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The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2022Blends of biodiesel and high-carbon alcohols have the potential to increase the rate of biofuel use in diesel engines, while reducing harmful and toxic compounds such as...
Blends of biodiesel and high-carbon alcohols have the potential to increase the rate of biofuel use in diesel engines, while reducing harmful and toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Since biodiesel and alcohols do not contain aromatic ingredients in their chemical structures, this study examined biodiesel blends with propanol, n-butanol, and 1-pentanol (5 %, 20 % and 35 % by vol.) and the effects of these aromatic-free fuels on regulated emissions, PAH formation and toxicity as compared to straight diesel fuel in a diesel engine operating at a constant speed and varying engine loads. PAH samples were meticulously processed and extensively analyzed using rigorous analytical chemistry methodology (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)). Biodiesel and biodiesel-alcohol blends significantly reduced NO emissions and the level of formation of PAHs and toxicity levels when compared to diesel fuel. Overall, adding 5 % alcohol to biodiesel decreased total PAH emissions. However, with the exception of 20 % propanol, adding 20 % and 35 % alcohol to biodiesel increased total PAH emissions as compared to neat biodiesel. In contrast, all blended fuels resulted in a decrease in the toxicity of PAH compounds (up to 70 %) and the percentage of higher-ring PAHs. Among higher alcohols, propanol blends stood out as reducing PAH formation as compared to n-butanol and pentanol blends. Overall, biodiesel-alcohol blends that emit less carcinogenic pollutants and primarily low-rings PAHs were found to be advantageous for reducing the likelihood of wetstacking in diesel engines under low load or cold operating conditions.
Topics: 1-Butanol; 1-Propanol; Air Pollutants; Biofuels; Butanols; Carbon; Environmental Pollutants; Ethanol; Gasoline; Pentanols; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Vehicle Emissions
PubMed: 35932853
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157839 -
Foot & Ankle International Aug 2020Surgical site infection (SSI) following orthopedic foot and ankle surgery is associated with morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. The local anatomy... (Review)
Review
Surgical site infection (SSI) following orthopedic foot and ankle surgery is associated with morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. The local anatomy and physiology predispose patients undergoing procedures to elevated risk. In particular, sterilizing of the webspaces, nailfolds, and subungual areas presents challenges, and the preferred skin antisepsis technique for foot and ankle procedures has not yet been defined. Skin antiseptic solutions (SASs) consist of 3 main categories: alcohol, chlorhexidine, and iodine-based solutions. This review of the literature supports a combined chlorhexidine and alcohol preparation technique; however, there are a number of studies that suggest otherwise. In addition, there is variable evidence for the use of alternatives to the standard soft sponge application technique, including immersion, bristled brush, and cotton gauze application. These alternatives may have a particular advantage in the forefoot. Most studies to date use growth from skin swab cultures after skin preparation as the primary outcome. Higher-level studies with large subject populations and more meaningful clinical outcomes will be required to solidify guidelines for preoperative skin antisepsis prior to foot and ankle procedures. Level V, expert opinion.
Topics: 1-Propanol; 2-Propanol; Ankle; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Ethanol; Foot; Humans; Orthopedic Procedures; Preoperative Care; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 32517493
DOI: 10.1177/1071100720925480 -
Forensic Science International Aug 2021In cases of drunk-driving, allegations that alcohol has been consumed after the incident, are proved by analyzing congener alcohols in the blood sample. 1-Propanol, one...
INTRODUCTION
In cases of drunk-driving, allegations that alcohol has been consumed after the incident, are proved by analyzing congener alcohols in the blood sample. 1-Propanol, one of the main congener compounds, was tested, whether it is also endogenously formed when a person has consumed alcoholic beverages.
