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Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Dec 2021Propylene glycol (PG; 1,2-propanediol) has been commonly used as a food additive and vehicle in pharmaceutical preparations. PG can form rectus (R-) enantiomers and...
Propylene glycol (PG; 1,2-propanediol) has been commonly used as a food additive and vehicle in pharmaceutical preparations. PG can form rectus (R-) enantiomers and sinister (S-) enantiomers. Herein, Kunming mice were used as the animal model to evaluate the acute and subacute oral toxicity of R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG (1:1 racemic mixture of R-PG and S-PG). The median lethal doses of R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG administered by oral gavage to mice were 22.81 g/kg, 26.62 g/kg and 24.92 g/kg, respectively. In the 28-day oral subacute toxicity study, the body weight, organ weights, serum biochemical, and renal histology were examined. There was no difference in subacute toxicity among R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG. The administration of 1 and 5 g/kg/day PG for 28 days caused nephrotoxicity. The kidney somatic index and levels of blood urea nitrogen exhibited a significant increase. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase significantly decreased after the treatment with PG. The levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 significantly increased in the kidney. The results show that the nephrotoxic effects of PG are induced by oxidative stress, and the activation of the inflammatory response is mediated by the NF-κB signaling pathway. Together, these findings provide information on R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG treatments for the risk assessment of toxicity and effects on human health.
Topics: Animals; Catalase; Kidney; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 34461418
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118050 -
Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises Mar 2023Herein, the solubility study of clotrimazole was performed in a propylene glycol+water system. The solubility values were fitted to various cosolvency equations. The...
Herein, the solubility study of clotrimazole was performed in a propylene glycol+water system. The solubility values were fitted to various cosolvency equations. The model accuracies were studied with the computation of the mean relative deviations. The thermodynamic behavior was investigated according to the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations for clotrimazole in the propylene glycol+water system. Furthermore, the density data for clotrimazole were determined in mixtures of propylene glycol+water and fitted to the Jouyban-Acree equation.
Topics: Solvents; Solubility; Temperature; Clotrimazole; Propylene Glycol; Water; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 36252866
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2022.10.001 -
Bioorganic Chemistry Dec 2023Xeno nucleic acids (XNA) are an increasingly important class of hypermodified nucleic acids with great potential in bioorganic chemistry and synthetic biology. Glycol... (Review)
Review
Xeno nucleic acids (XNA) are an increasingly important class of hypermodified nucleic acids with great potential in bioorganic chemistry and synthetic biology. Glycol nucleic acid (GNA) is constructed from a three-carbon 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol) backbone attached to a nucleobase entity, representing the simplest known XNA. This review is intended to present GNA nucleosides from a synthetic chemistry perspective-a perspective that serves as a starting point for biological studies. Therefore this account focuses on synthetic methods for GNA nucleoside synthesis, as well as their postsynthetic chemical transformations. The properties and biological activity of GNA constituents are also highlighted. A literature survey shows four major approaches toward GNA nucleoside scaffold synthesis. These approaches pertain to glycidol ring-opening, Mitsunobu, S2, and dihydroxylation reactions. The general arsenal of reactions used in GNA chemistry is versatile and encompasses the Sonogashira reaction, Michael addition, silyl-Hilbert-Johnson reaction, halogenation, alkylation, cyclization, Rh-catalyzed N-allylation, Sharpless catalytic dihydroxylation, and Yb(OTf)-catalyzed etherification. Additionally, various phosphorylation reactions have enabled the synthesis of diverse types of GNA nucleotides, dinucleoside phosphates, phosphordiamidites, and oligos. Furthermore, recent advances in GNA chemistry have resulted in the synthesis of previously unknown redox-active (ferrocenyl) and luminescent (pyrenyl and phenanthrenyl) GNA nucleosides, which are also covered in this review.
