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Global Journal of Health Science Jun 2015The history of histology indicates that there have been significant changes in the techniques used for histological staining through chemical, molecular biology assays... (Review)
Review
The history of histology indicates that there have been significant changes in the techniques used for histological staining through chemical, molecular biology assays and immunological techniques, collectively referred to as histochemistry. Early histologists used the readily available chemicals to prepare tissues for microscopic studies; these laboratory chemicals were potassium dichromate, alcohol and the mercuric chloride to harden cellular tissues. Staining techniques used were carmine, silver nitrate, Giemsa, Trichrome Stains, Gram Stain and Hematoxylin among others. The purpose of this research was to assess past and current literature reviews, as well as case studies, with the aim of informing ways in which histological stains have been improved in the modern age. Results from the literature review has indicated that there has been an improvement in histopathology and histotechnology in stains used. There has been a rising need for efficient, accurate and less complex staining procedures. Many stain procedures are still in use today, and many others have been replaced with new immunostaining, molecular, non-culture and other advanced staining techniques. Some staining methods have been abandoned because the chemicals required have been medically proven to be toxic. The case studies indicated that in modern histology a combination of different stain techniques are used to enhance the effectiveness of the staining process. Currently, improved histological stains, have been modified and combined with other stains to improve their effectiveness.
Topics: Coloring Agents; Histological Techniques; Humans; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 26493433
DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n3p72 -
Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and... Oct 2021Shoe dermatitis is a type of contact dermatitis precipitated by allergens or irritants found in shoes. Potassium dichromate, commonly used in leather processing, is one... (Review)
Review
Shoe dermatitis is a type of contact dermatitis precipitated by allergens or irritants found in shoes. Potassium dichromate, commonly used in leather processing, is one of the most prevalent agents responsible for shoe dermatitis; however, it is not the only one. Shoe dermatitis caused by an allergen or an irritant may affect a person of any age, sex, or ethnicity. Numerous treatments exist for shoe dermatitis, the most simple yet important being avoidance of causative agents. Pharmaceutical agents commonly used are emollients, humectants, and topical corticosteroids. In more severe cases, topical calcineurin inhibitors and phototherapy may be used.
Topics: Allergens; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Foot Dermatoses; Humans; Patch Tests; Shoes
PubMed: 34538434
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2021.06.008 -
Doklady. Biochemistry and Biophysics Jul 2021Occupational and environmental exposure to chromium compounds leads to nephrotoxicity to humans and animals due to the overproduction of ROS. Our study was aimed to...
Occupational and environmental exposure to chromium compounds leads to nephrotoxicity to humans and animals due to the overproduction of ROS. Our study was aimed to demonstrate the shielding effect of hydroethanolic extract of Ipomoea staphylina (HEIS) bark on male Wistar rats challenged with potassium dichromate (KCrO). Division of animals was done in 4 groups' viz., normal control, KCrO control, KCrO+HEIS (100 mg/kg), and KCrO+HEIS (200 mg/kg). Except for the normal control group, other groups were challenged with a single dose (subcutaneous) of KCrO (15 mg/kg) and then treated with HEIS (100 and 200 mg/kg) for 1 week. It was observed that animals treated with KCrO showed a notable increase in serum creatinine, blood urea, and BUN and dwindles in protein level. These changes were significantly reversed after a 1-week treatment with HEIS (100 and 200 mg/kg). Moreover, HEIS (100 and 200 mg/kg) showed a remarkable improvement in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, CAT, and SOD) and decreased the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in the kidney. Furthermore, treatment with HEIS (100 and 200 mg/kg) notably decreased the activity of caspase-3 and improved the level of HO-1 especially in the KCrO+ HEIS (200 mg/kg) group. Also, the histopathological study of the kidney supported the protective effects of HEIS. Hence, HEIS bark holds a notable protective effect against KCrO-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Catalase; Cytoprotection; Ipomoea; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Potassium Dichromate; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 34426928
DOI: 10.1134/S1607672921040074 -
Environmental Toxicology Nov 2021Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds has become potential aetiologic agent for kidney disease with excessive generation of free radicals,...
Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds has become potential aetiologic agent for kidney disease with excessive generation of free radicals, apoptosis, and inflammatory. These pathophysiologic mechanisms of potassium dichromate (K Cr O ) have been well correlated with nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects of Luteolin, a known potent antioxidant were evaluated in this study with 40 healthy rats in four experimental groups: Group A (normal saline), Groups B (30 mg/kg K Cr O ), Group C (Luteolin 100 mg/kg and K Cr O 30 mg/kg), and Group D (Luteolin 200 mg/kg and K Cr O 30 mg/kg), respectively. Markers of antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress, blood pressure and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPEs), immunohistochemistry of Kidney, injury molecule (Kim-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and cardiac troponin I were determined. Administration of K Cr O increased blood pressure parameters in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, markers of oxidative stress, and frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, together with reduction in serum nitric oxide level. Renal Kim-1 and cardiac troponin I expressions were higher, but lower expressions of renal and cardiac Nrf2 were recorded with immunohistochemical analysis. Pre-treatment with Luteolin restored blood pressure parameters, with concomitant reduction in oxidative stress indicators, augmented antioxidant mechanisms and serum Nitric oxide level, lowered the expressions of Kim-1, cardiac troponin I and up-regulated of both cardiac and renal Nrf2, reduced the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Taken together, this study therefore demonstrates the cardioprotective, nephro protective and antigenotoxic effects of Luteolin through antioxidantive and radical scavenging mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Cardiotoxicity; Kidney; Luteolin; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Potassium Dichromate; Rats
PubMed: 34272807
DOI: 10.1002/tox.23329 -
Biological Trace Element Research Nov 2022Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are potent toxicants commonly used in numerous industries. Thus, potential toxic effects and health hazards are of high relevance....
Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are potent toxicants commonly used in numerous industries. Thus, potential toxic effects and health hazards are of high relevance. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are known for their antioxidant and chemoprotective properties. However, little is known about their protective effects against CrVI-induced renal damage during pregnancy. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of these two essential elements against potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats. Female rats were divided into control and four treated groups of six each receiving subcutaneously on the 3rd day of pregnancy, KCrO (10 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c. single dose), ZnCl (20 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) or both of them simultaneously. The nephrotoxic effects were monitored by the evaluation of plasma renal parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and renal Cr content. The obtained results showed that KCrO disturbed renal biochemical markers, induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in kidney tissues, and altered renal histoarchitecture. The co-administration of Se and/or ZnCl has exhibited pronounced chelative, antioxidant, and genoprotective effects against KCrO-induced renal damage and attenuated partially the histopathological alterations. These results suggest that Se and Zn can be used as efficient nephroprotective agents against KCrO-induced toxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Female; Kidney; Oxidative Stress; Potassium Dichromate; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Selenium; Zinc
PubMed: 35066750
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03069-3 -
BioMed Research International 2021Melatonin (ML) is a potent antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress. This study was designed to examine the protective effect of melatonin on potassium dichromate-...
Melatonin (ML) is a potent antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress. This study was designed to examine the protective effect of melatonin on potassium dichromate- (PDC-) induced male reproductive toxicity. Forty rats were divided into five groups: the control group, rats administered PDC orally (10 mg/kg body weight) for eight weeks, rats administered ML intraperitoneally at doses of either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg followed by the administration of PDC, and rats administered 5 mg/kg ML only. The treatment of rats with PDC led to a decrease in the levels of plasma sex hormones, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, carnitine, sperm count, and motility. Testicular malondialdehyde levels, nitric oxide concentrations, and abnormalities increased significantly in the PDC group. Melatonin administration to the PDC-treated rats reduced the increase of malondialdehyde and restored the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase), glutathione, and sex hormone levels. Moreover, ML attenuated PDC-induced increase in levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-6. ML alleviated histopathological changes and an increase of p53-positive immune reaction due to PDC. Furthermore, ML inhibited PDC-induced decrease in the DNA content of spermatogenic cells. This study proposed that melatonin may be useful in mitigating oxidative stress-induced testicular damage due to potassium dichromate toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Body Weight; Catalase; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Glutathione; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Inflammation; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Melatonin; Organ Size; Oxidative Stress; Potassium Dichromate; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa; Superoxide Dismutase; Testis
PubMed: 34222468
DOI: 10.1155/2021/3565360 -
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... May 2024Occupational and environmental exposure to chromium compounds such as potassium dichromate (PDC) (KCrO) has emerged as a potential aetiologic cause for renal disease...
Reno-protective effect of nicorandil and pentoxifylline against potassium dichromate-induced acute renal injury via modulation p38MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 and Notch1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways.
BACKGROUND
Occupational and environmental exposure to chromium compounds such as potassium dichromate (PDC) (KCrO) has emerged as a potential aetiologic cause for renal disease through apoptotic, and inflammatory reactions. The known potent antioxidants such as nicorandil (NIC) and/or pentoxifylline (PTX) were studied for their possible nephroprotective effect in PDC-treated rats.
METHODS
Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups; control, PDC group, NIC+PDC, PTX+PDC group, and combination+PDC group. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated histopathologically and biochemically. Invasive blood pressure, renal function parameters urea, creatinine, uric acid and albumin, glomerular filtration rate markers Cys-C, Kim-1 and NGAL, inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, COX-II, p38MAPK, NF-κB and TLR4, oxidative stress SOD, GSH, MDA, MPO, HO-1 and Nrf2 and apoptotic mediators Notch1 and PCNA were evaluated. Besides, renal cortical histopathology was assayed as well.
RESULTS
PDC led to a considerable increase in indicators for kidney injury, renal function parameters, invasive blood pressure, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. They were markedly reduced by coadministration of PDC with either/or NIC and PTX. The NIC and PTX combination regimen showed a more significant improvement than either medication used alone. Our results demonstrated the nephroprotective effect of NIC, PTX, and their combined regimen on PDC-induced kidney injury through suppression of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory response.
