 3, N.=15); and group 4 normofunctional periodontitis group (group 4, N.=15). Clinical periodontal measurements (plaque index, gingival index and clinical attachment level) were recorded. Dental plaque and GCF samples were taken. VEGF and HIF 1-alpha levels in GCF were determined. Subgingival plaque samples were evaluated for 11 different bacterial species as, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, Eikenella corrodens and Capnocytophaga species.
RESULTS
Tannerella forsythia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Eubacterium nodatum levels decreased in hypofunctional healthy and periodontitis groups (P<0.05). Porphyromonas gingivalis levels increased in hypofunctional healthy group and decreased in hypofunctional periodontitis group (P<0.05). There was also a decrease in Eikenella corrodens levels in hypofunctional periodontitis group (P<0.05). There were no difference regarding the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga spp., Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum levels among the groups (P>0.05). VEGF and HIF-1α levels in both GCF and serum samples were also similar (P>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Within the limits of this study, the authors found that the levels of four significant bacterial strains were decreased in both hypofunctional healthy and hypofunctional periodontitis groups compared to normofunctional equivalents. Though not evaluated in this study, this situation could be due to periodontal ligament atrophy and related physiological alterations.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Humans; Pilot Projects; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 31357852
DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4970.19.04245-6 -
BMC Microbiology Mar 2024Oral microbiome dysbacteriosis has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of advanced esophageal cancer. However, few studies investigated the potential...
BACKGROUND
Oral microbiome dysbacteriosis has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of advanced esophageal cancer. However, few studies investigated the potential role of oral and gastric microbiota in early-stage intramucosal esophageal squamous carcinoma (EIESC).
METHOD
A total of 104 samples were collected from 31 patients with EIESC and 21 healthy controls. The compositions of oral and gastric microbiota were analyzed using 16 S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon sequencing. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis was performed to assess taxonomic differences between groups. The correlation between oral microbiota and clinicopathological factors was evaluated using Spearman correlation analysis. Additionally, co-occurrence networks were established and random forest models were utilized to identify significant microbial biomarkers for distinguishing between the EIESC and control groups.
RESULTS
A total of 292 oral genera and 223 species were identified in both EIESC and healthy controls. Six oral genera were remarkably enriched in EIESC groups, including the genera Porphyromonas, Shigella, Subdoligranulum, Leptotrichia, Paludibacter, and Odoribacter. LEfSe analysis identified genera Porphyromonas and Leptotrichia with LDA scores > 3. In the random forest model, Porphyromonas endodontalis ranked the top microbial biomarker to differentiate EIESC from controls. The elimination rate of Porphyromonas endodontalis from the oral cavity to the stomach was also dramatically decreased in the EIESC group than controls. In the microbial co-occurrence network, Porphyromonas endodontalis was positively correlated with Prevotella tannerae and Prevotella intermedia and was negatively correlated with Veillonella dispar.
CONCLUSION
Our study potentially indicates that the dysbacteriosis of both the oral and gastric microbiome was associated with EIESC. Larger scale studies and experimental animal models are urgently needed to confirm the possible role of microbial dysbacteriosis in the pathogenesis of EIESC. (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Center, ChiCTR2200063464, Registered 07 September 2022, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=178563).
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Esophageal Neoplasms; Dysbiosis; Mouth; Porphyromonas; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 38491387
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03233-4