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Sexual Medicine Reviews Jun 2023Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and female sexual dysfunction (FSD) are 2 prevalent illnesses in women that cause distress and affect quality of life. There are... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and female sexual dysfunction (FSD) are 2 prevalent illnesses in women that cause distress and affect quality of life. There are plausible biological, social, and psychological links between these 2 conditions. Nevertheless, few studies have examined sexual function in women with PMDD.
OBJECTIVES
In this narrative review we summarize the existing literature on sexual function in women with PMDD and with the broader diagnostic classification of premenstrual syndrome and discus the differences between PMDD and more general premenstrual symptomatology, as well as why studying sexual function specifically in PMDD is necessary. We explored reasons why these 2 illnesses may be comorbid and the importance of studying sexual function in this population of women.
METHODS
PubMed literature searches were conducted using relevant keywords.
RESULTS
Currently, there are few studies examining PMDD and FSD, and the studies available have significant methodologic limitations.
CONCLUSIONS
Investigation of sexual function in women with PMDD is needed. Awareness of the comorbidities for PMDD and FSD can allow implementation of targeted interventions for women suffering from these disorders.
Topics: Female; Humans; Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder; Quality of Life; Premenstrual Syndrome; Anxiety; Comorbidity
PubMed: 36941212
DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qead007 -
Ginekologia Polska 2019Painful menstruation, premenstrual syndrome and metrorrhagia iuvenilis are one of the most common problems related to the sexual cycle in adolescent girls. Metrorrhagia... (Review)
Review
Painful menstruation, premenstrual syndrome and metrorrhagia iuvenilis are one of the most common problems related to the sexual cycle in adolescent girls. Metrorrhagia iuvenilis is acyclic bleeding that occurs in adolescents and lasts from over 10 days even up to 3 months. These bleeds are very abundant and have a tendency to relapse. They cause anemia, and severe cases can be life-threatening. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a cluster of somatic, emotional and behavioural symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The aetiology of PMS remains unknown. According to strict diagnostic criteria, an estimated 2.5-5% of girls and women are affected by PMS. However, some researchers maintain that the symptoms of PMS may be prevalent in as many as 40-80% of girls and women. This article it has been discussed premenstrual syndrome and metrorrhagia iuvenilis and aspects related to dietotherapy were included.
Topics: Adolescent; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Metrorrhagia; Premenstrual Syndrome
PubMed: 31392713
DOI: 10.5603/GP.2019.0072 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Jun 2018Women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are encouraged to reduce sugar and increase fiber intake to reduce symptoms. However, research supporting these recommendations is...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are encouraged to reduce sugar and increase fiber intake to reduce symptoms. However, research supporting these recommendations is limited, and their role in PMS development is unclear. This study examines the relation between carbohydrate and fiber intake and the risk of PMS nested within the prospective Nurses' Health Study II cohort.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
Carbohydrate and fiber intake were assessed at baseline and three additional times during follow up by food frequency questionnaire. Incident cases of PMS were identified by self-reported PMS diagnosis during 14 years of follow up and validated by supplemental questionnaire (n = 1234). Women were classified as controls if they did not report PMS diagnosis during follow up and confirmed minimal or no premenstrual symptoms (n = 2426). We estimated relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using multivariable logistic regression.
RESULTS
Total carbohydrate intake 2-4 years before reference year was not associated with PMS development (RR quintile 5 versus 1 = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.74-1.33). Intakes of specific carbohydrates or fibers were not associated with PMS development, except maltose. Adjusting for body mass index, smoking, and other factors, women with the highest maltose intake (median = 3.0 g/day) had a RR of 1.45 (95% CI = 1.11-1.88) compared to those with the lowest intake (median = 1.2 g/day).
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, carbohydrate and fiber consumption was not associated with risk of PMS. As this is the first study to suggest that maltose may be associated with PMS development, further replication is needed.
Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Micronutrients; Premenstrual Syndrome; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 29379144
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-017-0076-8 -
Health Care For Women International Jun 2016Premenstrual symptoms are often reported from reproductive-aged women worldwide. The etiologies of the symptoms are complex (e.g., biological and sociocultural factors),... (Review)
Review
Premenstrual symptoms are often reported from reproductive-aged women worldwide. The etiologies of the symptoms are complex (e.g., biological and sociocultural factors), and require an international and multidisciplinary approach. A total of 48 studies were reviewed on how stress and premenstrual symptoms have been defined and measured, and major findings on relational patterns and other associated factors were examined. Subsequently, we discuss several trends and limitations identified from the review. Prospective studies, which use valid assessment measures and consider women's subjective and objective symptoms for several menstrual cycles, are necessary for a valid conclusion. More intervention studies and studies on various populations are needed.
