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Biotechnology Letters May 2017Propionic acid and its derivatives are considered "Generally Recognized As Safe" food additives and are generally used as an anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory agent,... (Review)
Review
Propionic acid and its derivatives are considered "Generally Recognized As Safe" food additives and are generally used as an anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory agent, herbicide, and artificial flavor in diverse industrial applications. It is produced via biological pathways using Propionibacterium and some anaerobic bacteria. However, its commercial chemical synthesis from the petroleum-based feedstock is the conventional production process bit results in some environmental issues. Novel biological approaches using microorganisms and renewable biomass have attracted considerable recent attention due to economic advantages as well as great adaptation with the green technology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of important biotechnological aspects of propionic acid production using recent technologies such as employment of co-culture, genetic and metabolic engineering, immobilization technique and efficient bioreactor systems.
Topics: Bioreactors; Cells, Immobilized; Metabolic Engineering; Propionates; Propionibacterium
PubMed: 28150076
DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2293-6 -
Environmental Science & Technology Dec 2022NO emission is often encountered during biodenitrification. In this paper, a new approach of using microorganisms to promote substrate uptake and metabolism to reduce...
NO emission is often encountered during biodenitrification. In this paper, a new approach of using microorganisms to promote substrate uptake and metabolism to reduce denitrification intermediate accumulation was reported. With the introduction of to a biodenitrification system, NO and nitrite accumulation was, respectively, decreased by 74 and 60% and the denitrification efficiency was increased by 150% at the time of 24 h with /groundwater denitrifier of 1/5 (OD). Propionate, produced by , only accelerated nitrate removal and was not the main reason for the decreased intermediate accumulation. The proteomic and enzyme analyses revealed that stimulated biofilm formation by upregulating proteins involved in porin forming, putrescine biosynthesis, spermidine/putrescine transport, and quorum sensing and upregulated transport proteins, which facilitated the uptake of the carbon source, nitrate, and Fe and Mo (the required catalytic sites of denitrification enzymes). Further investigation revealed that activated the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway in the denitrifier and promoted it to synthesize heme/heme d1, the groups of denitrification enzymes and electron transfer proteins, which upregulated the expression of denitrifying enzyme proteins and enhanced the ratio of NosZ to NorB, resulting in the increase of generation, transfer, and consumption of electrons in biodenitrification. Therefore, a significant reduction in the denitrification intermediate accumulation and an improvement in the denitrification efficiency were observed.
Topics: Denitrification; Nitrates; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Putrescine; Proteomics; Nitrous Oxide
PubMed: 36366772
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05674 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Dec 2021Topical and oral antibiotic therapy is also a popular method of treatment. The effectiveness of this method is limited by the increasing resistance of bacteria to... (Review)
Review
Topical and oral antibiotic therapy is also a popular method of treatment. The effectiveness of this method is limited by the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Over the decades since the introduction of antibiotics to treat acne, the resistance levels of bacteria have changed. This defense mechanism is developed evolutionarily. Modifications of antibiotic receptor sites, alteration of drug influx/efflux, or enzymatic degradation are common mechanisms used by bacteria to initiate and strengthen internal antibiotic resistance. The basic chromophores used in light therapy are hemoglobin, melanin, water bound to proteins, and porphyrins. Hemoglobin absorbs light mainly at 580 nm, while melanin absorbs the entire visible spectral range (400-750 nm). Porphyrins are aromatic compounds, classified as photosensitizing substances, intensively absorbing blue light, and to a lesser extent in long visible bands, such as orange and red light. Using IPL makes it possible to cover the maximum light absorption of porphyrins and hemoglobin, therefore it can be an effective tool in the treatment of inflammatory lesions in acne vulgaris. In view of the effectiveness of light therapy and its effect even on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, it is worth considering the possibility of using light therapy instead of antibiotic therapy. Due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antimicrobials, they should be used with caution and as a last resort. The high-energy light treatment act only locally (unlike with antibiotics taken orally) and on a chromophore, such as melanin, hemoglobin, or porphyrins.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Administration, Oral; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Phototherapy; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 34674364
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14506 -
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Dec 2022Propionic acid (PA) is a carboxylic acid applied in a variety of processes, such as food and feed preservative, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of... (Review)
Review
Propionic acid (PA) is a carboxylic acid applied in a variety of processes, such as food and feed preservative, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of polymers, pesticides and drugs. PA production is predominantly performed by petrochemical routes, but environmental issues are making it necessary to use sustainable processes based on renewable materials. PA production by fermentation with the genus is a promising option in this scenario, due to the ability of this genus to consume a variety of renewable carbon sources with higher productivity than other native microorganisms. However, fermentation processes present important challenges that must be faced to make this route competitive, such as: a high fermentation time, product inhibition and low PA final titer, which increase the cost of product recovery. This article summarizes the state of the art regarding strategies to improve PA production by fermentation with the genus. Firstly, strategies associated with environmental fermentation conditions and nutrition requirements are discussed. Subsequently, advantages and disadvantages of various strategies proposed to improve process performance (high cell concentration by immobilization or recycle, co-culture fermentation, genome shuffling, evolutive and metabolic engineering, and recovery) are evaluated.
