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Tropical Animal Health and Production Mar 2020Potassium phosphate (KHPO) and potassium carbonate (KCO) administration by feed or water were evaluated on broiler performance, bone strength, alkaline phosphatase...
Potassium phosphate and potassium carbonate administration by feed or drinking water improved broiler performance, bone strength, digestive phosphatase activity and phosphorus digestibility under induced heat stress conditions.
Potassium phosphate (KHPO) and potassium carbonate (KCO) administration by feed or water were evaluated on broiler performance, bone strength, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and phosphorus digestibility under heat stress and high chloride condition. Experimental groups include control; 15 cc/kg KHPO; 30 cc/kg KHPO; 15 cc/l KHPO; and 3.7 g/kg KCO. Body weight (BW), feed and water consumption, plasma potassium, phosphorus, and calcium concentration along with plasma and digestive ALP and intestinal digesta pH were measured during the trial. Tibia ash, calcium and phosphorus content, and breaking strength were measured on days 21 and 42 and phosphorus digestibility on day 36 of age. As a result of this, study feed and water consumption was increased by supplementation of the feed or water with KHPO (P ≤ 0.001). KHPO increased body weight at 42 days of age (P ≤ 0.001). Tibia ash and phosphorus content was increased by KHPO supplementation (P ≤ 0.004; P ≤ 0.003). KCO did increased tibia ash but not changed tibia phosphorus content significantly. Tibia shear force, shear energy, extension, and length were improved by KHPO administration at 42 days of age (P ≤ 0.001). Administration of either feed or water with KHPO increased plasma potassium, phosphorus, and calcium concentration at 21 days of age, whereas KCO reduced plasma potassium at 21 days of age (P ≤ 0.05). Plasma ALP reduced by addition of 15 cc KHPO and KCO to diets at 42 days of age, whereas digestive ALP was increased by inclusion of KHPO and not by KCO. Supplementation of either feed or water with KHPO increased phosphorus digestibility, whereas KCO reduced phosphorus digestibility (P ≤ 0.003). Jejunum and ileum pH was reduced by KHPO or by KCO at 21 and 42 days of age (P ≤ 0.006; (P ≤ 0.05). Over all, results of current study revealed that KHPO can be a suitable potassium salt choice instead of KCL in hot weather conditions especially when the water or diet contains high levels of chloride.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Bone Density; Calcium, Dietary; Carbonates; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Drinking Water; Heat-Shock Response; Male; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Phosphorus, Dietary; Potassium; Potassium Compounds
PubMed: 31444665
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02046-2 -
The Journal of Experimental Biology Feb 2022This Review addresses the means by which epithelia change the direction of vectorial ion transport. Recent studies have revealed that insect Malpighian (renal) tubules... (Review)
Review
This Review addresses the means by which epithelia change the direction of vectorial ion transport. Recent studies have revealed that insect Malpighian (renal) tubules can switch from secreting to reabsorbing K+. When the gut of larval lepidopterans is empty (during the moult cycle) or when the larvae are reared on K+-deficient diet, the distal ileac plexus segment of the tubule secretes K+ from the haemolymph into the tubule lumen. By contrast, in larvae reared on K+-rich diet, ions and fluid are reabsorbed from the rectal lumen into the perinephric space surrounding the cryptonephridial tubules of the rectal complex. Ions and fluid are then transported from the perinephric space into the lumen of the cryptonephridial tubules, thus supplying the free segments of the tubule downstream. Under these conditions, some of the K+ and water in the tubule lumen is reabsorbed across the cells of the distal ileac plexus, allowing for expansion of haemolymph volume in the rapidly growing larvae, as well as recycling of K+ and base equivalents. RNA sequencing data reveal large-scale changes in gene transcription that are associated with the switch between ion secretion and ion reabsorption by the distal ileac plexus. An unexpected finding is the presence of voltage-gated, ligand-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels, normally seen in excitable cells, in Malpighian tubules. Transcriptomic surveys indicate that these types of channels are also present in multiple other types of vertebrate and invertebrate epithelia, suggesting that they may play novel roles in epithelial cell signalling and regulation of epithelial ion transport.
Topics: Animals; Ion Transport; Ions; Larva; Malpighian Tubules; Moths; Potassium
PubMed: 35119072
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243293 -
Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Mar 2022Pore-structure design with increased ion-diffusion ability is usually regarded as an effective strategy to improve K-storage performance in hard carbon (HC). However,...
