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International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022Hypertension is the most common chronic disease and the primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Prehypertension is closely related to a variety of...
Hypertension is the most common chronic disease and the primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Prehypertension is closely related to a variety of cardiovascular disease risk factors during the development of hypertension. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between dietary patterns and hypertension in Jiangsu Province. Specifically, we included the participants from 2007 and then followed up in 2014 in the Jiangsu Province of China and collected information from food frequency questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and disease self-reports. A total of 1762 women and men were included in the final analysis. We extracted four dietary patterns using factor analysis, calculated the pattern-specific factor scores, and divided the scores into quartiles, which increased from Q1 to Q4. Compared with participants in Q1, an increased risk of high diastolic blood pressure was found in Q4 of the snack dietary pattern. Additionally, participants in Q2-Q4 of the frugal dietary pattern were found to have a positive association with abnormal blood pressure. However, the results found in the frugal dietary pattern vanished after adjusting more confounders in Q4 of high systolic blood pressure. We found that some food items were associated with hypertension and prehypertension. The overconsumption of salt and alcohol are risk factors for both prehypertension and hypertension. Added sugar and saturated fatty acids are risk factors for hypertension, which may provide suggestions for the residents in China to change dietary habits to prevent prehypertension and hypertension.
Topics: Blood Pressure; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Prehypertension; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35805279
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137620 -
Current Hypertension Reviews 2016The article represents literature review and provides evidence for psychological stress to play essential role in the development of arterial hypertension. The... (Review)
Review
The article represents literature review and provides evidence for psychological stress to play essential role in the development of arterial hypertension. The pathogenesis of hypertension is complex with a significant diversity and variability of the mechanisms involved in individual patient. In this regard, the determination of specific pathogenic pathways underlying sustained blood pressure elevation in each patient would substantially individualize therapeutic approaches, and hence increase the effectiveness of treatment. Psychological stress is proposed as a significant factor contributing to the development of hypertension. Global urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, daily stress at workplace, lack of physical activity and social support lead to increased anxiety, uncertainty, and finally to chronic mental and emotional stress. This review provides information about alterations in neuroendocrine and immune systems as the main pathogenic pathways linking psychological stress and hypertension. Endothelial dysfunction is considered not only as a consequence but also a primary factor causing prohypertensive state. Moreover, physical inactivity is discussed as one of the plausible mechanisms playing a key role in the development of hypertension in modern lifestyle conditions. Particularly the loss of connection between psychosocial strain and physical activity may underlie the deleterious effect of stress on cardiovascular and metabolic health.
Topics: Anxiety; Essential Hypertension; Humans; Prehypertension; Sedentary Behavior; Social Support; Stress, Psychological; Urbanization; Workplace
PubMed: 28034357
DOI: 10.2174/1573402112666161230121622 -
Hypertension Research : Official... Apr 2023Increased blood pressure (BP) variability and the BP surge have been reported to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk independently of BP levels and can also... (Review)
Review
Increased blood pressure (BP) variability and the BP surge have been reported to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk independently of BP levels and can also be a trigger of cardiovascular events. There are multiple types of BP variation: beat-to-beat variations related to breathing and the autonomic nervous system, diurnal BP variation and nocturnal dipping related to sleep and physical activity over a 24-hr period, day-to-day BP variability with anomalous readings within a several-day period, visit-to-visit BP variability between outpatient visits, and seasonal variations. BP variability is also associated with the progression to hypertension from prehypertension and the progression of chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairments. Our research group proposed the "resonance hypothesis of blood pressure surge" as a new etiological hypothesis of BP variability and surges; i.e., the concept that when the time phases of surges and hypertension-inducing environmental influences coincide, resonance occurs and is amplified into a larger "dynamic surge" that triggers the onset of cardiovascular disease. New devices to assess BP variability as well as new therapeutic interventions to reduce BP variability are being developed. Although there are still issues to be addressed (including measurement accuracy), cuffless devices and information and communication technology (ICT)-based BP monitoring devices have been developed and validated. These new devices will be useful for the individualized optimal management of BP. However, evidence regarding the usefulness of therapeutic interventions to control BP variability is still lacking.
