-
Emergency Medicine Practice Sep 2016Identifying patients with potential toxic alcohol exposure and initiating appropriate management is critical to avoid significant patient morbidity. Sources of toxic... (Review)
Review
Identifying patients with potential toxic alcohol exposure and initiating appropriate management is critical to avoid significant patient morbidity. Sources of toxic alcohol exposure include ethylene glycol, methanol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and isopropanol. Treatment considerations include the antidotes fomepizole and ethanol, and hemodialysis for removal of the parent compound and its toxic metabolites. Additional interventions include adjunctive therapies that may improve acidosis and enhance clearance of the toxic alcohol or metabolites. This issue reviews common sources of alcohol exposure, basic mechanisms of toxicity, physical examination and laboratory findings that may guide rapid assessment and management, and indications for treatment. [Points & Pearls is a digest of Emergency Medicine Practice].
Topics: 2-Propanol; Alcoholism; Antidotes; Diagnosis, Differential; Emergency Service, Hospital; Ethanol; Ethylene Glycol; Ethylene Glycols; Fomepizole; Humans; Methanol; Propylene Glycol; Pyrazoles; Renal Dialysis
PubMed: 28745842
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 2015To evaluate propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (G) as potential treatments for ketosis, we conducted 2 experiments lasting 4 d each in which cows received one bolus... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
To evaluate propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (G) as potential treatments for ketosis, we conducted 2 experiments lasting 4 d each in which cows received one bolus infusion per day. Blood was collected before infusion, over 240min postinfusion, as well as 24 h postinfusion. Experiment 1 used 6 ruminally cannulated cows (26±7 d in milk) randomly assigned to 300-mL infusions of PG or G (both ≥99.5% pure) in a crossover design experiment with 2 periods. Within each period, cows were assigned randomly to infusion site sequence: abomasum (A)-cranial reticulorumen (R) or the reverse, R-A. Glucose precursors were infused into the R to simulate drenching and the A to prevent metabolism by ruminal microbes. Glycerol infused in the A increased plasma glucose concentration the most (15.8mg/dL), followed by PG infused in the R (12.6mg/dL), PG infused in the A (9.11mg/dL), and G infused in the R (7.3mg/dL). Infusion of PG into the R increased plasma insulin and insulin area under the curve (AUC) the most compared with all other treatments (7.88 vs. 2.13μIU/mL and 321 vs. 31.9min×μIU/mL, respectively). Overall, PG decreased plasma BHBA concentration after infusion (-6.46 vs. -4.55mg/dL) and increased BHBA AUC (-1,055 vs. -558min ×mg/dL) compared with G. Plasma NEFA responses were not different among treatments. Experiment 2 used 8 ruminally cannulated cows (22±5 d in milk) randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a Latin square design experiment balanced for carryover effects. Treatments were 300mL of PG, 300mL of G, 600mL of G (2G), and 300mL of PG + 300mL of G (GPG), all infused into the R. Treatment contrasts compared PG with each treatment containing glycerol (G, 2G, and GPG). Propylene glycol increased plasma glucose (14.0 vs. 5.35mg/dL) and insulin (7.59 vs. 1.11μIU/mL) concentrations compared with G, but only tended to increase glucose and insulin concentrations compared with 2G. Propylene glycol increased AUC for glucose (1,444 vs. 94.3mg/dL) and insulin (326 vs. 6.58min×μIU/mL) compared with G, and tended to increase insulin AUC compared with 2G. Propylene glycol was not different from GPG for glucose, insulin, or BHBA responses. Propylene glycol decreased plasma BHBA concentration (-10.3 vs. -4.21mg/dL) and increased BHBA AUC (-1,578 vs. -1.42min ×mg/dL) compared with G, but not compared with 2G. In general, and compared with G, GPG decreased plasma NEFA concentrations after infusions and PG decreased plasma NEFA concentrations early but not late after infusions. We conclude that a 300-mL dose of PG is more effective at increasing plasma glucose concentration than G and at least as effective as 600mL of G or a combination of G and PG when administered in the cranial reticulorumen.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Abomasum; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cross-Over Studies; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glycerol; Insulin; Ketosis; Milk; Propylene Glycol; Rumen
PubMed: 26074245
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9476 -
Inhalation Toxicology Feb 2018Propylene glycol (PG) is a widely used solvent, chemical intermediate and carrier substance for foods, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Professional and...
