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Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Jul 2022The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs... (Review)
Review
Ethanol is indispensable for virucidal hand antisepsis: memorandum from the alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) Task Force, WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, and the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
BACKGROUND
The approval of ethanol by the Biocidal Products Regulation has been under evaluation since 2007. This follows concern over alcohol uptake from ethanol-based hand rubs (EBHR). If ethanol is classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), then this would affect infection prevention and control practices.
AIM
A review was performed to prove that ethanol is toxicological uncritical and indispensable for hand antisepsis because of its unique activity against non-enveloped viruses and thus the resulting lack of alternatives. Therefore, the following main points are analyzed: The effectiveness of ethanol in hand hygiene, the evidence of ethanol at blood/tissue levels through hand hygiene in healthcare, and the evidence of toxicity of different blood/tissue ethanol levels and the non-comparability with alcoholic consumption and industrial exposure.
RESULTS
EBHR are essential for preventing infections caused by non-enveloped viruses, especially in healthcare, nursing homes, food industry and other areas. Propanols are effective against enveloped viruses as opposed to non-enveloped viruses but there are no other alternatives for virucidal hand antisepsis. Long-term ingestion of ethanol in the form of alcoholic beverages can cause tumours. However, lifetime exposure to ethanol from occupational exposure < 500 ppm does not significantly contribute to the cancer risk. Mutagenic effects were observed only at doses within the toxic range in animal studies. While reprotoxicity is linked with abuse of alcoholic beverages, there is no epidemiological evidence for this from EBHR use in healthcare facilities or from products containing ethanol in non-healthcare settings.
CONCLUSION
The body of evidence shows EBHRs have strong efficacy in killing non-enveloped viruses, whereas 1-propanol and 2-propanol do not kill non-enveloped viruses, that pose significant risk of infection. Ethanol absorbed through the skin during hand hygiene is similar to consumption of beverages with hidden ethanol content (< 0.5% v/v), such as apple juice or kefir. There is no risk of carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or reprotoxicity from repeated use of EBHR. Hence, the WHO Task Force strongly recommend retaining ethanol as an essential constituent in hand rubs for healthcare.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antisepsis; Berlin; Ethanol; Germany; Hand Disinfection; Hand Hygiene; Hospitals; Patient Safety; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35794648
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01134-7 -
Journal of Ultrasound Dec 2016In this work we provide measurements of speed of sound () and acoustic impedance () of some doped/non-doped rubber-based materials dedicated to the development of...
PURPOSE
In this work we provide measurements of speed of sound () and acoustic impedance () of some doped/non-doped rubber-based materials dedicated to the development of ultrasound phantoms. These data are expected to be useful for speeding-up the preparation of multi-organ phantoms which show similar echogenicity to real tissues.
METHODS
Different silicones (Ecoflex, Dragon-Skin Medium) and polyurethane rubbers with different liquid (glycerol, commercial detergent, -propanol) and solid (aluminum oxide, graphene, steel, silicon powder) inclusions were prepared. of materials under investigation was measured in an experimental setup and was obtained by multiplying the density and the of each material. Finally, an anatomically realistic liver phantom has been fabricated selecting some of the tested materials.
RESULTS
and evaluation for different rubber materials and formulations are reported. The presence of liquid additives appears to increase the , while solid inclusions generally reduce the . The ultrasound images of realized custom fabricated heterogeneous liver phantom and a real liver show remarkable similarities.
CONCLUSIONS
The development of new materials' formulations and the knowledge of acoustic properties, such as speed of sound and acoustic impedance, could improve and speed-up the development of phantoms for simulations of ultrasound medical procedures.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Aluminum Oxide; Detergents; Equipment Design; Glycerol; Graphite; Humans; Liver; Models, Biological; Phantoms, Imaging; Polyurethanes; Rubber; Silicon; Silicones; Sound; Steel; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27965715
DOI: 10.1007/s40477-016-0204-7 -
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine Feb 2024To study the characteristics of postmortem ethanol production and its relation with alcohol congeners in postmortem rat liver and muscle tissues.
OBJECTIVE
To study the characteristics of postmortem ethanol production and its relation with alcohol congeners in postmortem rat liver and muscle tissues.
METHOD
Postmortem liver and muscle tissues in Sprague-Dawley rats, from postmortem time interval (PMI) day 0-20, were analyzed via headspace gas chromatograph flame ionization detection to observe production of postmortem ethanol and 5 selected alcohol congeners.
RESULT
1. Putrid ethanol production increased gradually to a peak and then decreased with the prolongation of PMI; 2. Acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, and 3-methyl-butyraldehyde were produced along with postmortem ethanol; 1-butanol was only detected from day 11-20; 3. The concentrations of acetaldehyde, 1-propanol and 3-methyl-butyraldehyde was related with ethanol production. Fifteen mathematical models were constructed for putrid ethanol production based on acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, and 3-methyl-butyraldehyde.
CONCLUSION
A peak in postmortem ethanol production was identified. The production trends of acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, and 3-methyl-butyraldehyde in the liver, and of 1-propanol in muscle, were consistent with those of ethanol, and could potentially to be used as biomarkers of postmortem ethanol production. Further human samples and data analysis are needed to verify this.