Pore-structure design with increased ion-diffusion ability is usually regarded as an effective strategy to improve K-storage performance in hard carbon (HC). However, the relationship between porous structure and K migration behavior remains unclear and requires further exploration. Herein, a series of chemically activated hard carbon spheres (denoted as AHCSs) with controllable micro/mesopores structure are successfully synthesized to explore intercorrelation between micro/mesopores and K migration behavior. The experimental results indicate AHCSs have two different K storage ways, that is, adsorption behavior at high potential region and intercalation process at low potential region. These behaviors are closely related to the pores structure evolution: the micropores afford extra active sites for efficient K-ions adsorption, and therefore positive correlation between micropores and adsorption-contributed capacity is confirmed; the mesopores permit more K-ions intercalation/deintercalation by offering adequate pathways, and as a result positive correlations between mesopores and intercalation-contributed capacity as well as initial Coulombic efficiency are revealed. All these together contribute to achieving excellent reversible capacity, and exceptional rate capability with an ultra-long cycle lifespan in PIBs, and simultaneously exhibit a high energy density as well as considerable cycling stability for potassium-ion full cells. These results promote a fundamental understanding of K migration behaviors in hard carbon.
Topics: Adsorption; Carbon; Ions; Porosity; Potassium
PubMed: 35088540
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107113 -
Toxins Sep 2022Hyperkalemia is a major concern in chronic kidney disease and in end-stage renal disease, representing a predictor of hospitalization and mortality. To prevent and treat...
Hyperkalemia is a major concern in chronic kidney disease and in end-stage renal disease, representing a predictor of hospitalization and mortality. To prevent and treat hyperkalemia, dietary management is of great clinical interest. Currently, the growing use of plant-based diets causes an increasing concern about potassium load in renal patients. The aim of this study was to assess the bioaccessibility of potassium in vegetables, concerning all aspects of the plants (fruit, flower, root, tuber, leaf and seed) and to what extent different boiling techniques affect potassium content and bioaccessibility of plant-based foods. Bioaccessibility was evaluated by an in vitro digestion methodology, resembling human gastro-intestinal tract. Potassium content was higher in seeds and leaves, despite it not being possible to define a common "rule" according to the type of organ, namely seed, leaf or fruit. Boiling reduced potassium content in all vegetables excluding carrot, zucchini, and cauliflower; boiling starting from cold water contributed to a greater reduction of the potassium content in potato, peas, and beans. Bioaccessibility after in vitro digestion ranged from 12 (peas) to 93% (tomato) regardless of species and organs. Higher bioaccessibility was found in spinach, chicory, zucchini, tomato, kiwi, and cauliflower, and lower bioaccessibility in peas. Potassium from leaf resulted in the highest bioaccessibility after digestion; as a whole potassium bioaccessibility in the fruits and vegetables studied was 67% on average, with differences in relation to the different organs and species. Further, considering the method of boiling to reduce potassium content, these data indicate that the effective potassium load from plant-based foods may be lower than originally expected. This supports the clinical advices to maintain a wide use of plant-based food in the management of renal patients.
Topics: Humans; Potassium; Hyperkalemia; Digestion; Vegetables; Brassica; Solanum lycopersicum; Water; Biological Availability
PubMed: 36287937
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100668 -
Clinical Journal of the American... Oct 2016Protein and potassium intake and the resulting diet-dependent net acid load may affect kidney stone formation. It is not known whether protein type or net acid load is...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Protein and potassium intake and the resulting diet-dependent net acid load may affect kidney stone formation. It is not known whether protein type or net acid load is associated with risk of kidney stones.
DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
We prospectively examined intakes of protein (dairy, nondairy animal, and vegetable), potassium, and animal protein-to-potassium ratio (an estimate of net acid load) and risk of incident kidney stones in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (=42,919), the Nurses' Health Study I (=60,128), and the Nurses' Health Study II (=90,629). Multivariable models were adjusted for age, body mass index, diet, and other factors. We also analyzed cross-sectional associations with 24-hour urine (=6129).
