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Journal of Aerosol Medicine and... Feb 2018The available toxicity data of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) clearly shows that it is toxic; however, the weight of evidence favors the view that at doses encountered in... (Review)
Review
The available toxicity data of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) clearly shows that it is toxic; however, the weight of evidence favors the view that at doses encountered in nasally and orally inhaled pharmaceutical preparations it is well tolerated. The adverse toxicological data predominantly come from in vitro and animal studies in which doses and exposure periods employed were excessive in relation to the clinical doses and their posology and, therefore, not directly applicable to the clinic. The conflict between the in vitro and animal data and the clinical experience can be reconciled by understanding some of the physicochemical properties of BKC, the nasal and respiratory tract microenvironments, the doses used, and the posology.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Benzalkonium Compounds; Humans; Nasal Mucosa; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Respiratory System
PubMed: 28683210
DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2017.1390 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Apr 2017
Topics: Autistic Disorder; Humans; Mercury; Neurotoxins; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Thimerosal; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 28450594
DOI: 10.1126/science.356.6336.368 -
Eye & Contact Lens Apr 2022
Topics: Glaucoma; Humans; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 35296624
DOI: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000893 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Nov 2022
Topics: Humans; Nasal Sprays; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Nasal Mucosa
PubMed: 36376691
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-022-2112-4 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,...Contact dermatitis to homemade slime has been frequently reported, with isothiazolinones as a likely sensitizer. Little is known on the presence of these preservatives... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Contact dermatitis to homemade slime has been frequently reported, with isothiazolinones as a likely sensitizer. Little is known on the presence of these preservatives in commercial, store-bought slime products.
OBJECTIVES
The aims of the study were to review the literature on "slime dermatitis" and to assess for the presence of isothiazolinones in commercially available slime products and homemade slime components.
METHODS
An experimental, colorimetric spot test was used to verify the presence of isothiazolinones in 38 slime products of the 16 best-selling commercial slime kits, 1 finished homemade slime, and 4 common components of homemade slime. High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was performed on 8 commercial slime products.
RESULTS
According to the spot test, 27 (71%) of the 38 commercial slime products contained isothiazolinones. High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection analyses indicated, however, that false-positives and false-negatives readily occur: isothiazolinone content was correctly identified in only 4 (50%) of the 8 samples.
CONCLUSIONS
This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of isothiazolinones in commercial slime toys. Although the colorimetric spot test may have some utility as a screening assay, it is far from specific and likely not sensitive enough to reliably identify methylisothiazolinone.
Topics: Child; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Play and Playthings; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Thiazoles
PubMed: 33629968
DOI: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000708 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2023This multicenter (four institutions), randomized, investigator-masked, parallel-group clinical trial evaluated and compared the efficacy and safety of preservative-free... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This multicenter (four institutions), randomized, investigator-masked, parallel-group clinical trial evaluated and compared the efficacy and safety of preservative-free and preserved brimonidine tartrate 0.15% in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Sixty eyes of 60 patients with intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥ 15 mmHg diagnosed with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were randomized to preserved (n = 31) and preservative-free (n = 29) brimonidine groups. The enrolled eyes received brimonidine monotherapy three times daily. Main outcome measures were corneal/conjunctival staining score, ocular surface disease index, patient satisfaction score, drug tolerance, and drug adherence rate 12 weeks post first administration. Secondary outcome measurements included visual acuity, IOP, drug tolerance, tear-film break-up time, hemodynamic changes including blood pressure and heart rates, and ocular adverse events. After 12 weeks, both preserved and preservative-free groups showed similar IOP reduction, corneal and conjunctival staining scores, drug tolerance, and adherence rates. The preservative-free group showed significantly better tear-film break-up time and higher patient satisfaction regarding drug use and management. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure reductions during the 12 weeks were significantly lower in the preserved group than in the preservative-free group. Preservative-free brimonidine tartrate showed comparable efficacy and safety, better corneal tear film stability, and patient satisfaction than preserved brimonidine.
Topics: Humans; Brimonidine Tartrate; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Quinoxalines; Glaucoma; Ocular Hypertension; Intraocular Pressure; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Treatment Outcome; Antihypertensive Agents; Double-Blind Method; Ophthalmic Solutions
PubMed: 37029145
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31726-1 -
Cornea Apr 2019To report a case of polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad, PQ-1)-associated dendritiform keratopathy that developed after exposure to the tear substitute Systane (Alcon...
PURPOSE
To report a case of polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad, PQ-1)-associated dendritiform keratopathy that developed after exposure to the tear substitute Systane (Alcon Laboratories, Inc, Fort Worth, TX).
METHODS
A retrospective review of the case was performed.
