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JAMA Dermatology Jan 2020
Topics: Biopsy; Dairying; Dermatitis, Occupational; Farmers; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Male; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Skin; Skin Diseases, Viral; Young Adult
PubMed: 31642868
DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3248 -
Revista Medica Del Instituto Mexicano... Mar 2023Since the emergence of monkeypox in Europe, this disease has gradually spread throughout the rest of the world. In Mexico, epidemiological notices have been issued with...
Since the emergence of monkeypox in Europe, this disease has gradually spread throughout the rest of the world. In Mexico, epidemiological notices have been issued with the main guidelines to follow in terms of epidemiological surveillance and official figures have been published regularly on a microsite weeks after the first cases. These sources of information were reviewed and analyzed, based on which observations are issued, in addition to other relevant publications on the subject, with the interest of reinforcing the surveillance of this disease in the country.
Topics: Humans; Europe; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Pandemics; Mexico; Epidemiological Monitoring
PubMed: 37200498
DOI: No ID Found -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA Mar 2019Poxviruses are an unusual family of large double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses that exhibit an incredible degree of self-sufficiency and complexity in their replication and... (Review)
Review
Poxviruses are an unusual family of large double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses that exhibit an incredible degree of self-sufficiency and complexity in their replication and immune evasion strategies. Indeed, amongst their approximately 200 open reading frames (ORFs), poxviruses encode approximately 100 immunomodulatory proteins to counter host responses along with complete DNA synthesis, transcription, mRNA processing and cytoplasmic redox systems that enable them to replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. However, like all other viruses poxviruses do not encode ribosomes and therefore remain completely dependent on gaining access to the host translational machinery in order to synthesize viral proteins. Early studies of these intriguing viruses helped discover the mRNA cap and polyadenylated (polyA) tail that we now know to be present on most eukaryotic messages and which play fundamental roles in mRNA translation, while more recent studies have begun to reveal the remarkable lengths poxviruses go to in order to control both host and viral protein synthesis. Here, we discuss some of the central strategies used by poxviruses and the broader battle that ensues with the host cell to control the translation system, the outcome of which ultimately dictates the fate of infection. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Regulation.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Protein Biosynthesis; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 30381906
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1515 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Oct 2022Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis, with symptoms similar to those seen in smallpox patients, although the clinical presentation may be less severe. Until recently, human...
INTRODUCTION
Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis, with symptoms similar to those seen in smallpox patients, although the clinical presentation may be less severe. Until recently, human monkeypox infection was rare, and primarily occurred in Central and West Africa.
AREAS COVERED
An international outbreak began in May 2022, and monkeypox has now been detected on every continent except Antarctica. The first recognized case from the current outbreak was confirmed in the United Kingdom on 6 May 2022, in an adult with travel links to Nigeria, but it has been suggested that cases had been spreading in Europe for months. On 23 July 2022 the Director-General of the World Health Organization declared the monkeypox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern.
EXPERT OPINION
There are no treatments specifically for monkeypox virus infections. However, monkeypox and smallpox viruses are genetically similar, and therapeutics developed to combat smallpox may be used to treat monkeypox. This manuscripts reviews what is known about these potential treatments, including tecovirimat and brincidofovir, based on a literature search of PubMed through 9 August 2022, and explores how these therapeutics may be used in the future to address the expanding monkeypox pandemic.
Topics: Adult; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Public Health; Smallpox
PubMed: 35953443
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2113058 -
Viruses Aug 2023Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a current global concern, causes economic devastation in livestock industries, with cattle and water buffalo reported to have higher morbidity... (Review)
Review
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a current global concern, causes economic devastation in livestock industries, with cattle and water buffalo reported to have higher morbidity and lower mortality rates. LSD is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family. It is an enzootic, rapidly explorative and sometimes fatal infection, characterized by multiple raised nodules on the skin of infected animals. It was first reported in Zambia in 1929 and is considered endemic in Africa south of the Sahara desert. It has gradually spread beyond Africa into the Middle East, with periodic occurrences in Asian and East European countries. Recently, it has been spreading in most Asian countries including far East Asia and threatens incursion to LSD-free countries. Rapid and accurate diagnostic capabilities, virus identification, vaccine development, vector control, regional and international collaborations and effective biosecurity policies are important for the control, prevention, and eradication of LSD infections. This review critically evaluates the global burden of LSD, the chronological historical outbreaks of LSD, and future directions for collaborative global actions.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Lumpy Skin Disease; Disease Outbreaks; Africa, Northern; Asia; Buffaloes; Zambia
PubMed: 37766268
DOI: 10.3390/v15091861 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2019