RESULTS
During 3,108,264 person-years of follow-up, there were 6308 incident kidney stones. Dairy protein was associated with lower risk in the Nurses' Health Study II (hazard ratio for highest versus lowest quintile, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.73 to 0.96; value for trend <0.01). The hazard ratios for nondairy animal protein were 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 0.97 to 1.36; value for trend =0.04) in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study and 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.46; value for trend =0.06) in the Nurses' Health Study I. Potassium intake was associated with lower risk in all three cohorts (hazard ratios from 0.44 [95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.53] to 0.67 [95% confidence interval, 0.57 to 0.78]; values for trend <0.001). Animal protein-to-potassium ratio was associated with higher risk ( value for trend =0.004), even after adjustment for animal protein and potassium. Higher dietary potassium was associated with higher urine citrate, pH, and volume ( values for trend <0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
Kidney stone risk may vary by protein type. Diets high in potassium or with a relative abundance of potassium compared with animal protein could represent a means of stone prevention.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Calcium; Citric Acid; Dairy Products; Dietary Proteins; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Surveys; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Incidence; Kidney Calculi; Male; Middle Aged; Oxalic Acid; Potassium, Dietary; Prospective Studies; United States; Uric Acid; Urinalysis; Vegetables
PubMed: 27445166
DOI: 10.2215/CJN.01520216 -
Current Protocols in Chemical Biology Sep 2019Vital cells maintain a steep potassium ion (K ) gradient across the plasma membrane. Intracellular potassium ion concentrations ([K ]) and especially the [K ] within the...
Vital cells maintain a steep potassium ion (K ) gradient across the plasma membrane. Intracellular potassium ion concentrations ([K ]) and especially the [K ] within the extracellular matrix are strictly regulated, the latter within a narrow range of ∼3.5 to 5.0 mM. Alterations of the extracellular K homeostasis are associated with severe pathological alterations and systemic diseases including hypo- or hypertension, heart rate alterations, heart failure, neuronal damage or abnormal skeleton muscle function. In higher eukaryotic organisms, the maintenance of the extracellular [K ] is mainly achieved by the kidney, responsible for K excretion and reabsorption. Thus, renal dysfunctions are typically associated with alterations in serum- or plasma [K ]. Generally, [K ] quantifications within bodily fluids are performed using ion selective electrodes. However, tracking such alterations in experimental models such as mice features several difficulties, mainly due to the small blood volume of these animals, hampering the repetitive collection of sample volumes required for measurements using ion selective electrodes. We have recently developed highly sensitive, genetically encoded potassium ion indicators, the GEPIIs, applicable for in vitro determinations of [K ]. In addition to the determination of [K ] within bodily fluids, GEPIIs proved suitable for the real-time visualization of cell viability over time and the exact determination of the number of dead cells. © 2019 The Authors.
Topics: Animals; Body Fluids; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Glucose; Ions; Mice; Plasmids; Potassium; Recombinant Proteins
PubMed: 31483097
DOI: 10.1002/cpch.71 -
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia Aug 2022The maintenance of an uneven distribution of Na+ and K+ ions between the cytoplasm and extracellular medium is the basis for the functioning of any animal cell. Changes... (Review)
Review
The maintenance of an uneven distribution of Na+ and K+ ions between the cytoplasm and extracellular medium is the basis for the functioning of any animal cell. Changes in the intracellular ratio of these cations occur in response to numerous stimuli and are important for the cell activity regulation. Numerous experimental data have shown that gene transcription in mammalian cells can be regulated by changes in the intracellular [Na+]/[K+] ratio. Here, we discuss possible mechanisms of such regulation in various cell types, with special attention to the [Ca2+]-independent signaling pathways that suggest the presence of an intracellular sensor of monovalent cations. As such sensor, we propose the secondary structures of nucleic acids called G-quadruplexes. They are widely represented in mammalian genomes and are often found in the promoters of genes encoding transcription factors.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Cations, Monovalent; Ions; Mammals; Nucleic Acids; Potassium; Sodium; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 36171659
DOI: 10.1134/S0006297922080107 -
Nucleic Acids Research Dec 2014The ion atmosphere around nucleic acids is an integral part of their solvated structure. However, detailed aspects of the ionic distribution are difficult to probe... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The ion atmosphere around nucleic acids is an integral part of their solvated structure. However, detailed aspects of the ionic distribution are difficult to probe experimentally, and comparative studies for different structures of the same sequence are almost non-existent. Here, we have used large-scale molecular dynamics simulations to perform a comparative study of the ion distribution around (5'-CGCGCGCGCGCG-3')2 dodecamers in solution in B-DNA, A-RNA, Z-DNA and Z-RNA forms. The CG sequence is very sensitive to ionic strength and it allows the comparison with the rare but important left-handed forms. The ions investigated include Na(+), K(+) and Mg(2 +), with various concentrations of their chloride salts. Our results quantitatively describe the characteristics of the ionic distributions for different structures at varying ionic strengths, tracing these differences to nucleic acid structure and ion type. Several binding pockets with rather long ion residence times are described, both for the monovalent ions and for the hexahydrated Mg[(H2O)6](2+) ion. The conformations of these binding pockets include direct binding through desolvated ion bridges in the GpC steps in B-DNA and A-RNA; direct binding to backbone oxygens; binding of Mg[(H2O)6](2+) to distant phosphates, resulting in acute bending of A-RNA; tight 'ion traps' in Z-RNA between C-O2 and the C-O2' atoms in GpC steps; and others.
