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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology Jan 2021Phenylpropanoid metabolism is one of the most important metabolisms in plants, yielding more than 8,000 metabolites contributing to plant development and... (Review)
Review
Phenylpropanoid metabolism is one of the most important metabolisms in plants, yielding more than 8,000 metabolites contributing to plant development and plant-environment interplay. Phenylpropanoid metabolism materialized during the evolution of early freshwater algae that were initiating terrestrialization and land plants have evolved multiple branches of this pathway, which give rise to metabolites including lignin, flavonoids, lignans, phenylpropanoid esters, hydroxycinnamic acid amides, and sporopollenin. Recent studies have revealed that many factors participate in the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism, and modulate phenylpropanoid homeostasis when plants undergo successive developmental processes and are subjected to stressful environments. In this review, we summarize recent progress on elucidating the contribution of phenylpropanoid metabolism to the coordination of plant development and plant-environment interaction, and metabolic flux redirection among diverse metabolic routes. In addition, our review focuses on the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational, and epigenetic levels, and in response to phytohormones and biotic and abiotic stresses.
Topics: Flavonoids; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Lignin; Propanols
PubMed: 33325112
DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13054 -
Biotechnology Advances 2016Both, n-propanol and isopropanol are industrially attractive value-added molecules that can be produced by microbes from renewable resources. The development of... (Review)
Review
Both, n-propanol and isopropanol are industrially attractive value-added molecules that can be produced by microbes from renewable resources. The development of cost-effective fermentation processes may allow using these alcohols as a biofuel component, or as a precursor for the chemical synthesis of propylene. This review reports and discusses the recent progress which has been made in the biochemical production of propanol. Several synthetic propanol-producing pathways were developed that vary with respect to stoichiometry and metabolic entry point. These pathways were expressed in different host organisms and enabled propanol production from various renewable feedstocks. Furthermore, it was shown that the optimization of fermentation conditions greatly improved process performance, in particular, when continuous product removal prevented accumulation of toxic propanol levels. Although these advanced metabolic engineering and fermentation strategies have facilitated significant progress in the biochemical production of propanol, the currently achieved propanol yields and productivities appear to be insufficient to compete with chemical propanol synthesis. The development of biosynthetic pathways with improved propanol yields, the breeding or identification of microorganisms with higher propanol tolerance, and the engineering of propanol producer strains that efficiently utilize low-cost feedstocks are the major challenges on the way to industrially relevant microbial propanol production processes.
Topics: Bacteria; Biofuels; Metabolic Engineering; Propanols; Synthetic Biology; Yeasts
PubMed: 27262999
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.05.011 -
Chemical Reviews Aug 20221,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to... (Review)
Review
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
Topics: Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; Hydrogen Bonding; Propanols; Protons; Solvents
PubMed: 35848353
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749 -
Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene :... Oct 2022This narrative review aims to compile and analyse infection prevention and control (IPAC) practices followed by dental clinics during 3 coronavirus outbreaks: SARS... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This narrative review aims to compile and analyse infection prevention and control (IPAC) practices followed by dental clinics during 3 coronavirus outbreaks: SARS (2002-2004), MERS (2012-2014), and COVID-19 (2019-); and to draw parallels from them for future epidemics.
METHODS
Data were collected from 3 databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase using search terms "SARS," "MERS," "COVID-19," "infection control," "disinfection," and "sterilization".
RESULTS
Careful examination of 108 peer-reviewed articles on the 3 outbreaks revealed the following commonalities in the IPAC practices of dental clinics: use of sodium hypochlorite (surface disinfectant), ethanol and 1-propanol (hand hygiene), povidone-iodine (oral rinse), high-volume evacuation (HVE), rubber dam isolation, anti-retraction handpieces, and fogging.
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
Ethanol, 1-propanol, sodium hypochlorite, povidone-iodine, photocatalysis, and fogging have been shown to be effective against various coronaviruses. However, more studies are required to validate the effectiveness of anti-retraction handpieces, rubber dam isolation, HVE, and cold atmospheric plasma specifically in infection control of the current coronavirus strain, SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Povidone-Iodine; 1-Propanol; Sodium Hypochlorite; SARS-CoV-2; Disease Outbreaks; Dental Care; Disinfection
PubMed: 36451994
DOI: No ID Found -
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2019Radix Bupleuri has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, with confirmed curative effects. This plant is also used in healthy food and... (Review)
Review
Radix Bupleuri has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, with confirmed curative effects. This plant is also used in healthy food and cosmetics. A recent increase in studies of Radix Bupleuri's chemical constituents (mainly comprising flavonoids, lignins, phenyl propanol derivatives, triterpenoid saponins, and volatile oils) and pharmacological effects motivates the aim of the present study: to review the chemical components and pharmacological effects of Radix Bupleuri. Our review found that Radix Bupleuri exhibits diverse pharmacological effects. More than 281 components have been isolated from Radix Bupleuri, including 15 flavonoids, 430 lignins, 12 phenyl propanol derivatives, 66 triterpenoid saponins, and 158 volatile oils.
Topics: Animals; Bupleurum; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavonoids; Humans; Oils, Volatile; Propanols; Saponins
PubMed: 29956627
DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666180628155931 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Apr 2019Plant growth and development are tightly regulated by compounds produced in trace amounts in the plant. Besides the classical phytohormones, many plant metabolites have... (Review)
Review
Plant growth and development are tightly regulated by compounds produced in trace amounts in the plant. Besides the classical phytohormones, many plant metabolites have been described to affect plant development. Among these are several phenylpropanoids, although conclusive evidence for their bioactivity at physiologically relevant concentrations is only available for cinnamic acid. By inhibition of auxin efflux transport, the cis-isoform of cinnamic acid alters auxin homeostasis, resulting in auxin-related growth effects. Despite insight into its mode of action, the molecular target of cis-cinnamic acid is not yet known, and it remains to be determined whether this or other phenylpropanoids have a role to play in regulating plant growth and development under normal or stress conditions.
