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Archives of Microbiology Jun 2022The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems constitute the adaptive immune system in prokaryotes that provide resistance against...
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas systems constitute the adaptive immune system in prokaryotes that provide resistance against invasive genetic elements. The genus Propionibacterium comprises gram-positive, facultative anaerobe, non-spore-forming bacteria, and is the source of some B group vitamins such as B12 as well as bacteriocins. Some of the selected species of the genus Propionibacterium spp. were reclassified into the three genera in 2016 (Acidipropionibacterium spp., Pseudopropionibacterium spp., Cutibacterium spp.). Therefore, this study compared CRISPR/Cas systems, Cas 1 and repeat sequences phylogeny, phage/plasmid surveys as well as insertion sequences of new genera members. In this study, a total of 34 genomes of 13 species were observed with a bioinformatic approach. CRISPR-Cas + + and CRISPRDetect were used to detect CRISPR/Cas systems, direct repeats, and spacers. 39 CRISPR-Cas systems were detected. Type I-E, Type I-U, and one incomplete III-B CRISPR-Cas subtypes were identified. Most of the strains had Cas1/Cas4 fusion proteins. Pseudopropionibacterium propionicum strains had two types I-U and one of the CRISPR loci had csx17 cas genes. Common phage invaders were Propionibacterium phage E6, G4, E1, Anatole, and Doucette. The BLSM62 similarity score of all Cas1 sequences was 48.4% while the pairwise identity of repeat sequences was 48.7%. Common insertion sequences were ISL3, IS3, IS30. The diversity analysis of the CRISPR/Cas system in the genus Propionibacterium provided a new perspective for determining the role of the CRISPR-Cas system in the evolution of new genera.
Topics: Bacteriophages; CRISPR-Cas Systems; DNA Transposable Elements; Plasmids; Propionibacterium
PubMed: 35763226
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03062-x -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The role of extracellular traps (ETs) in the innate immune response against pathogens is well established. ETs were first identified in neutrophils and have since been... (Review)
Review
The role of extracellular traps (ETs) in the innate immune response against pathogens is well established. ETs were first identified in neutrophils and have since been identified in several other immune cells. Although the mechanistic details are not yet fully understood, recent reports have described antigen-specific T cells producing T cell extracellular traps (TETs). Depending on their location within the cutaneous environment, TETs may be beneficial to the host by their ability to limit the spread of pathogens and provide protection against damage to body tissues, and promote early wound healing and degradation of inflammatory mediators, leading to the resolution of inflammatory responses within the skin. However, ETs have also been associated with worse disease outcomes. Here, we consider host-microbe ET interactions by highlighting how cutaneous T cell-derived ETs aid in orchestrating host immune responses against , a commensal skin bacterium that contributes to skin health, but is also associated with acne vulgaris and surgical infections following joint-replacement procedures. Insights on the role of the skin microbes in regulating T cell ET formation have broad implications not only in novel probiotic design for acne treatment, but also in the treatment for other chronic inflammatory skin disorders and autoimmune diseases.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Extracellular Traps; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 35795664
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900634 -
Experimental Dermatology Oct 2021Cutibacterium acnes (also known as Propionibacterium acnes) has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of acne, inspiring both therapeutic and personal care approaches...
Cutibacterium acnes (also known as Propionibacterium acnes) has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of acne, inspiring both therapeutic and personal care approaches aiming to control the disease by controlling the bacterium. The purported association has made people with acne feel dirty and led to the-at times excessive-use of cleansers, antiseptics and antibiotics for the condition. However, recent evidence seems to weaken the case for C. acnes' involvement. New genetics and molecular biology findings strongly suggest that abnormal differentiation of sebaceous progenitor cells causes comedones, the primary lesions in acne. Comodegenesis is initiated by androgens and is unlikely to be triggered by C. acnes, which probably doesn't affect sebaceous differentiation. Is there still a place for it in this understanding of acne? It is necessary to critically address this question because it has consequences for treatment. Antibiotic use for acne noticeably contributes to microbial drug resistance, which we can ill afford. In this Viewpoint, we explore if and how C. acnes (still) fits into the developing view on acne. We also briefly discuss the implications for therapy in the light of antibiotic resistance and the need for more targeted therapies.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebum
PubMed: 34009698
DOI: 10.1111/exd.14394 -
Journal of Dairy Science Apr 2021Two experiments evaluated the effect of supplementation with a bacterial direct-fed microbial on performance and apparent total-tract nutrient digestion of dairy cows....