METHODS
Eleven male and 13 female volunteers consumed congener-free vodka (37.5 vol% ethanol, individual doses: 0.15-0.32 l) within one hour. Blood samples were taken up to 10 h and analyzed for ethanol and congener alcohols by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
Ethanol concentrations reached in blood a maximum of 0.65-1.23 g/l and decreased by 0.18 g/l/h (median values). Of the congener alcohols analyzed, only methanol and 1-propanol were detected in the plasma samples of all subjects. The endogenous methanol concentration increased from 0.66 mg/l by 0.22 mg/l/h to 2.19 mg/l (medians). 1-Propanol was not detected prior to alcohol consumption. Maximum concentrations of 0.10-0.32 mg/L were measured after 1.0-4.5 h. A plateau of the 1-propanol concentration was observed in the plasma samples of the 18 subjects lasting for 0.5-4.0 h and this alcohol was completely eliminated at ethanol concentrations of 0.17 g/l (median, range 0.03-0.55 g/l).
CONCLUSION
The results of the study confirm the formation of 1-propanol after consumption of 1-propanol-free beverages, which should be taken into account when evaluating its concentration.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Central Nervous System Depressants; Ethanol; Female; Forensic Toxicology; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Male; Methanol; Young Adult
PubMed: 34280599
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110905 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Jan 2023We present a dielectric and shear mechanical study of 1-propanol and three phenylpropanols. Contrary to other monoalcohols, the phenylpropanols do not show a bimodal...
We present a dielectric and shear mechanical study of 1-propanol and three phenylpropanols. Contrary to other monoalcohols, the phenylpropanols do not show a bimodal behavior in their dielectric response, but instead show a single, rather narrow process. Combined dielectric and light scattering spectra (Böhmer, T.; et al. 2019, 123, 10959) have shown that this single peak may be separated into a self- and a cross-correlation part, thus indicating that phenylpropanols do display features originating from hydrogen-bonded structures. The shear mechanical spectra support that interpretation, demonstrating a subtle, yet clear, low-frequency polymer-like mode, similar to what is found in other monoalcohols. An analysis of the characteristic time scales found in the spectra shows that shear alpha relaxation is faster than the dielectric alpha and that time scale separation of the dielectric Debye and alpha processes is temperature and nearly identical in all the phenylpropanols.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Temperature; Hydrogen
PubMed: 36563319
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07120 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Apr 2019Tailored ruthenium(IV) complexes can catalyze the isomerization of allylic alcohols into saturated carbonyl derivatives under physiologically relevant conditions, and...
Tailored ruthenium(IV) complexes can catalyze the isomerization of allylic alcohols into saturated carbonyl derivatives under physiologically relevant conditions, and even inside living mammalian cells. The reaction, which involves ruthenium-hydride intermediates, is bioorthogonal and biocompatible, and can be used for the "in cellulo" generation of fluorescent and bioactive probes. Overall, our research reveals a novel metal-based tool for cellular intervention, and comes to further demonstrate the compatibility of organometallic mechanisms with the complex environment of cells.
Topics: Catalysis; HeLa Cells; Humans; Ketones; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Propanols; Ruthenium; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 30892889
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00837 -
International Journal of Biological... Mar 2020The response of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) to propanol was examined by various techniques including UV-vis spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry and circular...
The response of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) to propanol was examined by various techniques including UV-vis spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry and circular dichroism, as well as molecular docking and molecular simulation. These techniques were used to investigate the structural changes and elastase activity in the presence of propanol. This work was performed at three temperatures of 303, 313 and 323 K, with the pH value of 8.5 (Tris buffer). The results of the UV-vis spectrophotometry indicated the transfer of tryptophan to an environment with low hydrophobicity. Fluorescence measurements also revealed the quenching of fluorescence intensity was induced by propanol, and dynamic quenching was the proposed quenching mechanism. Kinetic studies also suggested the inhibitory effect (noncompetitive) of propanol on elastase. Further, Circular Dichroism (CD) spectra showed that propanol caused slight alterations in the secondary structures of PPE (0.3% increase for the α-helix and 0.5% decrease for the β-sheet). Addition of propanol decreased the T (Melting Temperature) parameter from 332.8 K to 330.1 K.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Circular Dichroism; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Kinetics; Molecular Docking Simulation; Pancreatic Elastase; Protein Denaturation; Protein Structure, Secondary; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Swine; Temperature; Tryptophan
PubMed: 31846662
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.119 -
Science & Justice : Journal of the... Mar 2022Cyanide is a powerful and rapidly acting poison. In Japan, cyanide poisoning is rare, and regular cyanide testing can be costly and time consuming. In contrast, alcohol...
