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Molecular Cell Oct 2019Stress granules and P-bodies are cytosolic biomolecular condensates that dynamically form by the phase separation of RNAs and proteins. They participate in translational... (Review)
Review
Stress granules and P-bodies are cytosolic biomolecular condensates that dynamically form by the phase separation of RNAs and proteins. They participate in translational control and buffer the proteome. Upon stress, global translation halts and mRNAs bound to the translational machinery and other proteins coalesce to form stress granules (SGs). Similarly, translationally stalled mRNAs devoid of translation initiation factors shuttle to P-bodies (PBs). Here, we review the cumulative progress made in defining the protein components that associate with mammalian SGs and PBs. We discuss the composition of SG and PB proteomes, supported by a new user-friendly database (http://rnagranuledb.lunenfeld.ca/) that curates current literature evidence for genes or proteins associated with SGs or PBs. As previously observed, the SG and PB proteomes are biased toward intrinsically disordered regions and have a high propensity to contain primary sequence features favoring phase separation. We also provide an outlook on how the various components of SGs and PBs may cooperate to organize and form membraneless organelles.
Topics: Animals; Cytoplasmic Granules; Humans; Proteome; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 31626750
DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.014 -
Biochemistry May 2018Processing bodies (P-bodies) are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules primarily composed of translationally repressed mRNAs and proteins related to mRNA decay,... (Review)
Review
Processing bodies (P-bodies) are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules primarily composed of translationally repressed mRNAs and proteins related to mRNA decay, suggesting roles in post-transcriptional regulation. P-bodies are conserved in eukaryotic cells and exhibit properties of liquid droplets. However, the function of P-bodies in translational repression and/or mRNA decay remains contentious. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular composition of P-bodies, the interactions and processes that regulate P-body liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), and the cellular localization of mRNA decay machinery, in the context of how these discoveries refine models of P-body function.
Topics: Cytoplasmic Granules; Gene Expression Regulation; Proteins; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA Stability; RNA, Messenger; Ribonucleoproteins
PubMed: 29381060
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01162 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... May 2019Stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are non-membrane-enclosed RNA granules that dynamically sequester translationally inactive messenger ribonucleoprotein... (Review)
Review
Stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are non-membrane-enclosed RNA granules that dynamically sequester translationally inactive messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) into compartments that are distinct from the surrounding cytoplasm. mRNP remodeling, silencing, and/or storage involves the dynamic partitioning of closed-loop polyadenylated mRNPs into SGs, or the sequestration of deadenylated, linear mRNPs into PBs. SGs form when stress-activated pathways stall translation initiation but allow elongation and termination to occur normally, resulting in a sudden excess of mRNPs that are spatially condensed into discrete foci by protein:protein, protein:RNA, and RNA:RNA interactions. In contrast, PBs can exist in the absence of stress, when specific factors promote mRNA deadenylation, condensation, and sequestration from the translational machinery. The formation and dissolution of SGs and PBs reflect changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) metabolism and allow cells to modulate the proteome and/or mediate life or death decisions during changing environmental conditions.
Topics: Animals; Cytoplasmic Granules; Gene Expression Regulation; Protein Biosynthesis; Ribonucleoproteins
PubMed: 30082464
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032813 -
Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology Apr 2023Membraneless organelles (MLOs) are detected in cells as dots of mesoscopic size. By undergoing phase separation into a liquid-like or gel-like phase, MLOs contribute to... (Review)
Review
Membraneless organelles (MLOs) are detected in cells as dots of mesoscopic size. By undergoing phase separation into a liquid-like or gel-like phase, MLOs contribute to intracellular compartmentalization of specific biological functions. In eukaryotes, dozens of MLOs have been identified, including the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, nuclear speckles, paraspeckles, promyelocytic leukaemia protein (PML) nuclear bodies, nuclear stress bodies, processing bodies (P bodies) and stress granules. MLOs contain specific proteins, of which many possess intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), and nucleic acids, mainly RNA. Many MLOs contribute to gene regulation by different mechanisms. Through sequestration of specific factors, MLOs promote biochemical reactions by simultaneously concentrating substrates and enzymes, and/or suppressing the activity of the sequestered factors elsewhere in the cell. Other MLOs construct inter-chromosomal hubs by associating with multiple loci, thereby contributing to the biogenesis of macromolecular machineries essential for gene expression, such as ribosomes and spliceosomes. The organization of many MLOs includes layers, which might have different biophysical properties and functions. MLOs are functionally interconnected and are involved in various diseases, prompting the emergence of therapeutics targeting them. In this Review, we introduce MLOs that are relevant to gene regulation and discuss their assembly, internal structure, gene-regulatory roles in transcription, RNA processing and translation, particularly in stress conditions, and their disease relevance.
