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Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Dec 2014Combination of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and potassium chloride (KCl) was used to stabilize lead and cadmium in contaminated mining soils. Pot experiments of chilli (Capsicum...
Combination of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and potassium chloride (KCl) was used to stabilize lead and cadmium in contaminated mining soils. Pot experiments of chilli (Capsicum annuum) and rape (Brassica rapachinensis) were used to evaluate the stabilization efficiency. The results were the following: (1) the optimal combination decreased the leachable lead by 83.3 and 97.27 %, and decreased leachable cadmium by 57.82 and 35.96% for soil HF1 and soil HF2, respectively; (2) the total lead and cadmium concentrations in both plants decreased 69 and 44 %, respectively; (3) The total lead and cadmium concentrations in the edible parts of both vegetables also decreased significantly. This study reflected that potassium chloride can improve the stabilization efficiency of hydroxyapatite, and the combination of hydroxyapatite and potassium chloride can be effectively used to remediate lead and cadmium contaminated mining soil.
Topics: Brassica; Cadmium; Durapatite; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Lead; Mining; Potassium Chloride; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Vegetables
PubMed: 25249043
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4064-3 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a commonly used additive in minimally processed fish-based products. The addition of NaCl to fish products and packaging in a modified...
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a commonly used additive in minimally processed fish-based products. The addition of NaCl to fish products and packaging in a modified atmosphere is usually efficient with regard to limiting the occurrence of the aquatic environmental pathogen Given the negative effects of excess NaCl in the diet, there is a growing demand to reduce NaCl in food products with safer substituents, but the knowledge of their impact on antibiotic resistant is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and transcriptome characteristics of NT06 isolated from fish and to determine the effect of selected concentrations of alternative NaCl compounds (KCl/NaL/NaC) on the NT06 virulence phenotype and genotype. In the study, among the isolated microorganisms, NT06 showed the highest antibiotic resistance (to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid, and norfloxacin) and the ability to grow at 4 °C. The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) and the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB) revealed the presence of 24 and 134 gene products assigned to AMR and VF in the NT06 transcriptome, respectively. KCl, KCl/NaL and KCl/NaL/NaC inhibited pyocyanin biosynthesis, elastase activity, and protease activity from 40 to 77%. The above virulence phenotypic observations were confirmed via RT-qPCR analyses, which showed that all tested AMR and VF genes were the most downregulated due to KCl/NaL/NaC treatment. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the potential AMR and VF among foodborne and the possible impairment of those features by KCl, NaL, and NaC, which exert synergistic effects and can be used in minimally processed fish-based products.
Topics: Animals; Virulence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sodium Citrate; Sodium Lactate; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Chloride; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Virulence Factors; Pseudomonas Infections
PubMed: 37764430
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186654 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Dec 2019Neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution (NDIS) experiments were done on both natural abundance potassium and isotopically labeled KCl heavy water solutions to...
Neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution (NDIS) experiments were done on both natural abundance potassium and isotopically labeled KCl heavy water solutions to characterize the solvent structuring around the potassium ion in water. Preliminary measurements suggested that the literature value for the coherent neutron scattering length (2.69 fm) for K was significantly in error. This value was remeasured using a neutron powder diffractometer and found to be 2.40 fm. This revision increases significantly the contrast between the natural abundance K and K by about 30% (from 1.0 to 1.3 fm). The experimentally determined structure factor of the potassium ion was then compared to that calculated from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Previous neutron scattering measurements of potassium gave a solvation number of 5.5 (see below). In this study, the NDIS and MD results are in good agreement and allowed us to derive a coordination number of 6.1 for water molecules and 0.8 for chloride ions around each K ion in 4 molal aqueous KCl solution.
Topics: Molecular Conformation; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Neutron Diffraction; Potassium Chloride; Solutions; Water
PubMed: 31769976
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08422 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2023Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are essential nutrients for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) growth. A 2-year field experiment with a split-plot design was...
Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are essential nutrients for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) growth. A 2-year field experiment with a split-plot design was conducted to study the effect of N fertilizer type combined with different K fertilizer rates on the soil mineral N and K availability, and growth characteristics of Italian ryegrass. The main plots were assigned to two N fertilizer types, controlled-release urea (CRU) and common urea. While low, moderate and high potassium chloride (KCl) rates (150, 300 and 450 kg ha, respectively) were assigned to the subplots. Compared with the common urea treatments, the CRU significantly increased the SPAD value, plant height, leaf area, and photosynthetic index of Italian ryegrass, which significantly prolonged the green stage of Italian ryegrass and prevented premature senescence. Moreover, the dry yields of the CRU increased by 4.5-12.5% in 2019 and 10.9-25.3% in 2020 compared with the urea, respectively. At the same time, compared with the KCl150 and KCl450 treatments, the KCl300 treatment resulted in better plant growth. Overall, the CRU × KCl300 maximized the soil inorganic N and different soil K forms, and reduced the soil N/K leaching. The root length, volume, surface area, average diameter, tips and branches were also improved, and there was a significant N × K interaction effect on the tips. The CRU combined with 300 kg ha KCl fertilization enhanced crop growth by improving leaf photosynthesis, soil fertility, and yield and should be recommended as the best fertilizer ratio for Italian ryegrass production.