Topics: Nucleic Acids; Nucleosides; Glycols; Nucleotides; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 37871392
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106921 -
Anesthesia and Analgesia May 2019Medications used in anesthesiology contain both pharmacologically active compounds and additional additives that are usually regarded as being pharmacologically... (Review)
Review
Medications used in anesthesiology contain both pharmacologically active compounds and additional additives that are usually regarded as being pharmacologically inactive. These additives, called excipients, serve diverse functions. Despite being labeled inert, excipients are not necessarily benign substances. Anesthesiologists should have a clear understanding of their chemical properties and the potential for adverse reactions. This report catalogs the excipients found in drugs commonly used in anesthesiology, provides a brief description of their function, and documents examples from the literature regarding their adverse effects.
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Benzyl Alcohol; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Cresols; Drug Hypersensitivity; Edetic Acid; Excipients; Humans; Indocyanine Green; Injections, Spinal; Iodides; Mannitol; Models, Animal; Parabens; Perioperative Period; Propylene Glycol; Sulfites
PubMed: 29505449
DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003302 -
Dermatologic Clinics Jan 2019The field of contact dermatitis is constantly evolving. Trends in irritant and allergic contact dermatitis are shaped by the introduction of new chemicals, revival of... (Review)
Review
The field of contact dermatitis is constantly evolving. Trends in irritant and allergic contact dermatitis are shaped by the introduction of new chemicals, revival of older allergens, industrial practices, and consumer behaviors. This article discusses the most noteworthy trends within the field, organized by allergen category, with particular attention to newer and/or controversial allergens.
Topics: Acrylates; Allergens; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Metals; Perfume; Phenylenediamines; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Propylene Glycol; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 30466685
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2018.07.005 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Refill liquids for electronic cigarettes are an important area of research due to the health safety and quality control of such products. A method was developed for the...
Refill liquids for electronic cigarettes are an important area of research due to the health safety and quality control of such products. A method was developed for the determination of glycerol, propylene glycol, and nicotine in refill liquids using liquid chromatography, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with electrospray ionisation (ESI). Sample preparation was based on a simple dilute-and-shoot approach, with recoveries ranging from 96 to 112% with coefficients of variation < 6.4%. Linearity, limits of detection and quantification (LOD, LOQ), repeatability, and accuracy were determined for the proposed method. The proposed sample preparation and the developed chromatographic method using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) were successfully applied for the determination of glycerol, propylene glycol, and nicotine in refill liquid samples. For the first time, the developed method using HILIC-MS/MS has been applied for the determination of the main components of refill liquids in a single analysis. The proposed procedure is rapid and straightforward and is suitable for quick determination of glycerol, propylene glycol, and nicotine. The nicotine concentrations corresponded to the labelling of samples (it varied from
propylene glycol to glycerol were also determined. Topics: Nicotine; Glycerol; Chromatography, Liquid; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 37298901
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114425 -
Transplantation and Cellular Therapy May 2022Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) remains a standard therapeutic option for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Outcomes have improved for this... (Review)
Review
Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) remains a standard therapeutic option for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Outcomes have improved for this patient group after first AHCT, with the use of novel agents in induction, as well as post-transplantation maintenance. High-dose melphalan remains the gold standard as the conditioning regimen for MM. Traditional melphalan is a lyophilized formulation that after reconstitution has insufficient chemical stability and water solubility, thus requiring the addition of propylene glycol to act as a cosolvent to improve these characteristics. After the reconstitution of melphalan with propylene glycol-containing solution, impurities can develop within 30 minutes, and if further dilution occurs, the potency of melphalan diminishes. Propylene glycol is associated with a spectrum of toxicities that can be dose limiting. Evomela is a propylene glycol-free melphalan (PGF-Mel) that at a high dose of 200 mg/ (100 mg/m/d for 2 days) is approved for conditioning before AHCT in MM patients. Once reconstituted by directly dissolving in saline solution, PGF-Mel solution can be stored in the vial for up to 1 hour at room temperature or for up to 24 hours at refrigerated temperature (2° to 8°C) with no significant degradation. The demonstrated stability, up to 24 hours at room temperature, results in reduced handling requirements and increased convenience and flexibility of administration. Since its approval, Evomela has been the subject of several retrospective and investigator-initiated studies. This review summarizes the prospective and real-world evidence on practical aspects of PGF-Mel and critically appraises the available data and its clinical implications.
