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Frontiers in Immunology 2020As pattern recognition receptors, cytosolic DNA sensors quickly induce an effective innate immune response. Poxvirus, a large DNA virus, is capable of evading the host... (Review)
Review
As pattern recognition receptors, cytosolic DNA sensors quickly induce an effective innate immune response. Poxvirus, a large DNA virus, is capable of evading the host antiviral innate immune response. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on how poxvirus is sensed by the host innate immune system and how poxvirus-encoded proteins antagonize DNA sensors. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between poxvirus and DNA-sensing antiviral immune responses of the host will contribute to the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines in the future.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; DNA, Viral; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase; DNA-Binding Proteins; Disease Resistance; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Nuclear Proteins; Nucleotidyltransferases; Phosphoproteins; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptor 9
PubMed: 32983084
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01637 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Dec 2022The 2022 outbreak of monkeypox is of worldwide significance. There has been a rapid escalation in case numbers despite efforts to contain it and the WHO has declared it... (Review)
Review
The 2022 outbreak of monkeypox is of worldwide significance. There has been a rapid escalation in case numbers despite efforts to contain it and the WHO has declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. To date, over 51 257 laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported, the majority in non-endemic countries, with 3279 in the UK. It is vital for ophthalmologists to understand this disease and the risk it poses. Human monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a double-stranded DNA virus in the genus of the family. Other orthopoxviruses include variola (smallpox), cowpox and vaccinia; all of which have significant ocular sequelae. Transmission occurs from an animal reservoir (unknown, likely rodents) to a human host, leading to secondary human-to-human spread. During the recent outbreak, a higher incidence has been found in gay, bisexual or other men who have sex with men. Clinical diagnosis may be challenging as presentation can mimic common ophthalmic diseases. A thorough history is key to identifying potential cases. Ophthalmic manifestations may include preseptal cellulitis, conjunctivitis and keratitis. The oral antiviral agent tecovirimat, which was developed to treat smallpox, is the mainstay of treatment. Trifluorothymidine (trifluridine) eye-drops can be used for ophthalmic involvement. In addition, smallpox vaccines have provided some cross-immunity. Ocular monkeypox should be managed by infectious diseases specialists, in consultation with ophthalmologists to provide the expertise needed to treat potentially vision-threatening complications. This outbreak highlights the need for healthcare providers to implement appropriate infection control measures and be familiar with the identification and treatment of both cutaneous and ocular disease.
Topics: Animals; Male; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Homosexuality, Male; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Orthopoxvirus; Variola virus
PubMed: 36216412
DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322268 -
Transfusion Medicine (Oxford, England) Dec 2022The recent emergence of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in the UK and elsewhere is of urgent public health concern. Several aspects of MPXV epidemiology and pathogenesis,... (Review)
Review
The recent emergence of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in the UK and elsewhere is of urgent public health concern. Several aspects of MPXV epidemiology and pathogenesis, including its systemic spread and viraemia during acute infection, furthermore represent an important potential threat to the safety of blood transfusion and organ transplantation. Reported infections in the UK have been exponentially increasing over the last 2 months, with 1552 reported cases in the UK by 7th July 2022. This is likely to be considerable underestimate given current limitations in diagnostic capacity and clinical diagnoses hampered by its similar disease presentations to other causes of rash and genitourinary disease. While MPXV infections are currently most widespread in gay, bisexual or other men who have sex with men, wider spread of MPXV outside defined risk groups for infection may prevent identification of infection risk in donors. While typically mild disease outcomes have been reported in UK cases, case fatality rates ranging from 1% to over 10% are reported for different MPXV strains in its source area in sub-Saharan Africa. Recipients of blood components and organs transplant, especially those who are immunosuppressed, may reproduce the greater systemic spread and morbidity of those infected through percutaneous routes. There is a potential risk of MPXV transmission and severe disease outcomes in blood and transplant recipients. In addition to current risk assessments performed in the UK and exclusion of donors with recent MPXV exposure, determining viraemia frequencies in donors and directly evaluating transmission risk would be of considerable value in assessing whether MPXV nucleic acid screening should be implemented.
Topics: Male; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Viremia; Homosexuality, Male; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Monkeypox virus; Blood Transfusion
PubMed: 36134432
DOI: 10.1111/tme.12918 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Jul 2023Before its eradication, the smallpox virus was a significant cause of poor obstetric outcomes, including maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The mpox (monkeypox)...
CONTEXT.—
Before its eradication, the smallpox virus was a significant cause of poor obstetric outcomes, including maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The mpox (monkeypox) virus is now the most pathogenic member of the Orthopoxvirus genus infecting humans. The 2022 global mpox outbreak has focused attention on its potential effects during pregnancy.
OBJECTIVE.—
To understand the comparative effects of different poxvirus infections on pregnancy, including mpox virus, variola virus, vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus. The impact on the pregnant individual, fetus, and placenta will be examined, with particular attention to the occurrence of intrauterine vertical transmission and congenital infection.
DATA SOURCES.—
The data are obtained from the authors' cases and from various published sources, including early historical information and contemporary publications.