Topics: Cations; Cations, Divalent; Cations, Monovalent; Chlorides; DNA, A-Form; DNA, B-Form; DNA, Z-Form; Magnesium; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium; RNA, Double-Stranded; Sodium
PubMed: 25428372
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1107 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021Potassium releasing bioactive glasses (BAGs) may offer improved relief for dentine hypersensitivity compared to conventional sodium containing BAGs by releasing K ions...
Potassium releasing bioactive glasses (BAGs) may offer improved relief for dentine hypersensitivity compared to conventional sodium containing BAGs by releasing K ions for nerve desensitization and occluding dentinal tubules to prevent fluid flow within dentinal tubules. Potassium oxide was substituted for sodium oxide on a molar basis in a fluoride containing BAG used in toothpastes for treating dentine hypersensitivity. The BAG powders were then immersed in an artificial saliva at pH 7 and tris buffer and the pH rise and ion release behavior were characterized by ICP-OES and ISE. The potassium and sodium containing BAGs were characterized by XRD, DSC, FTIR and NMR. Both BAGs presented amorphous diffraction patterns and the glass transition temperature of the potassium glass was higher than that of the sodium glass. The P MAS-NMR spectra indicated a peak at 2.7 ppm corresponding to apatite and a small peak at -103 ppm indicated crystallization to fluorapatite. Both BAGs dissolved and formed apatite at similar rates, although the dissolution of the potassium glass was slightly slower and it released less fluoride as a result of partial nanocrystallization to fluorapatite upon quenching. The potassium release from the potassium ions could potentially result in nerve deactivation when used in toothpastes.
Topics: Apatites; Biocompatible Materials; Ceramics; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Fluorides; Fluorine; Humans; Potassium; Solubility; Toothpastes
PubMed: 34299602
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144327 -
Journal of Renal Nutrition : the... Mar 2019It has been observed that the consumption of legumes within a varied and Mediterranean diet has beneficial effects in prevention and control of many diseases, including...
OBJECTIVE
It has been observed that the consumption of legumes within a varied and Mediterranean diet has beneficial effects in prevention and control of many diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, legumes have also been considered a good source of protein for CKD patients. However, despite their benefits, guidelines still recommend a limit to their consumption by these patients because of legumes' high potassium and phosphorus content, which are minerals whose intake must be controlled. The aim of this work is to analyze and compare the effect of different cooking methods in the reduction and final content of minerals in legumes to evaluate a possible increase in the frequency of their consumption by CKD patients.
METHODS
Dried and canned chickpeas and lentils were cooked using different cooking techniques: (1) soaking, (2) pressure cooking, and (3) normal cooking. Initial and final potassium and phosphorus content and the percentage of humidity in each cooking technique were determined in both legumes. Mineral content was analyzed using flame photometry and nitro-vanado-molybdate colorimetry.
RESULTS
The results showed potassium content reductions of up to 80% after soaking and cooking with final values under 120 mg/100 g edible portion. The initial potassium content in canned legumes was low enough, 100 mg/100 g edible portion, but with the application of a subsequent culinary treatment, it was possible to leach up to 95% of the potassium to almost negligible values. Reductions in phosphorus content were not as marked as those of potassium, but culinary treatments reach a phosphorus/protein ratio,11.
CONCLUSIONS
These results show that culinary processing of legumes is a very useful tool to reduce potassium and phosphorus content to acceptable levels for their consumption by renal patients, allowing an increase in intake frequency. But, this also reveals the need to update CKD dietary guidelines.
Topics: Cooking; Diet, Mediterranean; Fabaceae; Food, Preserved; Humans; Phosphorus, Dietary; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Potassium, Dietary; Pressure; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Water
PubMed: 30322788
DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2018.08.001