Topics: Rats; Humans; Animals; Ethanol; 1-Propanol; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Acetaldehyde; Liver; Muscles; Postmortem Changes; Aldehydes
PubMed: 38422828
DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102653 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Due to the medical importance of dibenzoylmethane, one of the aims of the study was to find an appropriate packing material and a biologically friendly co-solvent to...
Due to the medical importance of dibenzoylmethane, one of the aims of the study was to find an appropriate packing material and a biologically friendly co-solvent to help its introduction into living systems. Accordingly, redox properties of dibenzoylmethane were investigated on glassy carbon electrodes in acetonitrile and in 1-propanol with cyclic voltammetry, and showed a diffusion-controlled process. In the anodic window, an oxidation peak appeared at around 1.9 V in both solvents. Cycling repeatedly between 0 and 2 V, the reproducibility of this peak was acceptable, but when extending the window to higher potentials, the electrode deactivated, obviously due to electrode material. The addition of the investigated tetrakis(3,5-dicarboxyphenoxy) cavitand did not significantly change the voltammograms. Further electrochemical experiments showed that the coexistence of water in acetonitrile and 1-propanol drastically reduces the solubility of dibenzoylmethane. Moreover, very rapid electrode deactivation occurred and this fact made the use of electrochemical methods complicated. Considering that both the cavitand and dibenzoylmethane are soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, the interaction of these species was investigated and formation of stable complexes was detected. This observation was verified with fluorescence quenching studies. The mixture of water and dimethyl sulphoxide also dramatically improved the solubility of the cavitand-dibenzoylmethane complex at high excess of water. The addition of cavitand improved the solubility of dibenzoylmethane, a property which supports the application of dibenzoylmethane in therapy.
Topics: Carbon; 1-Propanol; Reproducibility of Results; Oxidation-Reduction; Solvents; Water; Electrodes; Acetonitriles
PubMed: 36615382
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010185 -
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Oct 2018Cinnamic acid derivatives are known antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer compounds. We have developed a facile and mild methodology for the synthesis...
Cinnamic acid derivatives are known antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer compounds. We have developed a facile and mild methodology for the synthesis of (E)-cinnamate derivatives using a modified Steglich esterification of (E)-cinnamic acid. Using acetonitrile as the solvent, rather than the typical chlorinated solvent, and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) as the coupling agent enables ester conversion in 45 min with mild heating (40-45 °C) and an average yield of 70% without need for further purification. These conditions were used to couple (E)-cinnamic acid with 1° and 2° aliphatic alcohols, benzylic and allylic alcohols, and phenols. This work demonstrates a facile and greener methodology for Steglich esterification reactions.
Topics: Acetonitriles; Cinnamates; Esterification; Esters; Propanols; Stereoisomerism; Temperature
PubMed: 29703423
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.007 -
Analytical Biochemistry Nov 2020Enzyme immobilization using inorganic membranes has enticed increased attention as they not only improve enzyme stability, but also furnish user-friendly biodevices that...
Enzyme immobilization using inorganic membranes has enticed increased attention as they not only improve enzyme stability, but also furnish user-friendly biodevices that can be tailored to different applications. Herein, we explored the suitability of the glass fiber membrane for enzyme immobilization and its application for halocarbon detection. For this, halohydrin dehalogenase (HheC) and bovine serum albumin were crosslinked and immobilized on a glass fiber membrane without membrane functionalization. Immobilized HheC exhibited higher storage stability than its free counterpart over 60 days at 4 °C (67% immobilized vs. 8.1% free) and 30 °C (77% immobilized vs. 57% free). Similarly, the thermal endurance of the immobilized HheC was significantly improved. The practical utility of the membrane-immobilized enzyme was demonstrated by colorimetric detection of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol (2,3-DBP) as model analytes. Under optimized conditions, the detection limits of 0.06 mM and 0.09 mM were achieved for 1,3-DCP and 2,3-DBP, respectively. The satisfactory recoveries were observed with spiked river and lake water samples, which demonstrate the application potential of immobilized HheC for screening contaminants in water samples. Our results revealed that the proposed frugal and facile approach could be useful for enzyme stabilization, and mitigation of halocarbon pollution.
Topics: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Colorimetry; Enzyme Stability; Enzymes, Immobilized; Fresh Water; Glass; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolases; Limit of Detection; Propanols; Recombinant Proteins; Temperature; Water Pollutants, Chemical; alpha-Chlorohydrin
PubMed: 32979368
DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113971 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2020Extracts of [L.] Kunth have previously been demonstrated to have in vivo estrogenic-like effects, thereby functioning as an anti-osteoporotic agent. However, the...