Two experiments evaluated the effect of supplementation with a bacterial direct-fed microbial on performance and apparent total-tract nutrient digestion of dairy cows. In experiment 1, 30 multiparous cows (75 ± 32 d in milk) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments fed for 10 wk. All cows were fed a diet containing 23.8% starch. Treatments were top dressed to rations twice daily and consisted of a combination of Lactobacillus animalis (1 × 10 cfu/d) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii (2 × 10 cfu/d; LAPF) or carrier alone (CON). In experiment 2, 6 ruminally cannulated cows (123 ± 129 d in milk) were randomly assigned to a crossover design with two 6-wk periods. Cows received the same CON or LAPF treatment as in experiment 1. Cows were fed the same 23.8% starch diet as experiment 1 during wk 1 through 5 of each period, and then cows were abruptly switched to a 31.1% starch diet for wk 6. For both experiments, intake and milk yield were measured daily, and milk samples were collected weekly. In experiment 1, fecal grab samples were collected every 6 h on d 7 of experimental wk 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Fecal consistency was scored, and fecal starch was measured in daily composite samples. Fecal composites from a subset of 7 cows per treatment were used to measure apparent total-tract nutrient digestion. In experiment 2, rumen pH was continuously recorded during wk 5 and 6. On d 7 of wk 5 (the final day of feeding the 23.8% starch ration), d 1 of wk 6 (the day of diet transition), and d 7 of wk 6 (the final day of feeding the 31.1% starch ration), rumen in situ digestion was determined. Samples of rumen fluid and feces were collected every 6 h on those days for measurement of fecal starch (composited by cow within day), rumen volatile fatty acids, and fecal pH. Rumen and fecal samples were collected at one time point on those days for microbiota assessment. In experiment 1, treatment did not affect intake, milk yield, milk composition, or fecal score. The LAPF treatment decreased fecal starch percentage and tended to increase starch digestion compared with CON, but the differences were very small (0.59 vs. 0.78% and 98.74 vs. 98.46%, respectively). Digestion of other nutrients was unaffected. In experiment 2, LAPF increased rumen pH following the abrupt switch to the high-starch diet, but milk yield was lower for LAPF compared with CON (35.7 vs. 33.2 kg/d). Contrary to the decrease in fecal starch with LAPF observed in experiment 1, fecal starch tended to be increased by LAPF following the abrupt ration change in experiment 2 (2.97 vs. 2.15%). Few effects of treatment on rumen and fecal microbial populations were detectable. Under the conditions used in our experiments, addition of the bacterial direct-fed microbials did not have a marked effect on animal performance, ruminal measures, or total-tract nutrient digestion.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diet; Digestion; Feces; Female; Fermentation; Lactation; Lactobacillus; Milk; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; Rumen
PubMed: 33612206
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19291 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2023Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is one of the most prevalent bacteria that forms the human skin microbiota. Specific phylotypes of C. acnes have been associated with the...
Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is one of the most prevalent bacteria that forms the human skin microbiota. Specific phylotypes of C. acnes have been associated with the development of acne vulgaris, while other phylotypes have been linked to healthy skin. In this scenario, bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in the interkingdom communication role with the human host. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of EVs generated by various phylotypes of C. acnes on inflammation and sebum production using different in vitro skin cell types. The main findings of this study reveal that the proteomic profile of the cargo embodied in the EVs reflects distinct characteristics of the different C. acnes phylotypes in terms of life cycle, survival, and virulence. The in vitro skin cell types showed an extended pro-inflammatory modulation of SLST A1 EVs consistently triggering the activation of the inflammation-related factors IL-8, IL-6, TNFα and GM-CSF, in comparison to SLST H1 and SLST H2. Additionally, an acne-prone skin model utilizing PCi-SEB and arachidonic acid as a sebum inducer, was employed to investigate the impact of C. acnes EVs on sebum regulation. Our findings indicated that all three types of EVs significantly inhibited sebum production after a 24-h treatment period, with SLST H1 EVs exhibiting the most pronounced inhibitory effect when compared to the positive control. The results of this study highlight the protective nature of C. acnes SLST H1 EVs and their potential use as a natural treatment option for alleviating symptoms associated with inflammation and oily skin.
Topics: Humans; Proteomics; Skin; Skin Diseases; Extracellular Vesicles; Acne Vulgaris; Propionibacterium acnes; Factor VIII; Inflammation
PubMed: 37749255
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43354-w -
Anaerobe Dec 2021Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit and Propionibacterium acnes biofilm-forming ability is believed to be a contributing factor to...
OBJECTIVES
Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit and Propionibacterium acnes biofilm-forming ability is believed to be a contributing factor to the disease development. In vivo models mimicking hair follicle environment are lacking. The aim of this study was to develop an in vivo Propionibacterium spp. biofilm model in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly).
METHODS
We created a sterile line of D. melanogaster able to sustain Propionibacterium spp. biofilms in the gut. In order to mimic the lipid-rich, anaerobic environment of the hair follicle, fruit flies were maintained on lipid-rich diet. Propionibacterium spp. biofilms were visualized by immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. We further tested if the biofilm-dispersal activity of DNase I can be demonstrated in the developed model.
RESULTS
We have demonstrated the feasibility of our in vivo model for development and study of P. acnes, P. granulosum and P. avidum biofilms. The model is suitable to evaluate dispersal as well as other agents against P. acnes biofilm.
CONCLUSIONS
We report a novel in vivo model for studying Propionibacterium spp. biofilms. The model can be suitable for both mechanistic as well as interventional studies.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Drosophila melanogaster; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Host Microbial Interactions; Propionibacterium
PubMed: 34619359
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102450 -
Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and... 2016Acne is a chronic inflammatory human skin disease, characterized by areas of skin with seborrhoea, comedones, papules, nodules, pimples, and possibly scarring with... (Review)
Review
Acne is a chronic inflammatory human skin disease, characterized by areas of skin with seborrhoea, comedones, papules, nodules, pimples, and possibly scarring with lesions occurring on face, neck, and back. Nanotechnological approaches such as particulate (solid lipid nanoparticles and microspheres), vesicular (liposomes and niosomes), colloidal drug delivery systems (micro-emulsion and nano-emulsion), and miscellaneous systems (aerosol foams and micro-sponges) have an important place in acne therapy. These approaches have an enormous opportunity for the designing of a novel, low-dose and effective treatment systems to control acne disease. In this review, we specially focus on the different nanotechnological approaches for an effective treatment of acne.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Emulsions; Fullerenes; Humans; Liposomes; Microspheres; Nanoparticles; Plant Preparations; Propionibacterium acnes; Retinoids; Sebum; Skin
PubMed: 24844191
DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.916715 -
International Journal of Dermatology Nov 2016Recent progress has steadily reported the existence of the diverse strains of Propionibacterium acnes, and these studies have contributed to the elucidation of their... (Review)
Review
Recent progress has steadily reported the existence of the diverse strains of Propionibacterium acnes, and these studies have contributed to the elucidation of their contradictory roles between normal commensals and pathogens. In this review, the authors aimed to provide an update on the recent understanding of research about P. acnes strain diversity and acne, analyzing the potential implications for clinical applications. Before the era of genomic research, P. acnes was known to be distinguished based on serological agglutination tests, cell wall sugar analysis, or fermentation traits. Since the complete genome sequence of P. acnes was first deciphered, genetic studies based on sequence data have expanded with the introduction of more refined and precise DNA-based typing methods, including multilocus sequence typing and metagenomics. These sophisticated techniques have revealed that P. acnes consists of phylogenetically distinct cluster groups with various pathogenic traits, including elicitation of inflammation, protein secretome profile, and unique distribution patterns in various skin loci. In following large-scale studies from patients' acne samples have revealed that specific sequence types are included within the phylogenetic divisions and further suggested that particular P. acnes strains play an etiologic role in acne while others are associated with health, providing a firm platform for evidential-based research into the exact role of this organism in acne. We strongly believe that future research would provide fruitful results in not only clarifying the apparent controversy with respect to roles of P. acnes but also developing therapeutic drugs by pinpointing specific targets of the pathogenic strain only.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Metagenomics; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Propionibacterium acnes
PubMed: 27421121
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13282 -
PloS One 2019The role of microbial dysbiosis in scalp disease has been recently hypothesized. However, little information is available with regards to the association between...