Topics: Plant Development; Plant Growth Regulators; Propanols
PubMed: 30530240
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.11.012 -
Contact Dermatitis Jan 2021The use of alcoholic-based hand rubs (ABHRs) is an important tool for hand hygiene, especially in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Possible irritant effects of ABHR may...
BACKGROUND
The use of alcoholic-based hand rubs (ABHRs) is an important tool for hand hygiene, especially in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Possible irritant effects of ABHR may prevent their use by persons at risk of infection.
METHODS
This systematic review is based on a PubMed search of articles published between January 2000 and September 2019 in English and German, and a manual search, related to the irritation potential of alcohol-based disinfectants restricted to n-propanol (1-propanol) and its structural isomer isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol, 2-propanol).
RESULTS
The majority of the included studies show a low irritation potential of n-propanol alone. However, recent studies provide evidence for significant barrier damage effects of repeated exposure to 60% n-propanol in healthy, as well as atopic skin in vivo. The synergistic response of combined irritants, (ie, a combination of n-propanol or isopropanol with detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate) is greater, compared with a quantitatively identical application of the same irritant alone.
CONCLUSION
While recent studies indicate a higher risk of skin irritation for n-propanol and isopropanol than reported in the past, this risk still seems to be lower than that for frequent handwashing with detergents, as recommended by some to prevent COVID-19 infections.
Topics: 1-Propanol; 2-Propanol; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; COVID-19; Dermatitis, Irritant; Hand Disinfection; Humans
PubMed: 33063847
DOI: 10.1111/cod.13722 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in... (Review)
Review
The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in the postmortem blood and to properly interpret the relevant blood alcohol concentration (BAC) results, in regard to ethanol levels at death and subsequent behavioral impairment of the person at the time of death. Higher alcohols (1-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl-alcohol), and 3-methyl-2-butanol (amyl-alcohol)) are among the volatile compounds that are often detected in postmortem specimens and have been correlated with putrefaction and microbial activity. This brief review investigates the role of the higher alcohols as biomarkers of postmortem, microbial ethanol production, notably, regarding the modeling of postmortem ethanol production. Main conclusions of this contribution are, firstly, that the higher alcohols are qualitative and quantitative indicators of microbial ethanol production, and, secondly that the respective models of microbial ethanol production are tools offering additional data to interpret properly the origin of the ethanol concentrations measured in postmortem cases. More studies are needed to clarify current uncertainties about the origin of higher alcohols in postmortem specimens.
Topics: Alcohols; Autopsy; Blood Alcohol Content; Butanols; Ethanol; Forensic Toxicology; Humans; Pentanols; Postmortem Changes; Propanols
PubMed: 35163964
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030700 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Jan 20193-NOP (3-nitroxy-propanol) is a new development compound which reduces methane emission from ruminating animals. For registration purposes with emphasis on EU and North...
3-NOP (3-nitroxy-propanol) is a new development compound which reduces methane emission from ruminating animals. For registration purposes with emphasis on EU and North America data requirements, mutagenic and genotoxic potential was assessed following OECD protocols and respective guidance documents. 3-NOP mutagenicity and genotoxicity testing raised no flags with regard to these endpoints. In silico assessment of 3-NOP and its major plasma metabolite NOPA (3-nitroxy-propionic acid) were predicted negative with regard to the bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test. Ames test, mouse lymphoma assay, in vitro micronucleus test, and the oral in vivo micronucleus test using rat bone marrow were all negative. Exposure of the rat bone marrow was verified by the presence of 3-NOP and its metabolites NOPA and HPA (3-hydroxy-propionic acid) a naturally occurring substance in mammals) in plasma following oral dosing. It is therefore concluded that 3-NOP and its metabolites pose no mutagenic and genotoxic potential.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Bacteria; Cell Line; DNA Damage; Mice; Micronucleus Tests; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens
PubMed: 30408540
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.010 -
Environmental Science & Technology Jun 2022Here, we investigated the use of breath-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for rapid monitoring of air pollution health effects on humans. Forty-seven healthy...
Here, we investigated the use of breath-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for rapid monitoring of air pollution health effects on humans. Forty-seven healthy college students were recruited, and their exhaled breath samples ( = 235) were collected and analyzed for VOCs before, on, and after two separate haze pollution episodes using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). Using a paired t-test and machine learning model (Gradient Boosting Machine, GBM), six exhaled VOC species including propanol and isoprene were revealed to differ significantly among pre-, on-, and post-exposure in both haze episodes, while none was found between clean control days. The GBM model was shown capable of differentiating between pre- and on-exposure to haze pollution with a precision of 90-100% for both haze episodes. However, poor performance was detected for the same model between two different clean days. In addition to gender and particular haze occurrence influences, correlation analysis revealed that NH, NO, acetic acid, mesylate, CO, NO, PM, and O played important roles in the changes in breath-borne VOC fingerprints following haze air pollution exposure. This work has demonstrated direct evidence of human health impacts of haze pollution while identifying potential breath-borne VOC biomarkers such as propanol and isoprene for haze air pollution exposure.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Breath Tests; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Propanols; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 35559607
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01778