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Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Jan 2018High sodium chloride (NaCl) intake is associated with health risks. NaCl may be replaced by potassium chloride (KCl) to decrease sodium intake. However, increased...
High sodium chloride (NaCl) intake is associated with health risks. NaCl may be replaced by potassium chloride (KCl) to decrease sodium intake. However, increased potassium may also have negative health effects. We conducted a benefit and risk assessment of increasing potassium by ratios of 30:70, 50:50, 70:30 (weight % K: weight % Na) in children, adolescents and adults in Norway, using intake data from national food consumption surveys and available literature on potassium health effects. An intake of at least 3.5 g/day of potassium decreases risk of stroke and hypertension, and this level was used in the benefit assessment of the healthy population. Three g/day of potassium added to mean food intake is assumed safe, and these levels were used in the risk assessment. Not all persons reached the protective level of potassium, and increasing numbers exceeded the safe levels, in these scenarios. In addition, elderly above 85 years and infants below one year of age, as well as several patient groups and medication users, are particularly vulnerable to hyperkalemia. In conclusion, the number of Norwegians facing increased risk is far greater than the number likely to benefit from this replacement of sodium with potassium in industrially produced food.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Food Analysis; Food Handling; Food, Fortified; Humans; Infant; Norway; Potassium Chloride; Potassium, Dietary; Risk Assessment; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 29175183
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.044 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Apr 2019
Comparative Study Observational Study
Topics: Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; Abortion, Induced; Female; France; Humans; Injections; Lidocaine; Potassium Chloride; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 29577503
DOI: 10.1002/uog.19059 -
Journal of Texture Studies Dec 2017Thickened water used for hydration of patients with dysphagia and airway aspiration may change its consistency after preparation. The objective of this investigation was...
UNLABELLED
Thickened water used for hydration of patients with dysphagia and airway aspiration may change its consistency after preparation. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the consistency stability of water thickened with maltodextrin, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride using the method developed by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). The IDDSI flow test consists of placing 10 ml of liquid inside a graduated syringe and measuring how much volume remains after a flow duration of 10 s. Pure and thickened water was tested with 1.2 g (nectar), 2.4 g (honey), and 3.6 g (pudding) of food thickener in 100 ml of water. Each consistency was measured at 8 a.m. ten times immediately after preparation, and hourly for 12 hr (from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.), and every 24 hr for 96 hr, always at 8 a.m. With the thin liquid, nothing was left in the syringe at 10 s (zero), with the consistency nectar, the volume remaining was 5.43(0.64) ml (level 2, mildly thick), with the consistency of honey, 8.14(0.57) ml remained (level 3, moderately thick), and with the consistency pudding 9.48(0.07) ml (level 3, moderately thick). There was a small increase in consistency after 10 hr of the preparation. The consistency changed after 24 hr in preparations with mildly thick consistency (level 2) and after 48 hr with the moderately thick consistency (level 3). In conclusion, there was good stability of the thickened water at least during a 12-hr period.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
This investigation demonstrated that thickened water with 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 g of thickener with maltodextrin, xanthan gum, and potassium chloride in 100 ml of water maintains its consistency for at least 12 hr. The consistency increases after 24 hr of preparation with 1.2 g of thickener, and 48 hr with 2.4 g of thickener. As thickened water is used for treatment of patients with dysphagia and air way aspiration of liquids, it is important to know how long the preparation maintains its consistency. It is practical to prepare the thickened water only once a day for patients use. Change in consistency with time may cause ingestion problems and does not agree with the prescription given by the group of professionals who is in charge to treat the patient. Deficiency in water ingestion causes dehydration and its consequences.
