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Nanoscale Jun 2023Polydopamine (PDA) as an anode of potassium ion batteries (PIBs) has received a lot of attention due to its convenient preparation, environment friendliness, and low...
Polydopamine (PDA) as an anode of potassium ion batteries (PIBs) has received a lot of attention due to its convenient preparation, environment friendliness, and low cost. However, due to the low conductivity of organic polydopamine, the active substance can easily dissolve in the cycle process, which leads to a low rate performance and short cycle life of PIBs. Here, dopamine was quantitatively polymerized onto the surface of a carbon-intertwined network of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By means of density functional theory calculation and electrochemical measurement, the adsorption/desorption of potassium ions by oxygen-containing and nitro-containing functional groups in PDA and its promotion by CNTs are revealed. The π-π superposition effect between dopamine and CNTs effectively alleviates the dissolution of PDA during the cycle. A combination of PDA and CNTs could resolve low conductivity issues and provide excellent battery cycle performance. Results show that PDA@CNT-10 exhibits a high reversible capacity (223 mA h g, 200 cycles at 0.2 A g) and a long cycle life (151 mA h g, 3000 cycles at 1 A g). When first used as an organo-potassium hybrid capacitor assembled from the anode of the battery and activated carbon as the cathode, it can provide a high reversible capacity (76 mA h g, 2000 cycles at 2 A g), which promotes the potential application of PIBs in the future.
Topics: Dopamine; Nanotubes, Carbon; Polymerization; Electrodes; Ions; Potassium
PubMed: 37283186
DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01701j -
Physiological Reports Mar 2022Cations such as Cs and Ba are known to block K currents by entering an open channel and binding to the selectivity filter, where they obstruct the pore and block...
Cations such as Cs and Ba are known to block K currents by entering an open channel and binding to the selectivity filter, where they obstruct the pore and block diffusion of the permeant ion. This obstruction is voltage- and K -dependent and is relieved by the trans permeant ion flux. The present patch-clamp study on Xenopus muscle cells shows that, unlike the voltage-activated K (Kv) channels, blockade of the inward rectifier K (Kir) channels by external foreign cations results from the combination of pore obstruction with a new and independent mechanism. This new blockade is independent of the K concentrations and flux and acts indiscriminately on both the outward and the inward Kir components. External Cs and Ba compete for this blockade with free access to common channel sites. These features suggest that the blocking cations do not need to enter the channel for this new mechanism, and should bind to the extracellular side of the channel. When K fluxes are flowing outward, the pore obstruction is relieved for both Kir and Kv currents, and the K -independent blockade here described is responsible for a selective Kir inhibition, justifying the use of these external cations as tools in cell physiology studies.
Topics: Animals; Cations; Potassium; Xenopus laevis
PubMed: 35274814
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15200 -
Nutrients Jul 2022The excess sodium (Na) intake and insufficient potassium (K) intake are frequently observed all over the world, including Indonesia. This study explored the dietary...
The excess sodium (Na) intake and insufficient potassium (K) intake are frequently observed all over the world, including Indonesia. This study explored the dietary patterns of Indonesian people and evaluated their associations with Na and K intakes. Na and K intakes were assessed by repeated 24-h urine collection. The dietary patterns of the previous month were extracted by factor analysis using the Indonesian Food Frequency Questionnaire. The participants were community-dwelling Indonesian men and women (n = 479) aged 20 years and over. We identified four dietary patterns in each sex. After controlling for confounding factors, the high quantile of ‘Noodle, oil, and salty sea products’ pattern was associated with the high Na intake in both men and women (p = 0.02 and <0.001, respectively). The ‘Meat, vegetable, oil, and fruit’ pattern statistically significantly contributed to the high K intake in men (p = 0.04), but not in women (p = 0.26). The ‘Vegetable, non-oil, and milk’ pattern in men and ‘Meat, vegetable, and fruit’ pattern in women were associated with low Na:K ratios (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). Neither ‘bread’ nor ‘fish’ appeared as a major determinant of any dietary patterns in this population. The ‘Noodle, oil, and salty sea products’ pattern should be avoided to reduce sodium intake.
Topics: Adult; Diet; Female; Humans; Indonesia; Ions; Male; Potassium; Potassium, Dietary; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary; Urine Specimen Collection; Vegetables
PubMed: 35889861
DOI: 10.3390/nu14142905 -
Poultry Science Jul 2019Broiler dietary potassium (K) and available phosphorous (AvP) have decreased in recent years but both ions are intimately involved in the elimination of hydrogen ions...