Cyanide is a powerful and rapidly acting poison. In Japan, cyanide poisoning is rare, and regular cyanide testing can be costly and time consuming. In contrast, alcohol analysis is routinely performed in most forensic laboratories. In this study, we attempted to develop a method for the simultaneous quantification of cyanide and alcohols in blood using headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). As nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) is more sensitive to hydrogen cyanide than mass spectrometry (MS), a Deans switch was used to switch the detectors during a single run. The separation provided by three analytical columns, PoraBOND Q, CP-Sil 5 CB, and HP-INNOWax, was investigated, and PoraBOND Q was selected. The use of HS-GC-MS/NPD with a Deans switch enabled the simple and simultaneous quantification of cyanide, ethanol, and 1-propanol. Eighteen other volatile compounds were detected in the SIM/scan mode of the MS.
Topics: Humans; 1-Propanol; Cyanides; Ethanol; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Nitrogen; Phosphorus
PubMed: 35277233
DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.02.001 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021The -methoxycinnamic acid (-MCA) is one of the most studied phenylpropanoids with high importance not only in the wide spectrum of therapeutic activities but also its... (Review)
Review
The -methoxycinnamic acid (-MCA) is one of the most studied phenylpropanoids with high importance not only in the wide spectrum of therapeutic activities but also its potential application for the food industry. This natural compound derived from plants exhibits a wide range of biologically useful properties; therefore, during the last two decades it has been extensively tested for therapeutic and nutraceutical applications. This article presents the natural sources of -MCA, its metabolism, pharmacokinetic properties, and safety of its application. The possibilities of using this dietary bioactive compound as a nutraceutical agent that may be used as functional food ingredient playing a vital role in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases is also discussed. We present the antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, hepato-, and neuroprotective activities of -MCA and methods of its lipophilization that have been developed so far to increase its industrial application and bioavailability in the biological systems.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Cinnamates; Dietary Supplements; Hypoglycemic Agents; Liver; Neuroprotective Agents; Polyphenols; Propanols
PubMed: 34201697
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133827 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Jul 2020The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Cinnamyl alcohol was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose... (Review)
Review
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Cinnamyl alcohol was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that cinnamyl alcohol is not genotoxic. Data on read-across analog cinnamaldehyde (CAS # 104-55-2) provide a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) >100 for the repeated dose and local respiratory toxicity endpoints. The developmental and reproductive toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to cinnamyl alcohol is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day). Data provided a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 2900 μg/cm for the skin sensitization endpoint. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on UV spectra; cinnamyl alcohol is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; cinnamyl alcohol was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mutagenicity Tests; Odorants; Perfume; Propanols; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 32339751
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111337 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Apr 2019Lignin, a polymer found in the plant secondary cell wall, is a major contributor to biomass' recalcitrance toward saccharification. Because of this negative impact... (Review)
Review
Lignin, a polymer found in the plant secondary cell wall, is a major contributor to biomass' recalcitrance toward saccharification. Because of this negative impact toward the value of lignocellulosic crops, there is a special interest in modifying the content and composition of this important plant biopolymer. For many years this endeavor has been hindered by the plant growth inhibition that is often associated with manipulations to phenylpropanoid metabolism. Although the actual mechanism by which dwarfism arises remains unknown, recent advances in tissue-specific lignin complementation and better understanding of phenylpropanoid transcriptional regulation has made it possible to disentangle lignin modification from perturbations in plant development.
Topics: Cell Wall; Lignin; Plant Development; Plant Vascular Bundle; Plants; Propanols
PubMed: 30677701
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.12.008