Topics: Propionibacterium; Fermentation; DNA Shuffling; Propionates
PubMed: 35264026
DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1995695 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology May 2021Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a beneficial food-grade actinobacterium, widely implemented, and thus consumed, in various food products. As the main application, P.... (Review)
Review
Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a beneficial food-grade actinobacterium, widely implemented, and thus consumed, in various food products. As the main application, P. freudenreichii is used as a cheese-ripening starter, mostly in hard type cheeses. Indeed, during manufacture of "Swiss-type" cheeses (or opened-body cheeses), the technological process favors propionibacteria growth, as well as the corresponding propionic fermentation. This leads to the characteristic flavor of these cheeses, through the release of short chain fatty acids and through lipolysis, as well as to their specific texture. To fulfil this ripening, massive amounts of propionibacteria are industrially produced, dried and stored, prior to cheese making. Furthermore, P. freudenreichii is commercialized in various probiotic food supplements aiming at preserving intestinal health and comfort, in line with its ability to produce beneficial metabolites (short chain fatty acids, vitamins), as well as immunomodulatory compounds. Other industrial applications of P. freudenreichii include the production of food-grade vitamins of the B group, of trehalose, of conjugated linoleic acid, and of biopreservatives. For these different applications, maintaining survival and activity of propionibacteria during production, drying, storage and finally implementation, is crucial. More widely, maintaining live and active probiotic bacteria represents a challenge as the market for probiotic products increases. Probiotic bacteria are, for a bulk majority, freeze-dried, but spray drying is also more and more considered. Indeed, this process is both continuous and more cost-efficient, as it utilizes less energy compared to freeze-drying; on the other hand, it exposes bacteria to higher heat and oxidative stresses. Apart from process optimization and strain selection, it is possible to enhance the resistance of bacteria by taking advantage of their adaptation capacity. Indeed, P. freudenreichii stress tolerance can be boosted by different pretreatments applied before the drying step, thus considerably increasing its final survival. In particular, adaptation to hyperosmotic conditions improves stress tolerance, while the presence of osmoprotectants may mitigate this improvement. Thermal adaptation also modulates tolerance towards these technological challenges. The composition of the growth medium, including the ratio between the carbohydrates provided and the non-protein nitrogen, plays a key role in driving the accumulation of osmoprotectants. This, in turn, determines P. freudenreichii tolerance towards different stresses, and overall towards both freeze-drying and spray-drying. As an example, the accumulation of trehalose enhances its spray-drying survival, while the accumulation of glycine betaine enhances its freeze-drying survival. Growth of propionibacteria in hyperconcentrated whey was used to trigger multiple stress tolerance acquisition, underpinned by overexpression of key stress protein, accumulation of cytoplasmic storage compounds, and leading to enhanced spray-drying survival. A simplified process, from cultivation to atomization, was developed by using whey as a 2-in-1 medium in which propionibacteria were grown, protected and dried with minimal cell death. This innovative process was then subjected to scaling up at the industrial level. In this aim, a gentle multi-stage drying process offering mild drying conditions by coupling spray drying with belt drying, led to final probiotic survival close to 100% when stress tolerance acquisition was previously implemented. Such innovation opens new avenues for the efficient, cost-effective and sustainable development of new probiotic production technologies, as well as probiotic application in the context of food and feed. KEY POINTS: • Propionibacteria acquire multi-stress tolerance when grown in hyper-concentrated whey. • Spray drying of osmo-adapted probiotic bacteria is possible with limited cell death. • A two-in-one drying method is developed to grow and dry probiotic bacteria in the same matrix.