Topics: Humans; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Hypertension; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Prehypertension
PubMed: 36759660
DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01199-w -
Association of adiposity indices with prehypertension among Chinese adults: A cross-sectional study.Journal of Clinical Hypertension... May 2023The association of adiposity indices with prehypertension remains unclear in the Chinese non-hypertensive population. This study aimed to compare the association of...
The association of adiposity indices with prehypertension remains unclear in the Chinese non-hypertensive population. This study aimed to compare the association of adiposity indices, including waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio, body roundness index (BRI), a body shape index (ABSI), and conicity index (CI), and prehypertension in the Chinese population. We recruited 61 475 participants from a population-based screening project in Guangdong province, China. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to detect the association between the six adiposity indices and prehypertension. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the predictive values of adiposity indices to prehypertension. The individuals were divided into two categories by blood pressure (BP) levels: normotension (<120/80 mmHg) and prehypertension (120-139/80-89 mmHg). A total of 33 233 people had prehypertension, with a prevalence of 54.04% and 42% males. Both logistics regression models presented a positive association between each adiposity index and prehypertension (p < .05), except for ABSI. The body mass index (BMI) was slightly more correlated with prehypertension than any other index. The standardized ORs for the six indices were 1.392, 1.361, 1.406, 1.039, 1.372, and 1.151, respectively. Compared to other adiposity indices, the WC had a significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) for predicting prehypertension (AUC: .619, sensitivity: 57%, specificity: 60.6%). In conclusion, WC and BMI might be the best indicators for prehypertension. Increasing evidence supports avoiding obesity as a preferred primary prevention strategy for prehypertension while controlling other major hypertension risk factors.
Topics: Male; Adult; Humans; Female; Adiposity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prehypertension; Hypertension; East Asian People; Obesity; Risk Factors; Body Mass Index; Waist Circumference; Waist-Height Ratio; China; ROC Curve
PubMed: 36974365
DOI: 10.1111/jch.14622 -
Journal of Human Hypertension Jan 2019The association between pre-hypertension (pre-HTN) and subclinical carotid damage is poorly defined. We performed a meta-analysis of ultrasonographic studies assessing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The association between pre-hypertension (pre-HTN) and subclinical carotid damage is poorly defined. We performed a meta-analysis of ultrasonographic studies assessing carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in untreated pre-HTN subjects. The OVID-MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for English-language articles without time restriction up to February 2018 through focused, high sensitive search strategies. Studies were identified by crossing the following search terms: "pre-hypertension", "high normal blood pressure", "carotid intima-media thickness", "carotid atherosclerosis", "ultrasonography". Overall, 7645 subjects (3374 normotensive, 1936 untreated pre-HTN, and 2335 HTN individuals) of both genders were included in seven studies. In the pooled study population, common carotid IMT showed a progressive increase from normotensive (723 ± 39 µm) to pre-HTN (779 ± 45 µm) (standardized mean difference, SMD 0.36 ± 0.08, CI 0.34-0.46, p < 0.0001) and to HTN subjects (858 ± 82 µm) (SMD 0.39 ± 0.07, CI 0.26-0.54, p = 0.002 vs. pre-HT). The statistical difference did not change after correction for publication bias and was not affected by a single study effect. Our meta-analysis shows that carotid IMT in pre-HTN subjects is intermediate between normotensive and HTN individuals. These findings support the view that pre-HTN is an unfavourable condition that should be properly managed in order to prevent vascular damage.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Humans; Prehypertension; Risk Factors; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 30242246