Topics: Soil; Agriculture; Potassium Chloride; Lolium; Delayed-Action Preparations; Urea; Fertilizers; Nitrogen; Italy
PubMed: 36609475
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27620-5 -
PloS One 2023To investigate the effect of the addition of a low concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) solutions on the tear ferning (TF) patterns of...
PURPOSE
To investigate the effect of the addition of a low concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) solutions on the tear ferning (TF) patterns of tears collected from humans.
METHODS
A tear sample (20 μL) was collected from the right eye of 23 males and 7 females (25.4 ± 6.6 years). The tears were collected in one sitting for healthy subjects (N = 13). For dry eye participants (N = 17), the tear samples were collected in two separate settings with five minutes gap in between. A sample (1 μL) from each tear was dried on a glass slide, and the obtained ferns were observed using a microscope and graded using the five-point TF grading scale. Mixtures of tear samples (0.5 μL) and different volumes (0.5-2.5 μL) of each electrolyte (10-30 mg in 100 mL of water) solution were prepared, and their TF patterns were recorded and compared with those of the corresponding pure tears.
RESULTS
Significant improvements (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.001) have been seen in the TF grades of the tear samples after the addition of NaCl and KCl solutions. A significant difference (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.016) was found between the TF grades when NaCl and KCl solutions were added to the tear samples. The TF grades of pure tears collected from dry-eye subjects ranged from 2.1 to 3.5, based on the five points grading scale, and decreased to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.6 after the addition of electrolyte solutions. While the TF grades of pure tears collected from normal-eye ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 and improved after the addition of electrolyte solution to be in the range of 0.4 to 1.5.
CONCLUSIONS
The TF test was used in vitro to assess the impact of the addition of a low concentration of sodium and potassium chloride solutions on tears collected from humans. The TF grades of human tears significantly improved after the addition of either sodium or potassium chloride solution. The mechanism for the improvement in TF grades due to the addition of electrolyte solutions must be investigated.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Sodium Chloride; Potassium Chloride; Dry Eye Syndromes; Lacerations; Electrolytes; Tears; Sodium
PubMed: 36735697
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280853 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jul 2021Sodium intake in the USA exceeds recommendations. The replacement of added sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) provides a potential strategy to reduce...
BACKGROUND
Sodium intake in the USA exceeds recommendations. The replacement of added sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) provides a potential strategy to reduce sodium intake.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to quantitatively estimate changes in intakes of sodium and potassium by the US population assuming use of potassium-based NaCl replacers in top dietary sodium sources.
METHODS
Data collected in the What We Eat in America (WWEIA) component of the 2015-2016 and 2009-2010 NHANES were used to identify top-ranking sources of dietary sodium among the population aged 2 y and older based on contributions from food categories aligning with the FDA draft guidance for voluntary sodium reduction. Predicted nutrient intakes were estimated in models assuming total and feasible and practical (F&P) replacement of added NaCl with KCl in foods and ingredients within the top food sources of sodium. An expert elicitation was conducted to collect information on the F&P KCl replacement of added NaCl.
RESULTS
Using 2015-2016 consumption data, the total replacement of added NaCl with KCl in the 18 top-ranking sources of dietary sodium results in a predicted sodium intake of 2004 mg/d from the replacement of 1406 mg/d sodium with 1870 mg/d potassium as KCl. Modeled F&P replacement predicted sodium intakes of 3117 mg/d (range of 2953 to 3255 mg/d) from the replacement of 294 mg/d sodium (155 to 457 mg/d) with 390 mg/d potassium (206 to 608 mg/d). Similar results are seen with 2009-2010 data.
CONCLUSIONS
The F&P replacement of NaCl with KCl in top-ranking sources of dietary sodium modeled in this study can result in decreased sodium to a level consistent with the short-term intake goal targeted by the FDA of 3000 mg/d, with the mean potassium intake remaining in the range recommended for the apparently healthy population.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Food; Humans; Models, Biological; Nutrition Surveys; Potassium Chloride; Potassium, Dietary; Sodium, Dietary; United States
PubMed: 33755042
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab020 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Sep 2022With the increasing interests in the fields of wearable devices, it is essential yet also challenging to develop electronic skin with customized functionalities,...