The role of microbial dysbiosis in scalp disease has been recently hypothesized. However, little information is available with regards to the association between microbial population on the scalp and hair diseases related to hair growth. Here we investigated bacterial communities in healthy and Alopecia areata (AA) subjects. The analysis of bacterial distribution at the genus level highlighted an increase of Propionibacterium in AA subjects alongside a general decrease of Staphylococcus. Analysis of log Relative abundance of main bacterial species inhabiting the scalp showed a significant increase of Propionibacterium acnes in AA subjects compared to control ones. AA scalp condition is also associated with a significant decrease of Staphylococcus epidermidis relative abundance. No significant changes were found for Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, data from sequencing profiling of the bacterial population strongly support a different microbial composition of the different area surrounded hair follicle from the epidermis to hypodermis, highlighting differences between normal and AA affected the scalp. Our results highlight, for the first time, the presence of a microbial shift on the scalp of patients suffering from AA and gives the basis for a larger and more complete study of microbial population involvement in hair disorders.
Topics: Adult; Alopecia Areata; Case-Control Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Dysbiosis; Female; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Propionibacterium; Scalp; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Young Adult
PubMed: 30973913
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215206 -
European Journal of Clinical... Feb 2016The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the diversity of bacteria in diabetic foot osteomyelitis using a 16S rRNA sequencing approach and to compare the... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the diversity of bacteria in diabetic foot osteomyelitis using a 16S rRNA sequencing approach and to compare the results with conventional culture techniques. In this prospective observational study, we obtained 34 bone samples from patients admitted to our hospital with a moderate-severe diabetic foot infection. We analysed the distribution of the 16S rRNA gene sequences in the bone samples, using an Illumina MiSeq Personal Sequencer. We compared the genera that were detected with the cultured pathogens in the bone samples with conventional techniques. In the 23 samples that had positive results with both techniques, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus and Propionibacterium spp. were detected in 20, 18, 13 and 11 samples, respectively. Significantly more anaerobes were detected with 16S rRNA sequencing compared to conventional techniques (86.9 % vs. 23.1 %, p = 0.001) and more Gram-positive bacilli were present (78.3 % vs. 3.8 %, p < 0.001). Staphylococcus spp. were identified in all of the sequenced bone samples that were negative with conventional techniques. Mixed genera were present in 83.3 % (5 of 6) of the negative samples. Anaerobic and fastidious organisms may play a more significant role in osteomyelitis than previously reported. Further studies with larger populations are needed in order to fully understand the clinical importance of the microbial diversity of diabetic foot osteomyelitis.
Topics: Bone and Bones; Corynebacterium; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Foot; Humans; Microbiota; Osteomyelitis; Propionibacterium; Prospective Studies; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus
PubMed: 26670675
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2544-1