DOI: 10.1038/s41371-018-0114-6 -
The Journal of Maternal-fetal &... Apr 2020Emerging evidence shows that high blood pressure (BP) level even below 140/90 mmHg during pregnancy is associated with increased risk for maternal and infant... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Emerging evidence shows that high blood pressure (BP) level even below 140/90 mmHg during pregnancy is associated with increased risk for maternal and infant complications. The meta-analysis evaluated the associations between prehypertension (BP 120-139/80-89 mmHg) during pregnancy and the risk of small for gestational age (SGA), as well as the impact of prehypertension on birth weight (BW). Databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were searched for cohort studies with data on prehypertension in pregnancy and adverse obstetrical outcomes, including SGA and/or BW. The relative risks (RRs) of SGA and weighted mean differences (WMD) in BW were calculated and reported with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We calculated pooled RRs using fixed- and random-effects models. A total of 143,835 participants from five cohort studies were included. Prehypertension in pregnancy increased the risk of SGA (RR 1.59, 95%CI 1.44 to 1.76, < .00001) and lowered BW (WMD -13.71, 95% CI -83.28 to 55.87, = .70) compared with optimal BP (<120/80 mmHg). In subgroup analyses, for prehypertension in late pregnancy, the risk of SGA was significantly higher than for optimal BP (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.44 to 1.78). BP within the range of 120-139/80-89 mmHg during pregnancy, as previously defined as prehypertension, particularly in late pregnancy, was associated with a 59% increase in the risk of having an SGA birth.
Topics: Birth Weight; Female; Humans; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; Prehypertension; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 30173597
DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1519015 -
Clinical and Experimental Hypertension... 2018Hypertension is frequently studied in surveys; however, prehypertension, a new blood pressure status between normotension and hypertension, is rarely reported.
BACKGROUND
Hypertension is frequently studied in surveys; however, prehypertension, a new blood pressure status between normotension and hypertension, is rarely reported.
METHODS
All data were derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and were analysed by logistic regression for correlation.
RESULTS
The prehypertension prevalence was 27.4%, with a hypertension rate of 36.9%. The awareness, treatment, and uncontrolled rates among all hypertension participates were 19.8%, 83.6%, and 55.0%, respectively. The epidemic rate of hypertension increased with increasing age (p < 0.001), and prehypertension appeared to have an epidemic peak in the age group of 38-57 years (p < 0.001). In general, the incidence of hypertension in urban participants was higher than in rural subjects (p < 0.001), and prehypertension in urban subjects was lower than that in rural subjects (p < 0.001). According to the results of logistic regression, hypertension and prehypertension were associated with age, gender, location, body mass index (BMI), body fat rate (BFR), waist circumference (WC), education, and the intake of energy-yielding nutrients<0.05).
CONCLUSION
The current study reveals a high epidemic rate of hypertension and prehypertension in Central China. These results indicate the urgent need to develop strategies to improve the prevention of hypertension and prehypertension in Central China.
Topics: Adiposity; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Epidemics; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Hypertension; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Sex Factors; Urban Population; Waist Circumference; Young Adult
PubMed: 29513624
DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1431252 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Hypertension has been the most common non-communicable disease in low and middle-income countries for the past two decades, increasing cardiovascular and renal disease...