Broiler dietary potassium (K) and available phosphorous (AvP) have decreased in recent years but both ions are intimately involved in the elimination of hydrogen ions that are produced during rapid growth. It was hypothesized that the decrease of these dietary electrolytes was related to the development of myopathies, and thus increased dietary K and/or AvP would reduce the occurrence of breast myopathies. A total of 320 Ross male broiler chicks were placed into 16 pens and fed 2 diet series containing either decreasing AvP levels of 0.45, 0.40, and 0.35% in the starter, grower, and finisher diets, respectively (Decline), or a fixed AvP of 0.45% in all dietary phases (Fixed). To complete a 2 × 2 design either normal basal dietary K (K-) (0.86, 0.77, 0.68%) or added dietary K (K+) (1.01, 0.93, 0.88%) were also applied to starter, grower, and finisher diets, respectively. Blood physiology was measured at 29 and 42 d. Carcass data, wooden breast and white striping scores were measured at 35 and 43 d. The K+ diets improved feed conversion ratio at 35 d (1.52 vs 1.57 g: g), reduced body weight at 42 d (3524 vs 3584 g), reduced hemoglobin (6.83 vs 7.58 g/dL), and packed cell volume (20.1 vs 22.3%) at 29 d, reduced ionized blood calcium (1.42 vs 1.47 mmol/L) at 42 d, and reduced partial pressure of blood CO2 (49.1 vs 54.7 mm/Hg) at 42 d relative to broilers fed basal K- diets (P < 0.05). Fixed AvP diets improved feed conversion ratio at 28 and 42 d, increased percentage breast meat (28.85 vs 27.58%) and carcass water pickup (2.72 vs 1.42%) at 35 d, and reduced wooden breast (2.88 vs 3.69) at 43 d (P < 0.05).
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Male; Muscular Diseases; Pectoralis Muscles; Phosphorus; Potassium, Dietary; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 30690518
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez015 -
BioMed Research International 2019Preserved blood cells undergo progressive structural and functional changes that may affect their function, integrity, and viability after transfusion. The impact of...
BACKGROUND
Preserved blood cells undergo progressive structural and functional changes that may affect their function, integrity, and viability after transfusion. The impact of transfusion of stored blood on potassium, sodium, or acid-base balance in the recipient may be complex, but information on it is inconsistent. This study therefore sought to determine the changes in the potassium and sodium levels in whole blood stored at 4°C for 28 days and clinical outcomes when such blood are transfused.
METHODS
Whole blood were taken into double CPDA-1 bags and 50 ml transferred into the satellite bags for the study. Electrolyte concentration determinations were made on each of the blood sample on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 using the Vitalab Selectra Junior chemistry analyser. The remaining blood in the main bags was transfused after the 28-day period, and biochemical analysis carried out on the patients before and after the transfusion. One-way ANOVA was used for the analysis of variance between the weekly ion concentrations and independent sample Mann-Whitney test for the data obtained from the patients.
RESULTS
The mean potassium level of all the samples started with a normal value of 3.45 mmol/L on the first day followed by a sharp rise to 9.40 mmol/L on day 7, 13.40 mmol/L on day 14, 14.60 mmol/L on day 21, and 15.40 mmol/L on day 28. Sodium on the other hand started with a high value of 148.4 mmol/L on day 0 and then reduced to 146.4 mmol/L on day 7, 140.8 mmol/L on day 14, 135.6 mmol/L on day 21, and a low value of 130.8 mmol/L on day 28. No adverse clinical outcomes were seen in patients after they were transfused with the blood.
CONCLUSION
It can be deduced that potassium concentration in refrigerated blood increases, whilst sodium concentration reduces with time and when such blood is transfused, it may not result in any adverse clinical outcome.
Topics: Adenine; Blood Donors; Blood Preservation; Blood Transfusion; Citrates; Electrolytes; Glucose; Humans; Ions; Phosphates; Potassium; Sodium; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 31662997
DOI: 10.1155/2019/8162975 -
The New Phytologist Sep 2022Chenopodium quinoa uses epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) to sequester excess salt. Each EBC complex consists of a leaf epidermal cell, a stalk cell, and the bladder. Under...