Topics: Animals; Beverages; Food Additives; Polysaccharides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Potassium Chloride; Rheology; Time Factors; Viscosity; Water
PubMed: 28452158
DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12272 -
Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) Oct 2022Nonpharmacological treatment is still an important supplement to the pharmacological treatment of hypertension. Thereby, either an elevated blood pressure can be lowered... (Review)
Review
Nonpharmacological treatment is still an important supplement to the pharmacological treatment of hypertension. Thereby, either an elevated blood pressure can be lowered further or, alternatively, the use of antihypertensive drugs can be reduced. In the context of nonpharmacological treatment of hypertension, sodium restriction plays an important role. Sodium intake can either be reduced by lowering excessive dietary salt consumption or by the use of table salts with reduced sodium content. Lower dietary sodium consumption lowers blood pressure. This was controversial for a long time; however, now more and more observational and interventional studies have confirmed this fact. Nevertheless, some studies have shown an association of low salt consumption with increased mortality. This observation is explained by the so-called reverse epidemiology. This means that diseases with increased mortality, such as consuming diseases or severe heart diseases are associated with lowered food intake and as a consequence, with lower sodium intake. In addition to sodium restriction, the use of so-called salt substitutes with lower sodium content is also effective in lowering blood pressure. In most of the salt substitutes examined so far sodium chloride is partly replaced by potassium chloride. Numerous investigations show that these salt substitutes lower blood pressure. From a statistical point of view side effects such as hyperkalemia are very rare; however, hyperkalemia is potentially life-threatening. Therefore, the broader use of these salt substitutes is principally helpful but these salts should only be used after medical consultation. Especially renal insufficiency and the use of certain drugs, such as potassium-sparing diuretics and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system increase the risk of hyperkalemia.
Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Diuretics; Humans; Hyperkalemia; Hypertension; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Salts; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Sodium, Dietary
PubMed: 35925119
DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01312-0 -
Experimental Physiology May 2021What is the central question of this study? This study presents a new model for studying the rapid onset of severe, acute hyperkalaemia in rats with intact kidney...
NEW FINDINGS
What is the central question of this study? This study presents a new model for studying the rapid onset of severe, acute hyperkalaemia in rats with intact kidney function by administering an intragastric KCl load. What is the main finding and its importance? This new model of intragastric KCl load produces a reliable and reproducible model for studying the rapid onset of severe, acute hyperkalaemia in rats with intact kidney function. We report unprecedented rapid changes (30 min) in ECG, blood pressure and various arterial blood analyses with this new model, providing a solid foundation for future experiments in this field.
ABSTRACT
A variety of animal models have been proposed to study hyperkalaemia, but most of them have meaningful limitations when the goal is to study the effect of potassium overload on healthy kidneys. In this study, we aimed to introduce a new approach for induction of hyperkalaemia in a reliable and reproducible animal model. We used intragastric administration of potassium chloride [KCl 2.3 M, 10 ml/(kg body weight)] to male Holtzman rats (300-350 g) to induce hyperkalaemia. The results showed that this potassium load can temporarily overwhelm the renal and extrarenal handling of this ion, causing an acute and severe hyperkalaemia that can be useful to study the effect of potassium imbalance in a variety of scenarios. Severe hyperkalaemia (>8 meqiv/l) and very profound ECG alterations, characterized by lengthening waves and intervals, were seen as early as 30 min after intragastric administration of KCl in rats. In addition, a transient increase in arterial blood pressure and time-dependent bradycardia were also seen after the KCl administration. No metabolic acidosis was present in the animals, and the potassium ion did not increase proportionally to chloride ion in the blood, leading to an increased anion gap. In conclusion, the results suggest that intragastric KCl loading is a reliable model to promote rapid and severe hyperkalaemia that can be used for further research on this topic.