Topics: Cheese; Desiccation; Food Microbiology; Probiotics; Propionibacterium; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Whey
PubMed: 33885925
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11273-3 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2018The recent description of the genus has altered the taxonomy of species. These organisms still belong to the genera of the skin coryneform group, and the most-studied... (Review)
Review
The recent description of the genus has altered the taxonomy of species. These organisms still belong to the genera of the skin coryneform group, and the most-studied species remains . is also a known skin commensal. This underrecognized microorganism can, however, act as a pathogen after bacterial seeding and can be considered opportunistic, causing either superficial or deep/invasive infections. It can cause numerous infections, including but not limited to breast infections, skin abscesses, infective endocarditis, and device-related infections. The ecological niche of is clearly different from that of other members of the genus: it is found in the axillary region or at wet sites rather than in dry, exposed areas, and the number of microorganisms increases during puberty. Historically, it has been used for its ability to modulate the immune response and for its antitumor properties. Conventional microbial culture methods and identification processes allow for its accurate identification and characterization. Thanks to the modern omics tools used for phylogenomic approaches, understanding pathogenesis (including host-bacterium interactions and virulence factor characterization) is becoming easier, allowing for more thorough molecular characterization. These analyses have revealed that causes diverse diseases mediated by multiple virulence factors. The recent genome approach has revealed specific genomic regions within this species that are involved in adherence and biofilm formation as well as fitness, survival, and defense functions. Numerous regions show the presence of phages and horizontal gene transfer. remains highly sensitive to a broad spectrum of antibiotics, such as β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and rifampin, although erythromycin and clindamycin resistance has been described. A long-term treatment regimen with a combination of antibiotics is required to successfully eliminate the remaining adherent bacteria, particularly in the case of deep infections after debridement surgery.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium
PubMed: 29848774
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00064-17 -
BMC Genomics Feb 2016Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis live in close proximity on human skin, and both bacterial species can be isolated from normal and acne...
BACKGROUND
Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis live in close proximity on human skin, and both bacterial species can be isolated from normal and acne vulgaris-affected skin sites. The antagonistic interactions between the two species are poorly understood, as well as the potential significance of bacterial interferences for the skin microbiota. Here, we performed simultaneous antagonism assays to detect inhibitory activities between multiple isolates of the two species. Selected strains were sequenced to identify the genomic basis of their antimicrobial phenotypes.
RESULTS
First, we screened 77 P. acnes strains isolated from healthy and acne-affected skin, and representing all known phylogenetic clades (I, II, and III), for their antimicrobial activities against 12 S. epidermidis isolates. One particular phylogroup (I-2) exhibited a higher antimicrobial activity than other P. acnes phylogroups. All genomes of type I-2 strains carry an island encoding the biosynthesis of a thiopeptide with possible antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis. Second, 20 S. epidermidis isolates were examined for inhibitory activity against 25 P. acnes strains. The majority of S. epidermidis strains were able to inhibit P. acnes. Genomes of S. epidermidis strains with strong, medium and no inhibitory activities against P. acnes were sequenced. Genome comparison underlined the diversity of S. epidermidis and detected multiple clade- or strain-specific mobile genetic elements encoding a variety of functions important in antibiotic and stress resistance, biofilm formation and interbacterial competition, including bacteriocins such as epidermin. One isolate with an extraordinary antimicrobial activity against P. acnes harbors a functional ESAT-6 secretion system that might be involved in the antimicrobial activity against P. acnes via the secretion of polymorphic toxins.
CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, our study suggests that interspecies interactions could potentially jeopardize balances in the skin microbiota. In particular, S. epidermidis strains possess an arsenal of different mechanisms to inhibit P. acnes. However, if such interactions are relevant in skin disorders such as acne vulgaris remains questionable, since no difference in the antimicrobial activity against, or the sensitivity towards S. epidermidis could be detected between health- and acne-associated strains of P. acnes.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Antibiosis; Comparative Genomic Hybridization; DNA, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium acnes; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Skin; Staphylococcus epidermidis
PubMed: 26924200
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2489-5 -
Journal of the European Academy of... Aug 2015Acne vulgaris (acne) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland, characterized by follicular hyperkeratinization, excessive colonization by... (Review)
Review
Acne vulgaris (acne) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland, characterized by follicular hyperkeratinization, excessive colonization by Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) as well as immune reactions and inflammation. Despite an armamentarium of topical treatments available including benzoyl peroxide, retinoids and azelaic acid, topical antibiotics in monotherapies, especially erythromycin and clindamycin, are still used in Europe to treat acne. This intensive use led to antimicrobial-resistant P. acnes and staphylococci strains becoming one of the main health issues worldwide. This is an update on the current topical acne treatments available in Europe, their mechanism of action, their potential to induce antimicrobial resistance and their clinical efficacy and safety.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Administration, Topical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Europe; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 25677763
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12989 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Jul 2015Antibiotic resistance in cutaneous Propionobacterium is a global problem. As a general rule, resistance levels are high to macrolides, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and... (Review)
Review
Antibiotic resistance in cutaneous Propionobacterium is a global problem. As a general rule, resistance levels are high to macrolides, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and clindamycin, while tetracyclines and levofloxacin have low resistance potential. Newer preparations like doxycycline MR and doxycycline 20 mg are subantimicrobial and may not lead to resistance. Sampling techniques are crucial to determine resistance. Genomic evaluation using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing can be useful in diagnosing mutations and mapping phylotypes of Propionobacterium acnes. Resistance may lead to slow response and relapses. Apart from benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, topical dapsone, oral zinc and retinoids, novel molecules with little resistance potential include octadecenedioic acid, phytosphingosine, lauric acid, retapamulin, resveratrol, T-3912 and NB-003. The use of oral retinoids and non-antibiotics like zinc can prevent resistance and help reduce the dependence on antibiotics.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease Management; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Global Health; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 26025191
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1040765 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Jun 2017Actinobacteria usually produce different functional compounds for various applications.
BACKGROUND
Actinobacteria usually produce different functional compounds for various applications.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this research was to develop actinobacterial resources through the isolation and identification of soil bacteria with antibacterial and enzyme inhibitory activities for cosmetics application.
METHODS
Soil bacteria were isolated and tested for antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the spotting method. Isolates exhibiting antibacterial activities were assayed for tyrosinase inhibition, elastase inhibition, and free radical scavenging activity.
RESULTS
Twelve actinobacterial strains were found to inhibit the growth of P. acnes and S. epidermidis. Among them, ten were from the genus Streptomyces and the other two were from the genera Actinokineospora and Calidifontibacter, and potentially represented novel species. For tyrosinase inhibition activities, when compared with arbutin (IC =47.84±0.36 μg mL ), strain T65 had similar activity with an IC value of 49.05±3.29 μg mL . For elastase inhibition, strains T65, T811, and R311 had similar activities with IC values of 10.78±1.88 μg mL , 10.19±0.82 μg mL , and 10.19±2.1 μg mL , respectively, which had similar inhibitory activity to the IC value of the standard oleanolic acid (8.94±1.38 μg mL ). For DPPH radical scavenging activities, two strains, R311 and T327, with IC values of 6.11±1.17 μg mL and 5.25±0.93 μg mL , respectively, had slightly lower activities than ascorbic acid (IC =4.08±0.03 μg mL ).
CONCLUSION
Among twelve strains of actinobacteria, the most effective strains were selected for the inhibition of both P. acnes and S. epidermidis as well as for enzyme activities. Actinobacterial strains isolated in this study could be used to produce active metabolites for cosmetics applications.
Topics: Actinobacteria; Cosmetics; Propionibacterium acnes; Staphylococcus epidermidis
PubMed: 28097821
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12304