Chenopodium quinoa uses epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) to sequester excess salt. Each EBC complex consists of a leaf epidermal cell, a stalk cell, and the bladder. Under salt stress, sodium (Na ), chloride (Cl ), potassium (K ) and various metabolites are shuttled from the leaf lamina to the bladders. Stalk cells operate as both a selectivity filter and a flux controller. In line with the nature of a transfer cell, advanced transmission electron tomography, electrophysiology, and fluorescent tracer flux studies revealed the stalk cell's polar organization and bladder-directed solute flow. RNA sequencing and cluster analysis revealed the gene expression profiles of the stalk cells. Among the stalk cell enriched genes, ion channels and carriers as well as sugar transporters were most pronounced. Based on their electrophysiological fingerprint and thermodynamic considerations, a model for stalk cell transcellular transport was derived.
Topics: Chenopodium quinoa; Ion Transport; Ions; Potassium; Salinity; Salt Tolerance; Salt-Tolerant Plants; Sodium; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 35510810
DOI: 10.1111/nph.18205 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Multiple electrolyte disorders, including sodium, potassium and calcium disorders, have been associated with hypertension in pregnancy. Most of these studies failed to...
Multiple electrolyte disorders, including sodium, potassium and calcium disorders, have been associated with hypertension in pregnancy. Most of these studies failed to evaluate the combined effect of low and high sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride ion concentrations on hypertension in pregnancy. This study evaluates the combined effect of these ion categories (low, normal, high) on hypertension in pregnancy. Biochemical ion assays and blood pressure measurements were carried out on 1074 apparently healthy pregnant women in late third trimester. Serum potassium, sodium, chloride, and ionised calcium were measured by ion-selective electrode potentiometry, while total plasma calcium was measured by absorption spectrophotometry. Hypertension in pregnancy was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg. The prevalence of hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, hypochloraemia, ionised hypocalcaemia and total hypocalcaemia in late pregnancy was 1.30 [0.78-2.18]%, 3.55 [2.60-4.84]%, 1.96 [1.28-2.97]%, 1.49 [0.92-2.21]% and 43.58 [40.64-46.56]%, respectively. Hypernatraemia, hyperkalaemia, hyperchloraemia, ionised hypercalcaemia and total hypercalcaemia were found in 1.49 [0.92-2.41]%, 2.34 [1.59-3.43]%, 4.38 [3.31-5.77]%, 39.94 [37.06-42.90]%, 2.79 [1.96-3.96]% of the participants, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy was 7.17 [5.77-8.87]%. When ion categories were considered in multiple logistic regression, only ionised and total calcium had significant associations with hypertension in pregnancy. Women with ionised hypercalcaemia had lower odds of hypertension in pregnancy (AOR = 0.50 [0.29-0.87], p-value = 0.015), and women with total hypocalcaemia had higher odds of hypertension in pregnancy (AOR = 1.99 [1.21-3.29], p-value = 0.007), compared to women with ionised and total normocalcaemia, respectively. Increasing kalaemia was associated significantly with higher odds of hypertension in pregnancy; however, kalaemia below and above the normal concentrations had no significant association with hypertension. Nonetheless, participants with kalaemia ≤ 3.98 mmol/L, had lower odds of hypertension in pregnancy compared with those with higher kalaemia (OR = 0.40 [0.24-0.66], p-value = 0.0003). Calcium disorders remain the most frequent electrolyte disorders in pregnancy. When normal cut-offs are considered for calcium and other ions, only ionised and total calcium influence the occurrence of hypertension in pregnancy. Kalaemia seems to affect hypertension in pregnancy but primarily within its normal concentrations. Serum electrolyte follow-up is indispensable for a proper pregnancy follow-up.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Calcium; Hypercalcemia; Hypocalcemia; Cameroon; Chlorides; Electrolytes; Hypertension; Sodium; Potassium; Calcium, Dietary
PubMed: 38017060
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47623-6 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Oct 2023Members of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates rely on desalination to produce water for...