CONCLUSIONS.—
Smallpox caused maternal and perinatal death, with numerous cases reported of intrauterine transmission. In endemic African countries, mpox has also affected pregnant individuals, with up to a 75% perinatal case fatality rate. Since the start of the 2022 mpox outbreak, increasing numbers of pregnant women have been infected with the virus. A detailed description is given of the congenital mpox syndrome in a stillborn fetus, resulting from maternal-fetal transmission and placental infection, and the potential mechanisms of intrauterine infection are discussed. Other poxviruses, notably vaccinia virus and, in 1 case, cowpox virus, can also cause perinatal infection. Based on the historical evidence of poxvirus infections, mpox remains a threat to the pregnant population, and it can be expected that additional cases will occur in the future.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Placenta; Orthopoxvirus; Variola virus; Poxviridae Infections; Vaccinia virus
PubMed: 36857117
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0520-SA -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Aug 2020Capripox viruses are the causative agents of important animal diseases in cattle (Lumpy Skin Disease), sheep (Sheeppox) and goats (Goatpox) with severe socio-economic... (Review)
Review
Capripox viruses are the causative agents of important animal diseases in cattle (Lumpy Skin Disease), sheep (Sheeppox) and goats (Goatpox) with severe socio-economic impact in case of wide scale outbreaks. Therefore there is a constant need for adequate diagnostic tools. The assays must be fit-for-purpose to identify the virus quickly and correctly and to be useful for surveillance and monitoring at different stages of an epidemic. Different diagnostic performance characteristics are required depending on the situation and the test purpose. The need for high throughput, high specificity/sensitivity and the capability for differentiating field virus strains from vaccine strains drives the development of new and better assays preferably with an advantageous cost-benefit balance. This review aims to look at existing and new virological and serological diagnostic tools used in the control against diseases caused by Capripox viruses.
Topics: Animals; Capripoxvirus; Cattle; Goat Diseases; Goats; Lumpy Skin Disease; Lumpy skin disease virus; Poxviridae Infections; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serologic Tests; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 31196699
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104704 -
Medecine Et Sante Tropicales Feb 2017This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the different types of poxvirus infections. Smallpox, although eradicated, must continue to be monitored because of the potential risk of accidental or voluntary (by bioterrorism) reintroduction. Monkeypox and cowpox viruses are considered to be emergent today ; their high risk of dissemination is due to the increase in international transport as well as trends for new animals as pets and the loss of vaccinal protection against smallpox. Molluscum contagiosum (molluscipoxvirus) causes mild infections, is particularly frequent in children ; in adults it is a marker of the risk of sexually transmitted infections and can, in cases with profuse lesions, reveal AIDS.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 28406414
DOI: 10.1684/mst.2017.0653 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Feb 2018Sheep pox, a well-known endemic capripox infection, has significant impacts on small ruminant populations in Tunisia. It is responsible for high economic losses... (Review)
Review
Sheep pox, a well-known endemic capripox infection, has significant impacts on small ruminant populations in Tunisia. It is responsible for high economic losses throughout North Africa due to its enzootic nature and to the active animal transhumance existing in some governorates in Tunisia. The aim of this review was to analyse data gathered on annual vaccination campaigns designed to control its spread by reducing the level of endemicity and to describe diagnostic and management tools adapted to the Tunisian situation. Seasonal, temporal and spatial distributions of sheep pox outbreaks, as well as related clinical features, were found. It was concluded from this review that establishing strong herd immunization through individual animal immunization, creating adequate infrastructure, increasing awareness among breeders, setting up a field-based surveillance network and improving routine diagnostic methods need to be the major components of a programme to eradicate the disease. It was also felt that cost-benefit analyses of the surveillance and control strategies used would help in controlling its persistence.
Topics: Animals; Capripoxvirus; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; Immunization; Poxviridae Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Tunisia
PubMed: 28656654
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12656 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Jun 2017Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox and goatpox are high-impact diseases of domestic ruminants with a devastating effect on cattle, sheep and goat farming industries in endemic... (Review)
Review
Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox and goatpox are high-impact diseases of domestic ruminants with a devastating effect on cattle, sheep and goat farming industries in endemic regions. In this article, we review the current geographical distribution, economic impact of an outbreak, epidemiology, transmission and immunity of capripoxvirus. The special focus of the article is to scrutinize the use of currently available vaccines to investigate the resource needs and challenges that will have to be overcome to improve disease control and eradication, and progress on the development of safer and more effective vaccines. In addition, field evaluation of the efficacy of the vaccines and the genomic database available for poxviruses are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Capripoxvirus; Disease Outbreaks; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 26564428
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12444 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jan 2023Monkeypox virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus and the Poxviridae family. Orthopoxviruses are among the most intricate animal viruses. The pathogenicity of human... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus and the Poxviridae family. Orthopoxviruses are among the most intricate animal viruses. The pathogenicity of human monkeypox infection has been emphasized in response to its recent emergence in non-endemic countries and the threat of bioterrorism. It is always necessary to take appropriate precautions in exposure to emerging or re-emerging infections. Here, we focus on the current state of the human monkeypox infection outbreak, research & development of immune responses, and clinical interventions to prevent and treat the human monkeypox virus and other human poxviruses.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Orthopoxvirus; Monkeypox virus; Vaccines
PubMed: 36271768
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28251 -
Virus Research May 2016High-throughput genomics technologies are currently being used to study a wide variety of viral infections, providing insight into which cellular genes and pathways are... (Review)
Review
High-throughput genomics technologies are currently being used to study a wide variety of viral infections, providing insight into which cellular genes and pathways are regulated after infection, and how these changes are related, or not, to efficient elimination of the pathogen. This article will focus on how gene expression studies of infections with non-replicative poxviruses currently used as vaccine vectors provide a global perspective of the molecular events associated with the viral infection in human cells. These high-throughput genomics approaches have the potential to lead to the identification of specific new properties of the viral vector or novel cellular targets that may aid in the development of more effective pox-derived vaccines and antivirals.
Topics: Animals; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Poxviridae; Poxviridae Infections; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26519757
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.008