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Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... 2018Propylene glycol (PG), an emollient and emulsifier found in cosmetics, medications, and food, has been granted the dubious honor of being named the American Contact...
Propylene glycol (PG), an emollient and emulsifier found in cosmetics, medications, and food, has been granted the dubious honor of being named the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Allergen of the Year for 2018. Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis and systemic cutaneous reactions to PG, which has become an increasingly common ingredient, have been documented. Propylene glycol is as contentious as it is ubiquitous because it acts as both a weak sensitizer and an irritant, confounding the results of positive patch tests. This report serves to increase awareness about PG sensitization and appropriate testing and evaluation of PG patch tests.
Topics: Allergens; Dermatitis, Contact; Emollients; Humans; Patch Tests; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 29059092
DOI: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000315 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2023This review covers the treatment options for pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants. Clinical assessment and detection of underlying metabolic and electrolyte derangements... (Review)
Review
This review covers the treatment options for pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants. Clinical assessment and detection of underlying metabolic and electrolyte derangements direct resuscitation efforts and provide prognostic indications. Treatment programs are dependent on producer goals and case specifics. Options include oral glucogenic precursors (eg, propylene glycol, glycerol), intravenous glucose solutions, insulin, and other supportive care measures. Induction of parturition or C-section is often carried out to minimize ongoing energy deficits, with variable survival rates. Prolonging gestation to maximize fetal viability often requires intensive care in a hospital setting and carries significant risk to both dam and offspring.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Animals; Pre-Eclampsia; Parturition; Insulin; Ruminants; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 37032296
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.003 -
Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry... Jun 2019The study of e-cigarette aerosol properties can inform public health while longer-term epidemiological investigations are ongoing. The determination of aerosol levels of... (Review)
Review
The study of e-cigarette aerosol properties can inform public health while longer-term epidemiological investigations are ongoing. The determination of aerosol levels of known toxins, as well as of molecules with unknown inhalation toxicity profiles, affords specific information for estimating the risks of e-cigarettes and for uncovering areas that should be prioritized for further investigation.
Topics: Aerosols; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Flavoring Agents; Glycerol; Humans; Nicotine; Propylene Glycol; Public Health
PubMed: 30848928
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115329 -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Feb 2023Propylene glycol (PG) has widespread use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fragrances and personal care products. PG is not classified as hazardous under the Globally... (Review)
Review
Propylene glycol (PG) has widespread use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fragrances and personal care products. PG is not classified as hazardous under the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) but poses an intriguing scientific and regulatory conundrum with respect to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), the uncertainty being whether and to what extent PG has the potential to induce skin sensitisation. In this article we review the results of predictive tests for skin sensitisation with PG, and clinical evidence for ACD. Patch testing in humans points to PG having the potential to be a weak allergen under certain conditions, and an uncommon cause of ACD in subjects without underlying/pre-disposing skin conditions. In clear contrast PG is negative in predictive toxicology tests for skin sensitisation, including guinea pig and mouse models (e.g. local lymph node assay), validated in vitro test methods that measure various key events in the pathway leading to skin sensitisation, and predictive methods in humans (Human Repeat Insult Patch and Human Maximisation Tests). We here explore the possible scientific basis for this intriguing inconsistency, recognising there are arguably no known contact allergens that are universally negative in, in vitro, animal and human predictive tests methods.
Topics: Mice; Humans; Animals; Guinea Pigs; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Skin; Allergens; Skin Tests; Patch Tests; Propylene Glycol; Cosmetics
PubMed: 36702195
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105341 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... 2024Propylene glycol (PG) and butylene glycol (BG) are not known to be cross-reactors. However, no large-scale studies have assessed the cross-reactivity rate (CRR) between...
Propylene glycol (PG) and butylene glycol (BG) are not known to be cross-reactors. However, no large-scale studies have assessed the cross-reactivity rate (CRR) between these 2 structurally and functionally similar compounds. The aim of this study was to determine whether PG and BG demonstrate cross-reactivity. This is a retrospective chart review of 893 patients who underwent patch testing for both PG and BG from 2020 to 2022. The frequencies of positive reactions and concomitant reaction rates were calculated. In our cohort, 53 (5.94%) patients reacted to PG and 13 patients (1.46%) reacted to BG. Of the patients who reacted to PG, 6 reacted to BG representing a CRR of 11.3%, whereas the CRR to PG in BG-allergic patients was 46.2%. For those allergic to BG, PG should be considered a cross-reactor. This relationship is somewhat unidirectional, as patients allergic to PG demonstrated a CRR to BG of only 11.3%, significantly lower than the 46.2% CRR to PG among BG-allergic patients.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Retrospective Studies; Propylene Glycol; Patch Tests; Butylene Glycols
PubMed: 37590467
DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0143 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... 2018Propylene glycol (PG), an emollient and emulsifier found in cosmetics, medications, and food, has been granted the dubious honor of being named the American Contact... (Review)
Review
Propylene glycol (PG), an emollient and emulsifier found in cosmetics, medications, and food, has been granted the dubious honor of being named the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Allergen of the Year for 2018. Contact, systemic, and irritant cutaneous reactions have been documented for PG, which has become an increasingly common ingredient. Propylene glycol is as contentious as it is ubiquitous because it acts as both a weak sensitizer and an irritant, confounding the results of positive patch tests. This review serves to delve into what we know about PG from previous reports and studies so that providers will have a better understanding of PG contact dermatitis.