Extracts of [L.] Kunth have previously been demonstrated to have in vivo estrogenic-like effects, thereby functioning as an anti-osteoporotic agent. However, the compounds responsible for these effects have not yet been determined. Therefore, the aim of this study is to isolate and elucidate potential compounds with estrogenic activity. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified using 1D H and C-NMR and confirmed by 2D FT-NMR. The estrogenic activity was evaluated using the E-SCREEN assay, and a molecular docking study was performed to predict the binding affinity of the isolated compounds to estrogen receptors. In this experiment, we successfully isolated three phenylpropanoids and two lignan derivatives, namely, 6-allyl-5-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-4-ol (), pachypostaudin B (), pellucidin A (), dillapiole (), and apiol (). Among these compounds, the isolation of and from is reported for the first time in this study. Activity assays clearly showed that the ethyl acetate extract and its fractions, subfractions, and isolated compounds exerted estrogenic activity. Methanol fraction of the ethyl acetate extract produced the highest estrogenic activity, while and had partial agonist activity. Some compounds (derivates of dillapiole and pellucidin A) also had, in addition, anti-estrogenic activity. In the docking study, the estrogenic activities of - appeared to be mediated by a classical ligand-dependent mechanism as suggested by the binding interaction between the compounds and estrogen receptors; binding occurred on Arg 394 and His 524 of the alpha receptor and Arg 346 and His 475 of the beta receptor. In summary, we reveal that is a promising anti-osteoporotic agent due to its estrogenic activity, and the compounds responsible for this activity were found to be lignan and phenylpropanoid derivatives. The presence of other compounds in either the extract or fraction may contribute to a synergistic effect, as suggested by the higher estrogenic activity of the methanol fraction. Hence, we suggest further research on the osteoporotic activity and safety of the identified compounds, especially regarding their effects on estrogen-responsive organs.
Topics: Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrogen Receptor beta; Humans; Lignans; MCF-7 Cells; Models, Molecular; Molecular Docking Simulation; Peperomia; Phytoestrogens; Propanols
PubMed: 33114252
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214914 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Sep 2022In this study, the complex volatilome of maize silage samples conserved for 229 d, inoculated with () and (), is explored by means of advanced fingerprinting...
In this study, the complex volatilome of maize silage samples conserved for 229 d, inoculated with () and (), is explored by means of advanced fingerprinting methodologies based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The combined untargeted and targeted (UT) fingerprinting strategy covers 452 features, 269 of which were putatively identified and assigned within their characteristic classes. The high amounts of short-chain free fatty acids and alcohols were produced by fermentation and led to a large number of esters. The impact of fermentation was not clearly distinguishable from the control samples; however, had a strong and distinctive signature that was dominated by propionic acid and 1-propanol characteristic volatiles. The approach provides a better understanding of silage stabilization mechanisms against the degradative action of yeasts and molds during the exposure of silage to air.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Aerobiosis; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Lactobacillus; Lacticaseibacillus paracasei; Propionates; Silage; Zea mays
PubMed: 36103255
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03652 -
Journal of Molecular Biology Jun 2023Membranes form the first line of defence of bacteria against potentially harmful molecules in the surrounding environment. Understanding the protective properties of...
Membranes form the first line of defence of bacteria against potentially harmful molecules in the surrounding environment. Understanding the protective properties of these membranes represents an important step towards development of targeted anti-bacterial agents such as sanitizers. Use of propanol, isopropanol and chlorhexidine can significantly decrease the threat imposed by bacteria in the face of growing anti-bacterial resistance via mechanisms that include membrane disruption. Here we have employed molecular dynamics simulations and nuclear magnetic resonance to explore the impact of chlorhexidine and alcohol on the S. aureus cell membrane, as well as the E. coli inner and outer membranes. We identify how sanitizer components partition into these bacterial membranes, and show that chlorhexidine is instrumental in this process.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlorhexidine; Escherichia coli; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Staphylococcus aureus; Cell Membrane; 1-Propanol; 2-Propanol; Hand Sanitizers
PubMed: 37330283
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167953 -
Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jul 2022In forensic medicine, although various alcohols have been reported as indicators of decomposition in collected blood, no studies have examined short-chain fatty acids as...
In forensic medicine, although various alcohols have been reported as indicators of decomposition in collected blood, no studies have examined short-chain fatty acids as indicators. In this study, the blood n-butyric acid concentration was quantified, and the association between n-butyric acid and decomposition was investigated to determine whether the detection of n-butyric acid could be a new indicator of decomposition. Among the forensic autopsies performed from 2016 to 2018 in our laboratory, the cases were divided into decomposed (n = 20) and non-decomposed (n = 20) groups based on macroscopic findings. Blood samples collected at the time of autopsy were derivatized with 3-nitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride after solid-phase extraction. The n-butyric acid concentration was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, ethanol and n-propanol were measured using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in the concentrations of n-butyric acid between the decomposed and non-decomposed groups (0.343 ± 0.259 [0.030-0.973] and 0.003 ± 0.002 [0.001-0.007] mg/mL, respectively). In the decomposed group, n-butyric acid was detected at high concentrations, even in cases where n-propanol was low. These results suggest that n-butyric acid is more likely to be an indicator of blood decomposition than n-propanol.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Autopsy; Butyric Acid; Forensic Medicine; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Postmortem Changes
PubMed: 35461038
DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102071