Topics: Animals; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Hyperkalemia; Kidney; Male; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Rats
PubMed: 33651463
DOI: 10.1113/EP089356 -
Neuroscience Oct 2016Spreading depression (SD), a slow propagating depolarization wave, plays an important role in pathophysiology of different neurological disorders. Yet, research into... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Spreading depression (SD), a slow propagating depolarization wave, plays an important role in pathophysiology of different neurological disorders. Yet, research into SD-related disorders has been hampered by the lack of non-invasive recording techniques of SD. Here we compared the manifestations of SD in continuous non-invasive electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings to invasive electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in order to obtain further insights into generator structures and electrogenic mechanisms of surface recording of SD. SD was induced by KCl application and simultaneous SD recordings were performed by scalp EEG as well as ECoG electrodes of somatosensory neocortex of rats using a novel homemade EEG amplifier, AgCl recording electrodes, and high chloride conductive gel. Different methods were used to analyze the data; including the spectrogram, bi-spectrogram, pattern distribution, relative spectrum power, and multivariable Gaussian fit analysis. The negative direct current (DC) shifts recorded by scalp electrodes exhibited a high homogeneity to those recorded by ECoG electrodes. Furthermore, this novel method of recording and analysis was able to separate SD recorded by scalp electrodes from non-neuronal DC shifts induced by other potential generators, such as the skin, muscles, arteries, dura, etc. These data suggest a novel application for continuous non-invasive monitoring of DC potential changes, such as SD. Non-invasive monitoring of SD would allow early intervention and improve outcome in SD-related neurological disorders.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Central Nervous System Agents; Cortical Spreading Depression; Electrodes, Implanted; Electroencephalography; Fourier Analysis; Models, Animal; Neurophysiological Monitoring; Potassium Chloride; Rats, Wistar; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 27397413
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.056 -
Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) Oct 2022
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Mutation, Missense; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Sodium, Dietary
PubMed: 36070400
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19248 -
Food Science and Technology... Jan 2018The aim of the study was to estimate possibilities of salt substitutes usage in the preparation of two sushi types (nigiri and maki) prepared with different seafood...
The aim of the study was to estimate possibilities of salt substitutes usage in the preparation of two sushi types (nigiri and maki) prepared with different seafood (salmon: Salmo salar, tuna: Thunnus albacares, and shrimp: Pleoticus muelleri). Potassium chloride (Mary samples), Soda-Lo (hollowed microsphere of regular salt crystals), and regular salt (sodium chloride) were used in the experiment. Sushi samples (n = 1960) were evaluated by 40 trained panelists who noticed that maki shrimp samples prepared with Mary salt had higher bitterness (21.48 ± 28.01) in comparison with 2% sodium chloride (7.91 ± 8.80). The saltiness was lower in nigiri tuna prepared with Mary (49.59 ± 17.47) than 2% sodium chloride (61.11 ± 15.75). The study clearly showed the possibility of lowering sodium content in sushi meal with the usage of salt substitutes, with emphasis that Soda-Lo should be considered as a better option due to the retention of sensory properties in sushi samples prepared with this salt substitute.
Topics: Animals; Food Technology; Humans; Microspheres; Potassium Chloride; Seafood; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Tuna
PubMed: 28675105
DOI: 10.1177/1082013217718965 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... May 2017Severe cholera is a life-threatening illness of hypovolemic shock and metabolic acidosis due to rapid and profuse diarrheal fluid loss. Emergency life-saving therapy is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Severe cholera is a life-threatening illness of hypovolemic shock and metabolic acidosis due to rapid and profuse diarrheal fluid loss. Emergency life-saving therapy is i.v. saline, optionally supplemented with potassium and alkali to correct the fluid deficit, potassium losses and acidosis. After this initial rehydration, for the next 2 days ongoing stool losses are replaced with oral rehydration solution (ORS), which contains sodium chloride, potassium and alkali together with glucose or rice powder as a source of glucose to serve as a carrier for sodium.
RESULTS
In actual field trials, antibiotics are given to reduce fluid requirements, but large volumes averaging about 7 liters of i.v. fluid followed by about 14 liters of ORS have been given to adult patients. Disturbing trends during therapy have included overhydration, hyponatremia and polyuria.
CONCLUSIONS
It is suggested that stool output and fluid requirements could be reduced, if borne out in future research, by avoiding overhydration by restricting ORS intake to match stool output and promoting intestinal reabsorption of luminal fluid by early introduction of glucose without salts into the intestine, more gradual correction of dehydration, giving mineralocorticoid and vasopressin, and infusing glucose or short-chain fatty acids into the proximal colon.
Topics: Antidiarrheals; Bicarbonates; Cholera; Defecation; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Feces; Fluid Therapy; Glucose; Humans; Hyponatremia; Polyuria; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 28957470
DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx041 -
The American Journal of Medicine Mar 2015
Topics: Alcoholism; Diuretics; Female; Humans; Hypokalemia; Male; Paralysis; Potassium; Potassium Chloride
PubMed: 25446305
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.037