Topics: Organelles; Biomolecular Condensates; RNA; Gene Expression Regulation; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 36424481
DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00558-8 -
Cell Jun 2022Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a conformationally plastic protein that reversibly binds to cellular membranes. It aggregates and is genetically linked to Parkinson's disease...
Alpha-synuclein (αS) is a conformationally plastic protein that reversibly binds to cellular membranes. It aggregates and is genetically linked to Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we show that αS directly modulates processing bodies (P-bodies), membraneless organelles that function in mRNA turnover and storage. The N terminus of αS, but not other synucleins, dictates mutually exclusive binding either to cellular membranes or to P-bodies in the cytosol. αS associates with multiple decapping proteins in close proximity on the Edc4 scaffold. As αS pathologically accumulates, aberrant interaction with Edc4 occurs at the expense of physiologic decapping-module interactions. mRNA decay kinetics within PD-relevant pathways are correspondingly disrupted in PD patient neurons and brain. Genetic modulation of P-body components alters αS toxicity, and human genetic analysis lends support to the disease-relevance of these interactions. Beyond revealing an unexpected aspect of αS function and pathology, our data highlight the versatility of conformationally plastic proteins with high intrinsic disorder.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Processing Bodies; RNA Stability; alpha-Synuclein
PubMed: 35688132
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.008 -
Molecular Cell Oct 2017Within cells, soluble RNPs can switch states to coassemble and condense into liquid or solid bodies. Although these phase transitions have been reconstituted in vitro,...
Within cells, soluble RNPs can switch states to coassemble and condense into liquid or solid bodies. Although these phase transitions have been reconstituted in vitro, for endogenous bodies the diversity of the components, the specificity of the interaction networks, and the function of the coassemblies remain to be characterized. Here, by developing a fluorescence-activated particle sorting (FAPS) method to purify cytosolic processing bodies (P-bodies) from human epithelial cells, we identified hundreds of proteins and thousands of mRNAs that structure a dense network of interactions, separating P-body from non-P-body RNPs. mRNAs segregating into P-bodies are translationally repressed, but not decayed, and this repression explains part of the poor genome-wide correlation between RNA and protein abundance. P-bodies condense thousands of mRNAs that strikingly encode regulatory processes. Thus, we uncovered how P-bodies, by condensing and segregating repressed mRNAs, provide a physical substrate for the coordinated regulation of posttranscriptional mRNA regulons.
Topics: Cell Fractionation; Cytoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Ontology; HEK293 Cells; HeLa Cells; Humans; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Phase Transition; Protein Biosynthesis; Proteome; RNA Stability; RNA, Messenger; Regulon; Ribonucleoproteins
PubMed: 28965817
DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.003 -
Cell Nov 2021RNA, DNA, and protein molecules are highly organized within three-dimensional (3D) structures in the nucleus. Although RNA has been proposed to play a role in nuclear...
RNA, DNA, and protein molecules are highly organized within three-dimensional (3D) structures in the nucleus. Although RNA has been proposed to play a role in nuclear organization, exploring this has been challenging because existing methods cannot measure higher-order RNA and DNA contacts within 3D structures. To address this, we developed RNA & DNA SPRITE (RD-SPRITE) to comprehensively map the spatial organization of RNA and DNA. These maps reveal higher-order RNA-chromatin structures associated with three major classes of nuclear function: RNA processing, heterochromatin assembly, and gene regulation. These data demonstrate that hundreds of ncRNAs form high-concentration territories throughout the nucleus, that specific RNAs are required to recruit various regulators into these territories, and that these RNAs can shape long-range DNA contacts, heterochromatin assembly, and gene expression. These results demonstrate a mechanism where RNAs form high-concentration territories, bind to diffusible regulators, and guide them into compartments to regulate essential nuclear functions.