OBJECTIVE
Propylene glycol (PG) is a widely used solvent, chemical intermediate and carrier substance for foods, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Professional and occupational exposure to PG aerosol and vapor may occur from theatrical smoke generators and during application of deicing products to airplanes. While PG is considered to have low toxicity, the results of one study suggested that brief (1-min) exposure to PG mist elicited ocular and respiratory effects in humans. Because the high concentrations and brief exposure duration in that study were not representative of most occupational exposures, a controlled experimental exposure study was conducted to clarify or confirm the earlier findings.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ten males and 10 females were exposed to PG aerosol for 4 hrs at 20 and 100 mg/m and 30 min at 200 mg/m. Total PG exposure concentrations (droplets plus gas phase) were 95.6, 442.4 and 871 mg/m for the three conditions, respectively. Participants rode a stationary bicycle to simulate physical effort at regular intervals during exposure. Objective measures evaluated in this study included ocular irritation via eye blink task and eye photography and pulmonary function via spirometry, while subjective measures included health symptoms ratings, irritation and dryness ratings of eyes, nose, throat and mouth.
RESULTS
Objective measures of pulmonary function and ocular irritation did not reveal any exposure-related changes. Exposure-related changes in symptom reporting were observed; however, the highest symptom ratings did not exceed "slight" on the scale.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate at the concentrations and acute durations tested, PG does not affect human respiratory function or produce ocular irritation.
Topics: Adult; Aerosols; Blinking; Eye; Female; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Lung; Male; Propylene Glycol; Solvents; Spirometry
PubMed: 29764241
DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1470207 -
Cryobiology Jun 2023Development of successful tissue cryopreservation methods requires specific knowledge regarding tissue permeation of individual cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and their...
Development of successful tissue cryopreservation methods requires specific knowledge regarding tissue permeation of individual cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and their combinations. The present study assessed the permeation of dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol into liver tissue, and addressed whether the diffusion coefficient of individual CPAs changes when combining CPAs. To do this, mouse liver slices were exposed at room temperature to 3.5 mol/L concentrations of CPAs individually or in combination for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Subsequently, tissue CPA concentrations were determined using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Our results show that (1) the GC/MS method allows measurement of multiple CPA concentrations in a single small tissue sample, (2) dimethyl sulfoxide has a higher diffusion coefficient than ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, and (3) the CPA diffusivity appears to decrease in mixtures with multiple CPAs. These findings may help the development of effective tissue cryopreservation methods.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Cryopreservation; Propylene Glycol; Ethylene Glycol
PubMed: 36934956
DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.03.004 -
Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) Sep 2023Herein, thermal and non-thermal techniques were used to elucidate the putative physical and chemical interactions between poorly water-soluble methoxyflavones and...
Herein, thermal and non-thermal techniques were used to elucidate the putative physical and chemical interactions between poorly water-soluble methoxyflavones and PEG400/propylene glycol. Additionally, the biocompatibility of methoxyflavone-glycol solutions was evaluated using Caco-2 cells whereas the absorptive transport was investigated by measuring the apparent permeability coefficient ( ) of the methoxyflavones and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Data from differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR) spectroscopic analysis revealed physico-chemical compatibility between the three methoxyflavones and PEG400/propylene glycol. Furthermore, PEG400 and propylene glycol solutions of the methoxyflavones were shown to be compatible with Caco-2 cells at pharmacologically effective concentrations. transport studies across the Caco-2 cell monolayer revealed high values of 24.07 × 10 to 19.63 × 10 cm s for PEG400 solutions of the methoxyflavones. The TEER values of the Caco-2 cell monolayers indicated that the increased drug transport was partly due to increased tight junction openings, but without compromising the epithelial barrier integrity. The good pharmaceutical and biocompatibility profiles, as well as improved transport of the methoxyflavones in PEG400 and propylene glycol solutions, are suggestive of the worthiness of this approach for further consideration pertaining to the development of these drugs into oral liquid dosage forms.