RESULTS
Dendritiform keratopathy developed in the patient after an increase in the use of topical Systane from 4 times per day to every hour. Keratopathy resolved with discontinuation of Systane.
CONCLUSIONS
Polyquaternium-1-associated dendritiform keratopathy can occur in patients who have previously tolerated the preservative. Because keratopathy seems to have developed and improved because of dose-dependent factors, the mechanism is more likely toxicity than hypersensitivity.
Topics: Aged; Corneal Diseases; Humans; Male; Ophthalmic Solutions; Polymers; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 30702469
DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001885 -
Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) Dec 2020Tattooing entails a high amount of tattoo colorants that is injected into skin. Tattoo colorants usually contain various substances of which the colouring component is... (Review)
Review
Tattooing entails a high amount of tattoo colorants that is injected into skin. Tattoo colorants usually contain various substances of which the colouring component is the major ingredient that can be assigned to two different groups. Firstly, amorphous carbon particles (carbon black) are almost exclusively found in black tattoos. Secondly, tattooists use azo and polycyclic pigments to create nearly all colours of the visible spectrum. Due to their different but frequently complex chemistry, tattoo colorants usually contain various compounds like by-products and impurities which may exhibit health concerns. Professional tattooists inject that mixture into skin using the solid needles of tattoo machines. It is known that part of injected tattoo colorants is predominantly transported away from skin via lymphatic system. In addition to tattooing, exposure of tattooed skin to solar radiation or laser light may cause decomposition of pigment molecules leading to new and potential hazard chemical compounds. In light of the various hazard substances in the tattoo colorants and its decomposition products, tattooing might pose a health risk not only to skin but also to other organs of humans.
Topics: Coloring Agents; Hazardous Substances; History, 21st Century; Humans; Metals; Pigments, Biological; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Skin; Solvents; Tattooing
PubMed: 32768614
DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2020.104046 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Aug 2022Cosmetics, cosmeceuticals, and variable healthcare products used parabens, among other excipients, for their preservative and antimicrobial activities. Paraben... (Review)
Review
Cosmetics, cosmeceuticals, and variable healthcare products used parabens, among other excipients, for their preservative and antimicrobial activities. Paraben derivatives exhibit distinguished physiochemical properties that enable them to be compatible with the formulation of cosmetic agents in different dosage forms. In addition to their potency and efficacy, parabens are economically efficient as they have low-manufacturing costs. Despite the desirable characteristics, the safety of parabens use is controversial after detecting these chemicals in various biological tissues after repetitive and long-term use of formulations containing them. The use of parabens drew public health attention after scientific reports linked skin exposure to parabens with health issues, in particular, breast cancer. In response, worldwide authorities set regulations for the allowance concentrations of paraben to be used in variable cosmetic products.
Topics: Cosmeceuticals; Cosmetics; Excipients; Humans; Parabens; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 35032353
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14775 -
Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and... May 2019Effective glaucoma therapy relies to a great extent on the patients' ability to regularly self-administer eye drops. This study aimed to assess self-reported...
Effective glaucoma therapy relies to a great extent on the patients' ability to regularly self-administer eye drops. This study aimed to assess self-reported nonadherence and to identify potential barriers to adherence in glaucoma patients. Participants completed a 16-item questionnaire, designed to examine nonadherence rate and assess the therapy experience. Inclusion criteria stipulated treatment duration of at least 1 year. Nonadherence was defined as missing ≥5% of the prescribed pressure-lowering eye drops doses. In total, 201 glaucoma patients aged 24-88 years were included. Mean treatment duration was 9.4 years. Nonadherence was reported by 30.3% of participants and 69.7% were reported to be adherent. Individuals who experienced side effects reported higher levels of nonadherence than those who did not (37.6% vs. 18.4%; = 0.004). Eye drops with preservatives were used by 84.1% of participants, 11.9% were on combined preservative and preservative-free treatment, and 4.0% on preservative-free medication only. Self-reported nonadherence levels were 32.0%, 25.0%, and 12.5%, respectively, for each of these groups. Men reported higher rates of nonadherence than women (36.8% vs. 24.5%; = 0.066). Age, social status, history of migration, severity of disease, and fear of blindness were not associated with significant differences in nonadherence levels. Nonadherence with glaucoma therapy is a significant barrier to therapeutic success for approximately one-third of patients. Nonadherence may be reduced if side effects are avoided. Preservative-free products may provide adherence benefits. The patient experience should be a key consideration when selecting appropriate treatments, to reduce nonadherence and optimize outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antihypertensive Agents; Female; Germany; Glaucoma; Humans; Injections, Intraocular; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmic Solutions; Patient Compliance; Patient Reported Outcome Measures; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 30897019
DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0134