Topics: Female; Humans; Menstruation; Premenstrual Syndrome; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 25988289
DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2015.1049352 -
Neuroimmunomodulation 2019To evaluate the relationship between the inflammatory profile and mood states in the different phases of the menstrual cycle in soccer players with and without...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the relationship between the inflammatory profile and mood states in the different phases of the menstrual cycle in soccer players with and without premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
METHODS
Data on the menstrual cycle and mood states were collected using the Daily Symptom Report and the Brunel Mood Scale. Cytokine and stress hormone concentrations were measured in urine by flow cytometry before and after a game in the luteal phase and in the follicular phase of one menstrual cycle.
RESULTS
In all, 59.6% of the athletes had PMS. The PMS group showed higher concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 than the athletes without PMS. After the game, IL-6 decreased in the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The tumor necrosis factor-α levels were higher in the group without PMS during the post-game follicular phase than before the game. In the PMS group, tension was higher in the follicular phase before the game and depression was higher in the pre-game luteal phase than in the group without PMS. The PMS group also presented a negative correlation between depression and IL-10 levels in the pre-game follicular phase. Finally, in the pre-game luteal phase were found positive correlations between growth hormone and IL-10.
CONCLUSION
PMS influences the inflammatory condition related to mood states and stress hormones in female soccer players.
Topics: Adolescent; Affect; Anxiety; Athletes; Cytokines; Depression; Female; Follicular Phase; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-8; Luteal Phase; Premenstrual Syndrome; Soccer; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Young Adult
PubMed: 30654383
DOI: 10.1159/000494559 -
BMC Women's Health Aug 2023Sleep deprivation is known to be a risk factor for premenstrual syndrome and primary dysmenorrhea in adults. However, it has rarely been investigated in adolescents. The...
BACKGROUND
Sleep deprivation is known to be a risk factor for premenstrual syndrome and primary dysmenorrhea in adults. However, it has rarely been investigated in adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sleep pattern, duration, and quality independently affect premenstrual syndrome and primary dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls. An additional purpose was to investigate the sleep status in Korean adolescent girls during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS
A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in 519 high school girls aged 15 to 18 years in Gyeonggido, South Korea, in 2021 during the COVID-19 lockdown. Menstrual pain intensity and menstrual symptoms were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Cox menstrual symptom scale (CMSS), respectively. Premenstrual syndrome was assessed by the premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST). Sleep was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The known risk factors of dysmenorrhea, including menstrual and lifestyle characteristics and stress, were assessed as covariates.
RESULTS
During the pandemic, approximately 68% of girls slept 7 h or less, while about 60% reported poor sleep quality. Additionally, 64% of participants had a bedtime later after 1AM, and 34% woke up later after 8AM. Late bedtime significantly affected VAS (P = 0.05), CMSS severity and frequency (both P < 0.01), and PSST symptom (P < 0.01). Waking up late affected CMSS severity (P < 0.05), PSST symptom (P = 0.05), and PSST function (P < 0.05). However, the significance of these effects disappeared after controlling for covariates. Sleeping less than 5 h affected CMSS frequency (P < 0.05) and PSST symptoms (P < 0.001). After controlling for covariates, the significance of the effect on PSST symptom remained (P < 0.05). General sleep quality and PSQI components, including subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep disturbance, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction, significantly affected CMSS frequency and severity and PSST symptom after controlling for covariates (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, or P < 0.001). The multiple regression analysis revealed that among sleep characteristics, sleep quality was the most important risk factor of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea.
CONCLUSION
Our study result heightens the importance of healthy sleep hygiene, especially sleep quality in the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls.
Topics: Female; Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Dysmenorrhea; Cross-Sectional Studies; Pandemics; COVID-19; Communicable Disease Control; Premenstrual Syndrome; Sleep; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 37641079
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02600-z -
BMC Women's Health Nov 2023Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects women's physical and mental health. Depression, stress, sleep disturbance, and eating attitude problems have been known to influence...
BACKGROUND
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects women's physical and mental health. Depression, stress, sleep disturbance, and eating attitude problems have been known to influence PMS. Furthermore, restrictions of daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic have led to changes in sleep patterns and eating attitudes. Thus, it is necessary to closely examine how these factors affect PMS. This study aimed to examine the levels of PMS, stress, depression, sleep disturbance, and eating attitude problems among female college students who experience dysmenorrhea and determine the factors associated with PMS.
METHODS
A cross-sectional online survey design was conducted using a convenience sample of 143 female college students in C City, South Korea. Data were collected from September 1 to 19, 2021 in South Korea using an online self-administered survey. Differences in participants' level of PMS according to physical health variables (e.g., smoking, water intake, menstrual pain intensity) and psychological issues (i.e., stress, depression, sleep disturbances, and eating attitude problems) were assessed with independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVAs. Correlational analyses between these variables were also conducted. Additionally, multiple regression was performed to identify the factors influencing PMS.