With the increasing interests in the fields of wearable devices, it is essential yet also challenging to develop electronic skin with customized functionalities, especially for harsh conditions. Herein, by using KCl as both anti-solvent for cellulose regeneration and ionic charge carrier in the cellulose gel network, cellulose/KCl/sorbitol organohydrogel (CKS) combining transparency (over 95% at 550 nm), stretchability (235%), high conductivity (3.88 S/m), and low temperature tolerance (-51.8 °C) was prepared. The CKS based electronic skin achieved simultaneous monitoring of object contact-separation/pressure, stretching/bending and thermal variation, with excellent reliability and stability even in harsh conditions, resembling the human skin with multiply functions. The CKS based electronic skin as efficient human-machine interface was also demonstrated. Furthermore, the CKS based triboelectric nanogenerator delivered a power density of 991 mW/m, potential as mechanical energy harvesters for wearable devices. We believe the present work will inspire the development of cellulose based skin-like materials and contribute to the comprehensive utilization of naturel polymer in the field of smart devices.
Topics: Cellulose; Electric Conductivity; Humans; Hydrogels; Potassium Chloride; Reproducibility of Results; Sorbitol; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 35725202
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119645 -
Meat Science Jul 2020The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of power ultrasound (nominal intensity 600 W·cm for 10 min) and the addition of potassium chloride (KCl) on...
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of power ultrasound (nominal intensity 600 W·cm for 10 min) and the addition of potassium chloride (KCl) on the physicochemical properties and sensorial acceptance of low sodium restructured cooked ham. Four treatments of low sodium restructured cooked ham (mean of 324.52 mg Na/100 g) were prepared: CT - Control Treatment; UsT - Ultrasound Treatment; KT - addition of 0.5% KCl; UsKT - Ultrasound Treatment and addition of 0.5% KCl. Ultrasound application reduced the total fluid released and improved the sensory acceptance for salty taste and flavor compared to CT. The addition of KCl showed the lowest values for total fluid release, the highest scores for all parameters of sensory acceptance, improved hardness and chewiness, which results were not statistically different from the results obtained by combining ultrasound and KCl. Therefore, the use of KCl was considered a technological and sensorial viable alternative to produce low sodium restructured cooked ham. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS USED IN THIS RESEARCH: Methanol (PubChem CID: 887); Chloroform (PubChem CID: 6212); Sodium Carbonate (PubChem CID: 10340); Sodium hydroxide (PubChem CID: 14798); Boric acid (PubChem CID: 7628).
Topics: Animals; Color; Consumer Behavior; Humans; Meat Products; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Swine; Taste; Ultrasonic Waves
PubMed: 32224414
DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108130 -
Clinical Pharmacology in Drug... Mar 2023Potassium (K ) is an endogenous substance that is an essential dietary component. However, the interaction between dietary arrangements and specific effects of dietary K... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Potassium (K ) is an endogenous substance that is an essential dietary component. However, the interaction between dietary arrangements and specific effects of dietary K intake in bioequivalence studies remains unclear. To investigate the influence of dietary arrangement on the bioequivalence of potassium chloride (KCl) sustained-release tablets in healthy Chinese volunteers, the pharmacokinetics of KCl were compared in two open-label, single-center, randomized, two-period crossover studies with different dietary conditions. All volunteers received an oral dose of 6 g of KCl sustained-release tablets under fasting conditions, with different dietary arrangements. Urine samples were collected on baseline days and 48 hours after tablet consumption. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry was used to measure the concentration of K in the urine samples. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using Phoenix WinNonlin software in a noncompartmental model. In either clinical trial, no significant differences were observed in the maximal rate of urinary excretion and cumulative urinary excretion from 0 to 24 hours of K between the reference and test drugs. The bioequivalence studies of both KCl sustained-release tablet formulations were successfully conducted under different dietary conditions.
Topics: Humans; Delayed-Action Preparations; East Asian People; Potassium Chloride; Tablets; Therapeutic Equivalency; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 36321352
DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1180 -
Biomaterials Science Jan 2022Electrodynamic therapy (EDT) has recently emerged as an alternative approach for tumor therapy the generation of ROS by platinum (Pt) nanoparticles under electric...
Electrodynamic therapy (EDT) has recently emerged as an alternative approach for tumor therapy the generation of ROS by platinum (Pt) nanoparticles under electric field. An interesting phenomenon observed during EDT is that the increased on-site concentration of chloride ions is highly beneficial for ROS generation and inhibition efficacy. Here, in this study, nanoclusters (KCC), consisting of potassium chloride (KCl) nanocrystals and amorphous calcium carbonate (CaCO), were synthesized and integrated with platinum nanoparticles (KCCP). In this system, KCC can dissolve and release calcium and chloride ions within tumor cells. The intracellular chloride ions considerably facilitated ROS generation by Pt nanoparticles under an electric field. More importantly, the excessive calcium ions and ROS formed a cycle of mutual promotion and self-amplification in cells, leading to agitated tumor inhibition, both and .
Topics: Calcium Carbonate; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Platinum; Potassium Chloride
PubMed: 34928270
DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01464a