Topics: Animals; Cell Nucleus; Chromobox Protein Homolog 5; Chromosomes; DNA; DNA, Satellite; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dactinomycin; Female; Genome; HEK293 Cells; Heterochromatin; Humans; Mice; Models, Biological; Multigene Family; RNA; RNA Polymerase II; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA Splicing; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal; RNA-Binding Proteins; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 34739832
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.014 -
Journal of Cell Science Sep 2020Stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are membraneless ribonucleoprotein-based cellular compartments that assemble in response to stress. SGs and PBs form... (Review)
Review
Stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are membraneless ribonucleoprotein-based cellular compartments that assemble in response to stress. SGs and PBs form through liquid-liquid phase separation that is driven by high local concentrations of key proteins and RNAs, both of which dynamically shuttle between the granules and the cytoplasm. SGs uniquely contain certain translation initiation factors and PBs are uniquely enriched with factors related to mRNA degradation and decay, although recent analyses reveal much broader protein commonality between these granules. Despite detailed knowledge of their composition and dynamics, the function of SGs and PBs remains poorly understood. Both, however, contain mRNAs, implicating their assembly in the regulation of RNA metabolism. SGs may also serve as hubs that rewire signaling events during stress. By contrast, PBs may constitute RNA storage centers, independent of mRNA decay. The aberrant assembly or disassembly of these granules has pathological implications in cancer, viral infection and neurodegeneration. Here, we review the current concepts regarding the formation, composition, dynamics, function and involvement in disease of SGs and PBs.
Topics: Animals; Cytoplasmic Granules; Mammals; Organelles; RNA Stability; RNA, Messenger; Ribonucleoproteins; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 32873715
DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242487 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Aug 2015The culinary and medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus is widely consumed in Asian countries, but apparently not in the United States, for its nutritional and health... (Review)
Review
The culinary and medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus is widely consumed in Asian countries, but apparently not in the United States, for its nutritional and health benefits. To stimulate broader interest in the reported beneficial properties, this overview surveys and consolidates the widely scattered literature on the chemistry (isolation and structural characterization) of polysaccharides and secondary metabolites such as erinacines, hericerins, hericenones, resorcinols, steroids, mono- and diterpenes, and volatile aroma compounds, nutritional composition, food and industrial uses, and exceptional nutritional and health-promoting aspects of H. erinaceus. The reported health-promoting properties of the mushroom fruit bodies, mycelia, and bioactive pure compounds include antibiotic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antifatigue, antihypertensive, antihyperlipodemic, antisenescence, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties and improvement of anxiety, cognitive function, and depression. The described anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunostimulating properties in cells, animals, and humans seem to be responsible for the multiple health-promoting properties. A wide range of research advances and techniques are described and evaluated. The collated information and suggestion for further research might facilitate and guide further studies to optimize the use of the whole mushrooms and about 70 characterized actual and potential bioactive secondary metabolites to help prevent or treat human chronic, cognitive, and neurological diseases.
Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Functional Food; Humans; Mycelium; Nutritive Value; Plant Extracts; Vegetables
PubMed: 26244378
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02914 -
Molecular Cell Feb 2018mRNA processing, transport, translation, and ultimately degradation involve a series of dedicated protein complexes that often assemble into large membraneless...
mRNA processing, transport, translation, and ultimately degradation involve a series of dedicated protein complexes that often assemble into large membraneless structures such as stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs). Here, systematic in vivo proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) analysis of 119 human proteins associated with different aspects of mRNA biology uncovers 7424 unique proximity interactions with 1,792 proteins. Classical bait-prey analysis reveals connections of hundreds of proteins to distinct mRNA-associated processes or complexes, including the splicing and transcriptional elongation machineries (protein phosphatase 4) and the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex (CEP85, RNF219, and KIAA0355). Analysis of correlated patterns between endogenous preys uncovers the spatial organization of RNA regulatory structures and enables the definition of 144 core components of SGs and PBs. We report preexisting contacts between most core SG proteins under normal growth conditions and demonstrate that several core SG proteins (UBAP2L, CSDE1, and PRRC2C) are critical for the formation of microscopically visible SGs.
Topics: Carrier Proteins; Cytoplasm; Cytoplasmic Granules; DNA-Binding Proteins; Humans; Intracellular Space; Proteins; RNA; RNA, Messenger; RNA-Binding Proteins; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 29395067
DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.12.020