Hypertension has been the most common non-communicable disease in low and middle-income countries for the past two decades, increasing cardiovascular and renal disease risk. Urbanization, aging, dietary and lifestyle changes, high illiteracy rates, poor access to health facilities, poverty, high costs of drugs, and social stress have contributed to an increase in the prevalence of hypertension in developing countries. Nonetheless, little is known about the comprehensive risk factors associated with prehypertension and hypertension among economically active adult populations of South Asia, such as India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. This paper uses the Demographic and Health Survey data of 637,396 individuals from India (2019-21), 8,924 from Nepal (2016), and 8,613 from Bangladesh (2017-18) to examine the prevalence and driver of prehypertension and hypertension. We analyze the prevalence of prehypertension because it leads to hypertension and is directly related to cardiovascular disease, and many people live with it for prolonged periods without realizing it. The paper finds, among other things, that the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among adults (18-49 years) is 43.2 and 14.9% in India, 35.1% and 19.8% in Bangladesh, and 25.2% and 13.8% in Nepal, respectively. Better educated, wealthy individuals living in urban areas of developing economies in the South Asian region are more likely to have prehypertension and hypertension. The paper suggests the urgent need to launch preventive programs to reduce prehypertension before it develops to be hypertension as a precautionary measure. Thus, such measures shall help to prevent hypertension, thereby improving the overall wellbeing of individuals and families.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Prehypertension; Asia, Southern; Prevalence; Logistic Models; Hypertension
PubMed: 36777775
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1006457 -
Journal of Hypertension Feb 2016The available data concerning childhood blood pressure (BP) have increased substantially over the last four decades. Clinicians can use the available pediatric reference... (Review)
Review
The available data concerning childhood blood pressure (BP) have increased substantially over the last four decades. Clinicians can use the available pediatric reference BP data to determine whether BP is in the normal range or is at a level that warrants evaluation or preventive intervention. It has also become possible to refine BP-derived parameters and to identify subclinical end organ damage through measures and markers now far more sensitive than those available years ago. The progress to date should provide an impetus for research advances that may translate into clinical practice. Findings that are becoming ready to incorporate into clinical use include data showing the importance of detecting prehypertension or high-normal BP, the meaning of BP obtained out of the clinic setting and the importance of central BP determinations. Furthermore, new information about large and small vessels during the early stages of BP elevation, the clustering of metabolic abnormalities with BP and the relevance of perinatal programming may lead to better strategies for reducing the impact of BP elevation on cardiovascular health.
Topics: Adolescent; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Child; Dyslipidemias; Epigenesis, Genetic; Humans; Hypertension; Insulin Resistance; Masked Hypertension; Metabolic Syndrome; Pediatric Obesity; Phenotype; Prehypertension; Risk Factors; Systole; White Coat Hypertension
PubMed: 26599224
DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000790 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jun 2022We aimed to examine PM exposure, blood pressure (SBP and DBP) measurement, and hypertension risk factors and to assess the association between PM exposure and...
We aimed to examine PM exposure, blood pressure (SBP and DBP) measurement, and hypertension risk factors and to assess the association between PM exposure and hypertension among young adults. The mean SBP was 117.78 mmHg, with 11.22% high-normal blood pressure (prehypertension) and 2.51% hypertension (≥ 140 mmHg). DBP was 75.48 mmHg with 26.37% prehypertension and 4.53% hypertension (≥ 90 mmHg). The median PM in the past year was 31.79 μg/m, with highest in winter (49.33 μg/m), followed by spring (37.34 μg/m), autumn (29.64 μg/m), and summer (24.33 μg/m). Blood pressure was positively correlated with age, height, weight, BMI, daily smoking, alcohol consumption, mental stress, and staying up in the past 1 year, and negatively with season-specific temperature. After adjustment for the covariates, each 10 μg/m increase in PM was associated with SBP (day 1 = 1.07 mmHg, day 3 = 1.25 mmHg, day 5 = 1.01 mmHg) and DBP (day 1 = 1.06 mmHg, day 3 = 1.28 mmHg, day 5 = 1.29 mmHg, day 15 = 0.87 mmHg, day 30 = 0.56 mmHg). Exposure in winter and the past year was associated with 1.21 mmHg and 0.95 increase mmHg in SBP, respectively. Logistic models showed for every 1 μg/m increase of PM, SBP in day 1 and day 5 was increased by 6% and 4%, and DPB by 3% and 16%, respectively. SBP was increased by 8% in spring and 19% in winter, and DBP was increased by 7% in winter. Our data suggest a certain prevalence of pre- or hypertension among young population, which is associated with short-term fluctuation and season-specific exposure of PM.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Humans; Hypertension; Particulate Matter; Prehypertension; Temperature; Young Adult
PubMed: 35084680
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18862-3