Topics: Humans; Amyloidosis; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Melphalan; Multiple Myeloma; Propylene Glycol; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35196581
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.02.014 -
Journal of Primary Care & Community... Apr 2017Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are often advertised as a healthier product when compared with traditional cigarettes. Currently, there are limited data to support...
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are often advertised as a healthier product when compared with traditional cigarettes. Currently, there are limited data to support this and only a threat of federal regulation from the US Food and Drug Administration. Calls to poison control centers about e-cigarette toxicity, especially in children, and case reports of toxic exposures have increased over the past 3 years. This research letter reports the frequency of hazardous exposures to e-cigarettes and characterizes the reported adverse health effects associated with e-cigarette toxicity.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Nausea; Nicotine; Poison Control Centers; Propylene Glycol; Smoking; Suicide; United States; Vomiting; Young Adult
PubMed: 27650036
DOI: 10.1177/2150131916668645 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Binary ethosome vesicles have been developed as flexible lipid vesicles for the enhanced physicochemical stability and skin delivery of drugs. This work aimed to prepare...
Binary ethosome vesicles have been developed as flexible lipid vesicles for the enhanced physicochemical stability and skin delivery of drugs. This work aimed to prepare phloretin-loaded propylene glycol ethosomes (PHL-PGEs) to improve their stability, skin permeability and antioxidant activity. PHL-PGEs were prepared via the ethanol injection method and optimized using different weight ratios of ethanol to propylene glycol (PG). When the ethanol/PG mass ratio changed from 10:0 to 0:10, the encapsulation efficiency and stability of ethosomes increased. At a PHL concentration of 1mg/mL, the EE% was 89.42 ± 2.42 and the DL% was 4.21 ± 0.04, which exhibited their highest values. The encapsulation of the PHL in the PHL-PGEs was strengthened via XRD analysis and FTIR analysis. The results of the in vitro percutaneous permeability test demonstrated that the combined use of ethanol and PG exhibited a notable enhancement in skin permeability, and the skin retention of PHL-PGEs was 1.06 times that of PHL-ethosomes (PHL-Es) and 2.24 times that of the PHL solution. An in vitro antioxidant activity study indicated that solubility and antioxidant activity was potentiated via the nanoencapsulation of phloretin. Therefore, these results confirm the potential of this nanocarrier to enhance physicochemical stability, skin permeability and antioxidant activity.
Topics: Antioxidants; Ethanol; Permeability; Phloretin; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 38202649
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010066 -
Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular... Jan 2023Raman spectra of ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,3-propylene glycol (1,3-PG) aqueous solutions with the diol content from 10 to 90 mol% were measured. The diol content...
Raman spectra of ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,3-propylene glycol (1,3-PG) aqueous solutions with the diol content from 10 to 90 mol% were measured. The diol content weakly influences the EG and 1,3-PG Raman bands in the spectra of the solutions in the region 250-1800 cm. This fact means that the conformational compositions of both the diols do not change significantly with dissolving in water. The intensity of the OH stretching band with respect to the diol bands intensities is the linear function of the ratio of the mole contents of water and the diol in the solutions. The spectral region 2800-3800 cm can be used to evaluate the chemical composition of these binary solutions. DFT modeling of the Raman spectra of EG molecule in water shell confirms the prevalence of the gauche-conformation of EG in the aqueous solutions.
Topics: Ethylene Glycol; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Water; Molecular Conformation; Propylene Glycol; Solutions
PubMed: 36209716
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121927