Topics: Allergens; Dermatitis, Contact; Emollients; Humans; Patch Tests; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 29064881
DOI: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000307 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and... Mar 2024Glycols stand out as one of the most commonly employed safe and effective excipients for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. Their widespread adoption can be... (Review)
Review
Glycols stand out as one of the most commonly employed safe and effective excipients for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. Their widespread adoption can be attributed to their exceptional solvency characteristics and their ability to interact effectively with skin lipids and keratin for permeation enhancement. Notably, propylene glycol enjoys significant popularity in this regard. Ongoing research endeavours have been dedicated to scrutinising the impact of glycols on dermal drug delivery and shedding light on the intricate mechanisms by which glycols enhance skin permeation. This review aims to mitigate the discordance within the existing literature, assemble a holistic understanding of the impact of glycols on the percutaneous absorption of active compounds and furnish the reader with a profound comprehension of the foundational facets pertaining to their skin permeation enhancement mechanisms, while simultaneously delving deeper into the intricacies of these processes.
Topics: Solvents; Administration, Cutaneous; Glycols; Skin; Skin Absorption; Propylene Glycol; Propylene Glycols
PubMed: 38224756
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114182 -
Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2015Methanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and propylene glycol intoxications are associated with cellular dysfunction and an increased risk of death. Adverse effects... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Methanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and propylene glycol intoxications are associated with cellular dysfunction and an increased risk of death. Adverse effects can develop quickly; thus, there is a need for methods for rapidly detecting their presence.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the value and limitations of present methods to diagnose patients with possible toxic alcohol exposure.
METHODS
I searched MEDLINE for articles published between 1969 and 2014 using the terms: toxic alcohols, serum osmolality, serum osmol gap, serum anion gap, metabolic acidosis, methanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and fomepizole. Each article was reviewed for additional references.
RESULTS
The diagnosis of toxic alcohol exposure is often made on the basis of this history and physical findings along with an increase in the serum osmol and anion gaps. However, an increase in the osmol and/or anion gaps is not always present. Definitive detection in blood requires gas or liquid chromatography, laborious and expensive procedures which are not always available. Newer methods including a qualitative colorimetric test for detection of all alcohols or enzymatic tests for a specific alcohol might allow for more rapid diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Exposure to toxic alcohols is associated with cellular dysfunction and increased risk of death. Treatment, if initiated early, can markedly improve outcome, but present methods of diagnosis including changes in serum osmol and anion gap, and use of gas or liquid chromatography have important limitations. Development of more rapid and effective tests for detection of these intoxications is essential for optimal care of patients.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Alcohols; Ethylene Glycol; Ethylene Glycols; Fomepizole; Humans; Methanol; Osmolar Concentration; Propylene Glycol; Pyrazoles
PubMed: 26114345
DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1056880 -
Bioorganic Chemistry Dec 2023Xeno nucleic acids (XNA) are an increasingly important class of hypermodified nucleic acids with great potential in bioorganic chemistry and synthetic biology. Glycol... (Review)
Review
Xeno nucleic acids (XNA) are an increasingly important class of hypermodified nucleic acids with great potential in bioorganic chemistry and synthetic biology. Glycol nucleic acid (GNA) is constructed from a three-carbon 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol) backbone attached to a nucleobase entity, representing the simplest known XNA. This review is intended to present GNA nucleosides from a synthetic chemistry perspective-a perspective that serves as a starting point for biological studies. Therefore this account focuses on synthetic methods for GNA nucleoside synthesis, as well as their postsynthetic chemical transformations. The properties and biological activity of GNA constituents are also highlighted. A literature survey shows four major approaches toward GNA nucleoside scaffold synthesis. These approaches pertain to glycidol ring-opening, Mitsunobu, S2, and dihydroxylation reactions. The general arsenal of reactions used in GNA chemistry is versatile and encompasses the Sonogashira reaction, Michael addition, silyl-Hilbert-Johnson reaction, halogenation, alkylation, cyclization, Rh-catalyzed N-allylation, Sharpless catalytic dihydroxylation, and Yb(OTf)-catalyzed etherification. Additionally, various phosphorylation reactions have enabled the synthesis of diverse types of GNA nucleotides, dinucleoside phosphates, phosphordiamidites, and oligos. Furthermore, recent advances in GNA chemistry have resulted in the synthesis of previously unknown redox-active (ferrocenyl) and luminescent (pyrenyl and phenanthrenyl) GNA nucleosides, which are also covered in this review.
Topics: Nucleic Acids; Nucleosides; Glycols; Nucleotides; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 37871392
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106921 -
Anesthesia and Analgesia May 2019Medications used in anesthesiology contain both pharmacologically active compounds and additional additives that are usually regarded as being pharmacologically... (Review)
Review
Medications used in anesthesiology contain both pharmacologically active compounds and additional additives that are usually regarded as being pharmacologically inactive. These additives, called excipients, serve diverse functions. Despite being labeled inert, excipients are not necessarily benign substances. Anesthesiologists should have a clear understanding of their chemical properties and the potential for adverse reactions. This report catalogs the excipients found in drugs commonly used in anesthesiology, provides a brief description of their function, and documents examples from the literature regarding their adverse effects.
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Benzyl Alcohol; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Cresols; Drug Hypersensitivity; Edetic Acid; Excipients; Humans; Indocyanine Green; Injections, Spinal; Iodides; Mannitol; Models, Animal; Parabens; Perioperative Period; Propylene Glycol; Sulfites
PubMed: 29505449
DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003302