Topics: Biomarkers; Humans; Smallpox; Vaccines; Vaccinia; Vaccinia virus
PubMed: 31722158
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe1913048 -
Viruses Dec 2022Considering that vaccination against smallpox with live vaccinia virus led to serious adverse effects in some cases, the WHO, after declaration of the global eradication... (Review)
Review
Considering that vaccination against smallpox with live vaccinia virus led to serious adverse effects in some cases, the WHO, after declaration of the global eradication of smallpox in 1980, strongly recommended to discontinue the vaccination in all countries. This led to the loss of immunity against not only smallpox but also other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections in humans over the past years. An increasing number of human infections with zoonotic orthopoxviruses and, first of all, monkeypox, force us to reconsider a possible re-emergence of smallpox or a similar disease as a result of natural evolution of these viruses. The review contains a brief analysis of the results of studies on genomic organization and evolution of human pathogenic orthopoxviruses, development of modern methods for diagnosis, vaccination, and chemotherapy of smallpox, monkeypox, and other zoonotic human orthopoxvirus infections.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Smallpox; Mpox (monkeypox); Variola virus; Poxviridae Infections; Orthopoxvirus; Zoonoses; Monkeypox virus
PubMed: 36680142
DOI: 10.3390/v15010103 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024Smallpox was a significant cause of mortality for over three thousand years, amounting to 10% of deaths yearly. Edward Jenner discovered smallpox vaccination in 1796,... (Review)
Review
Smallpox was a significant cause of mortality for over three thousand years, amounting to 10% of deaths yearly. Edward Jenner discovered smallpox vaccination in 1796, which rapidly became a smallpox infection preventive practice throughout the world and eradicated smallpox infection by 1980. After smallpox eradication, monkeypox vaccines have been used primarily in research and in outbreaks in Africa, where the disease is endemic. In the present, the vaccines are being used for people who work with animals or in high-risk areas, as well as for healthcare workers treating patients with monkeypox. Among all orthopoxviruses (OPXV), monkeypox viral (MPXV) infection occurs mainly in cynomolgus monkeys, natural reservoirs, and occasionally causes severe multi-organ infection in humans, who were the incidental hosts. The first case of the present epidemic of MXPV was identified on May 7, 2022, and rapidly increased the number of cases. In this regard, the WHO declared the outbreak, an international public health emergency on July 23, 2022. The first monkeypox vaccine was developed in the 1960s by the US Army and was based on the vaccinia virus, which is also used in smallpox vaccines. In recent years, newer monkeypox vaccines have been developed based on other viruses such as Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA). These newer vaccines are safer and can provide longer-lasting immunity with fewer side effects. For the future, there is ongoing research to improve the current vaccines and to develop new ones. One notable advance has been the development of a recombinant vaccine that uses a genetically modified vaccinia virus to express monkeypox antigens. This vaccine has shown promising results in pre-clinical trials and is currently undergoing further testing in clinical trials. Another recent development has been the use of a DNA vaccine, which delivers genetic material encoding monkeypox antigens directly into cells. This type of vaccine has shown effectiveness in animal studies and is also undergoing clinical testing in humans. Overall, these recent advances in monkeypox vaccine development hold promise for protecting individuals against this potentially serious disease.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Smallpox Vaccine; Smallpox; History, 21st Century; History, 20th Century; Mpox (monkeypox); Poxviridae Infections; Poxviridae; Monkeypox virus; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 38801584
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_17 -
American Journal of Health-system... Jan 2023The objective of this clinical review is to provide an overview of antiviral therapies for monkeypox treatment and summarize the role of vaccines in monkeypox prevention. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The objective of this clinical review is to provide an overview of antiviral therapies for monkeypox treatment and summarize the role of vaccines in monkeypox prevention.
SUMMARY
The human monkeypox virus is a double-stranded DNA virus of the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. The estimated case fatality rate for monkeypox ranges between 0% and 11%. The first human monkeypox infection was reportedly due to an unidentified animal reservoir. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, isolation and infection control procedures should be followed in the care of those infected with monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus infection symptoms include rash, fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, backache, and fatigue that may progress to exhaustion. Severe complications such as encephalitis, pneumonia, and retropharyngeal abscess could appear in immunocompromised or critically ill patients. There are currently no specific Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies for monkeypox. As with most viral infections, supportive care is the backbone of monkeypox clinical management. However, therapies effective for smallpox, such as cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat, have previously been reported to be effective in the management of monkeypox. Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis to prevent monkeypox transmission are recommended in the US for those at high risk for disease transmission.
CONCLUSION
There are no FDA-approved treatments for monkeypox infection. Surveillance and detection of monkeypox among high-risk populations should be implemented to help understand the epidemiology of this disease.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Disease Outbreaks; Cidofovir; Exanthema
PubMed: 36259674
DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac300 -
The Medical Journal of Australia Aug 2022
Topics: Australia; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 35842889
DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51647