CONCLUSION
Renal recovery from PDC injury was achieved through enhanced MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 and suppressed Notch1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. This study highlights the role of NIC and PTX as effective interventions to ameliorate nephrotoxicity in patients undergoing PDC toxicity.
PubMed: 38788404
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127474 -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology May 2021Heavy metal pollution is rapidly increasing in the environment. It has been shown that exposure to vanadium and chromium is able to alter the immune response....
Heavy metal pollution is rapidly increasing in the environment. It has been shown that exposure to vanadium and chromium is able to alter the immune response. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which these metal pollutants mediate their immunomodulatory effects are not completely understood. Herein, we examined the effect of ammonium metavanadate and potassium dichromate on the development of an inflammatory response caused by subcutaneous injection of turpentine oil. We demonstrated that pretreatment of rats with ammonium metavanadate and potassium dichromate for two weeks prior to initiation of the inflammatory response resulted in a wider zone of necrosis surrounding the site of inflammation. The acute inflammatory process in the combined model was characterized by elevated serum levels of IL-10 and decreased serum levels of IL-6 as compared to rats not treated with ammonium metavanadate and potassium dichromate. Ammonium metavanadate and potassium dichromate administration induced a decrease in the proportion of splenic His48CD11b/c myeloid cells accompanied by a reduced infiltration of the wound with neutrophils. Further analysis showed decreased proportions of CD3CD4IFNγ and CD3CD4IL-4 T cells in the rats with combined model as compared to inflamed rats not treated with ammonium metavanadate and potassium dichromate. The data suggest that consumption of vanadium and chromium compounds disrupts the inflammatory response through an altered balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of effector T cell activation and neutrophil expansion.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Male; Potassium Dichromate; Rats; Turpentine; Vanadates
PubMed: 30849244
DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1585446 -
Contact Dermatitis Nov 2015The history of chromium as an allergen goes back more than a century, and includes an interventional success with national legislation that led to significant changes in... (Review)
Review
The history of chromium as an allergen goes back more than a century, and includes an interventional success with national legislation that led to significant changes in the epidemiology of chromium allergy in construction workers. The 2015 EU Leather Regulation once again put a focus on chromium allergy, emphasizing that the investigation of chromium allergy is still far from complete. Our review article on chromium focuses on the allergen's chemical properties, its potential exposure sources, and the allergen's interaction with the skin, and also provides an overview of the regulations, and analyses the epidemiological pattern between nations and across continents. We provide an update on the allergen from a dermatological point of view, and conclude that much still remains to be discovered about the allergen, and that continued surveillance of exposure sources and prevalence rates is necessary.
Topics: Cell Phone; Chromium; Chromium Alloys; Cosmetics; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Atopic; Detergents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Metallurgy; Patch Tests; Prostheses and Implants; Tanning; Tattooing
PubMed: 26104877
DOI: 10.1111/cod.12436 -
International Immunopharmacology Dec 2021Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a crucial role in neuroprotection. It phosphorylates serine/threonine kinase (Akt) Substrate inhibiting the...
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a crucial role in neuroprotection. It phosphorylates serine/threonine kinase (Akt) Substrate inhibiting the inflammatory responses induced by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Exposure to chromium VI dust among workers has been reported and induced brain injury, as the absorption of chromium through the nasal membrane has been found to deliver it directly to the brain. The study aimed to investigate the influence of administration of L-carnitine or/and Co Q10 as theraputic agents against potassium dichromate (PD)-induced brain injury via AMPK/AKT/NF-κβ signaling pathway. Brain injury was induced by PD intranasally as a single dose of 2 mg/kg, 24 h latter rats received L-carnitine (100 mg/kg; orally), Co Q10 (50 mg/kg; orally) and L-carnitine (50 mg/kg; orally) + Co Q10 (25 mg/kg; orally) respectively for 3 days. Locomotor activity was assessed before and at the end of the experiment, then, biochemical and histopathological investigations were assessed in brain homogenate. The exposure of rats to PD promoted oxidative stress and inflammation via an increase in MDA and a decrease in GSH brain contents with an increase in brain contents of TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-kβ and reduced AMPK and AKT brain contents as compared to the control group. Treatment with L-carnitine + Co Q10 ameliorated cognitive impairment and oxidative stress, decreased the brain contents of inflammatory mediators; TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κβ elevated AMPK and AKT, as compared to each drug. Also, L-carnitine + Co Q10 administration restored morphological changes as degenerated neurons and necrosis. L-carnitine + Co Q10 play important role in AMPK/AKT/NF-κβ pathway that responsible for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against PD-induced brain injury in rats.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Brain Injuries; Carnitine; Male; Oxidative Stress; Potassium Dichromate; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Ubiquinone; Vitamins
PubMed: 34489184
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107867