RESULTS
PMS severity was between normal (27.3%) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (72.7%). PMS was associated positively with depression (r = .284, p = 001), stress (r = .274, p = .001), sleep disturbance (r = .440, p < .001), and eating attitude problems (r = .266, p = .001). Additionally, menstrual pain intensity (β = 0.204), sleep disturbances (β = 0.375), and eating attitude problems (β = 0.202) were found to influence PMS. The regression model was significant (F = 16.553, p < .001) with an explanatory power of 24.7%.
CONCLUSIONS
Considering the influencing factors of PMS identified in this study, interventions for participants experiencing PMS should be made. We propose that further study should be conducted to examine whether the severity of PMS changes according to menstrual pain, the pattern and degree of its change, and the paths through which sleep quality and eating attitude problems affect PMS.
Topics: Female; Humans; Dysmenorrhea; Cross-Sectional Studies; Pandemics; Premenstrual Syndrome; Students
PubMed: 37950208
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02752-y -
PloS One 2023The study aimed to determine potential risk factors associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
AIM
The study aimed to determine potential risk factors associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
METHODS
Three hundred two female student participants who were 18-45 years old completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and a Vietnamese Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool. We then followed up participants during at least two menstrual cycles using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems. The Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder diagnosis was established using The Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System, based on the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
RESULTS
According to the Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System, 35 out of 302 students (11.6%; 95%CI: 8.2-15.7%) met the diagnosis of PMS (31 students) or PMDD (4 students). We found that age at menarche (PR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.63-0.96), having negative Rh blood type (PR = 4.43, 95%CI: 1.95 to 10.08), being moderately depressed or higher (PR = 2.81, 95%CI: 1.24 to 6.36), and consuming caffeine more than three times per week were statistically associated with having Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder after adjusting for other variables.
CONCLUSION
The prominent risk factors for Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder were negative Rhesus blood type, menarche age, caffeine consumption, and self-reported depression.
Topics: Humans; Female; Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder; Cross-Sectional Studies; Students, Medical; Caffeine; Premenstrual Syndrome
PubMed: 36701282
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278702 -
PloS One 2019To assess whether tobacco smoking is associated with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and its most severe form, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD).
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether tobacco smoking is associated with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and its most severe form, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD).
DESIGN
Case-control study with incident cases using the Spanish public healthcare system.
SETTING
3 major public hospitals and one family counseling and planning center.
POPULATION
Women consulting for troubles related to menstruation and for other motives such as screening for uterine cancer, contraception counseling or desire for pregnancy.
METHODS
Logistic regression.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Odds Ratios of PMS and PMDD.
RESULTS
285 incident PMS cases and 285 age-matched controls on the one hand, and 88 incident PMDD cases and 176 controls on the other hand participated in the study. The odds of premenstrual disorders was higher in current smokers compared with never smokers: Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.20-2.63 for PMS and OR = 2.92, 95%CI: 1.55-5.50 for PMDD. For PMS, women who smoke 1 to 5 cigarettes/day presented an OR = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.57-5.06 and those who smoke more than 15 cigarettes/day an OR = 2.52, 95%CI: 0.99-6.40. Compared to non-smokers, current and ex-smokers who smoked < 3 pack-years presented an OR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.04-3.08 for PMS, and an OR = 3.06, 95%CI: 1.27-7.35 for PMDD. Smokers of 3 to 8 pack-years presented an OR = 2.34, 95%CI: 1.33-4.13 for PMS and OR = 3.56, 95%CI: 1.55-8.17 for PMDD. These results were confirmed by the exposure-effect curve obtained from a cubic spline model.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that smokers are more likely to develop PMS and PMDD.
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder; Premenstrual Syndrome; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Tobacco Smoking; Tobacco Use; Young Adult
PubMed: 31226148
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218794 -
Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... Jul 2022The aim of the study was to determine the association between premenstrual syndrome and the childbirth fear prior to pregnancy.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to determine the association between premenstrual syndrome and the childbirth fear prior to pregnancy.
METHODS
This was an association and cross-sectional study conducted on 327 university students. Data were collected using "Participant Information Form," "Premenstrual Syndrome Scale," and "Childbirth Fear-Prior to Pregnancy Scale."
RESULTS
It was found that the childbirth fear had increased in students with premenstrual syndrome. The Women Childbirth Fear-Prior to Pregnancy Scale score was statistically significantly higher among students who preferred caesarean section than those who preferred vaginal delivery. There was a weak, positive, and statistically significant correlation between the students' depressive sensation, anxiety, fatigue, nervousness, depressive thoughts, pain, appetite changes, sleep pattern changes, and bloating subscales of Premenstrual Syndrome Scale and Women Childbirth Fear-Prior to Pregnancy Scale.
CONCLUSION
The score of the Women Childbirth Fear-Prior to Pregnancy Scale increases with an increase in the score of the Premenstrual Syndrome subscale. It should be evaluated whether or not women experiencing premenstrual syndrome have the childbirth fear prior to pregnancy.
Topics: Cesarean Section; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fear; Female; Humans; Parturition; Pregnancy; Premenstrual Syndrome; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35946765
DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20211211