Members of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates rely on desalination to produce water for domestic use. Desalination produces brine that may intrude into the aquifers to pollute the fresh groundwater because of the concentration gradient and groundwater pumping. Modeling the trends of saltwater intrusion needs theoretical understanding and thorough logical experimentation. The objective of this exercise was to understand the phenomenon of saltwater intrusion using an existing set of data analyzed with the convective-diffusion equation and the two-region mobile-immobile solution model. The objective was achieved by optimizing non-measurable solute transport parameters from an existing set of data generated from a series of logical miscible displacements of potassium bromide through sepiolite minerals and curve-fitting simulations. Assumptions included that solute displacements through sepiolite porous media and the related simulations represented the phenomenon of saltwater intrusion under non-equilibrium conditions of porous media mimicking the aquifers. Miscible displacements of potassium bromide were observed from a column of 2.0-2.8 mm aggregates of sepiolite over 4 ranges of concentration and at 11 displacement speeds under saturated vertical flow deionized water and vice versa. Breakthrough curves of both bromide and potassium ions were analyzed by a curve-fitting technique to optimize transport parameters assuming solute movement was governed (i) by the convective-diffusion equation and (ii) the two-region mobile-immobile solution model. Column Peclet numbers from the two analyses were identical for potassium ions but those for bromide ions were c. 60% greater from the two-region model than from the convective-diffusion equation. For the two-region model, dispersion coefficients were well defined and remained unchanged from the convective-diffusion equation for potassium ions but decreased for bromide ions. Retardation factors for bromide ions were approximately the same, but those for potassium ions, though > 1, were poorly defined. In order to design mitigation strategies for avoiding groundwater contamination, this study's findings may help model groundwater pollution caused by the activities of desalination of seawater, which produces concentrated liquid that intrudes into the coastal aquifer through miscible displacement. However, robust saltwater intrusion models may be considered in future studies to confirm the results of the approach presented in this exercise. Field data on the groundwater contamination levels may be collected to compare with simulated trends drawn from the saltwater intrusion models and the curve-fitting technique used in this work. A comparison of the output from the two types of models may help determine the right option to understand the phenomena of saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers of various characteristics.
Topics: Bromides; Groundwater; Water; Seawater; Ions; Potassium; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 37759059
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29866-y -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Potassium ion (K) efflux is often considered as an upstream signaling event of NLRP3 activation. The main evidence to demonstrate the importance of K efflux is that high...
Potassium ion (K) efflux is often considered as an upstream signaling event of NLRP3 activation. The main evidence to demonstrate the importance of K efflux is that high concentration of extracellular K inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. However, the conditions used to prevent K flowing also breaks down a basic parameter of eukaryotic biology, leading to sustained membrane potential depolarization and affecting normal signal transduction in cells. Therefore, direct measurement of intracellular ion concentration can more truly reflect the role of K flow during the activation of NLRP3. In this chapter, we will provide the rationale and a method to evaluate intracellular K concentration by ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy), which helps us understand how disturbances in intracellular K level orchestrates NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Topics: Inflammasomes; Ions; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Potassium; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35212957
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2144-8_9 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022The adeninate anion (Ade) is a useful nucleophile used in the synthesis of many prodrugs (including those for HIV AIDS treatment). It exists as a contact ion-pair (CIP)...
The adeninate anion (Ade) is a useful nucleophile used in the synthesis of many prodrugs (including those for HIV AIDS treatment). It exists as a contact ion-pair (CIP) with Na and K (M) but the site of coordination is not obvious from spectroscopic data. Herein, a molecular-wide and electron density-based (MOWED) computational approach implemented in the implicit solvation model showed a strong preference for bidentate ion coordination at the N3 and N9 atoms. The N3N9-CIP has (i) the strongest inter-ionic interaction, by -30 kcal mol, with a significant (10-15%) covalent contribution, (ii) the most stabilized bonding framework for Ade, and (iii) displays the largest ion-induced polarization of Ade, rendering the N3 and N9 the most negative and, hence, most nucleophilic atoms. Alkylation of the adeninate anion at these two positions can therefore be readily explained when the metal coordinated complex is considered as the nucleophile. The addition of explicit DMSO solvent molecules did not change the trend in most nucleophilic N-atoms of Ade for the in-plane M-Ade complexes in M-Ade-(DMSO) molecular systems. MOWED-based studies of the strength and nature of interactions between DMSO solvent molecules and counter ions and Ade revealed an interesting and unexpected chemistry of intermolecular chemical bonding.
Topics: Anions; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Electrons; Ions; Models, Molecular; Potassium; Prodrugs; Sodium; Solvents
PubMed: 36144844
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186111