Topics: Humans; Caco-2 Cells; Polyethylene Glycols; Propylene Glycol; Permeability; Water
PubMed: 37708958
DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0030 -
Human & Experimental Toxicology Jan 2021Information on the effects of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) and on cytotoxicity and subsequent activation of the biological mediators is limited in...
Information on the effects of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) and on cytotoxicity and subsequent activation of the biological mediators is limited in periodontal diseases. This study analyzes the effect of unflavored PG/VG alone or in combination with nicotine on gingival epithelial cells. The cells were exposed to different PG/VG (± nicotine) concentrations for 24 h and cytotoxicity was evaluated by calorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromid assay. The expressions of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-9 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a western blotting. Stimulation with PG/VG mixtures reduced cell viability compared to nonexposed controls ( < 0.05). Adding PG/VG increased the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP-9, and the amount of PG had more biological impact compared to the VG amount. The nicotine augmented this effect compared to its nicotine-free counterparts. In western blotting result, MMP-9 was clearly activated in almost all samples. These findings suggest that the main constituents PG/VG are cytotoxic and able to induce biological response in gingival cells in vitro. Despite being advertised as less harmful than conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarette liquid pose certain risks on periodontal cells. Awareness about the effects of electronic cigarettes on periodontal diseases must be increased.
Topics: Cell Count; Cell Survival; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Epithelial Cells; Gingiva; Glycerol; Humans; Nicotine; Propylene Glycol; Vegetables
PubMed: 32729321
DOI: 10.1177/0960327120943934 -
Respiratory Research May 2023Electronic cigarette (Ecig) use has become more common, gaining increasing acceptance as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. However, the 2019 outbreak of Ecig and...
Electronic cigarette (Ecig) use has become more common, gaining increasing acceptance as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. However, the 2019 outbreak of Ecig and Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) alerted the community to the potential for incorporation of deleterious ingredients such as vitamin E acetate into products without adequate safety testing. Understanding Ecig induced molecular changes in the lung and systemically can provide a path to safety assessment and protect consumers from unsafe formulations. While vitamin E acetate has been largely removed from commercial and illicit products, many Ecig products contain additives that remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we determined the lung-specific effects as well as systemic immune effects in response to exposure to a common Ecig base, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin (PGVG), with and without a 1% addition of phytol, a diterpene alcohol that has been found in commercial products. We exposed animals to PGVG with and without phytol and assessed metabolite, lipid, and transcriptional markers in the lung. We found both lung-specific as well as systemic effects in immune parameters, metabolites, and lipids. Phytol drove modest changes in lung function and increased splenic CD4 T cell populations. We also conducted multi-omic data integration to better understand early complex pulmonary responses, highlighting a central enhancement of acetylcholine responses and downregulation of palmitic acid connected with conventional flow cytometric assessments of lung, systemic inflammation, and pulmonary function. Our results demonstrate that Ecig exposure not only leads to changes in pulmonary function but also affects systemic immune and metabolic parameters.
Topics: Animals; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Multiomics; Lung; Glycerol; Vitamin E; Propylene Glycol; Acetates
PubMed: 37231407
DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02441-2 -
Drug and Alcohol Dependence Jan 2019Little is known about the behavioral effects of non-nicotine ingredients in electronic cigarette liquids. Propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) are the most...
BACKGROUND
Little is known about the behavioral effects of non-nicotine ingredients in electronic cigarette liquids. Propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) are the most common humectants used in electronic cigarette liquids. These ingredients may influence stimulus effects (e.g., visibility of exhalant, taste, or smell), which have played a role in the abuse liability of conventional cigarettes. In the current study, the stimulus effects of aerosol from liquids varying only in PG and VG content were assessed.
METHODS
Sixteen electronic cigarette users completed five sessions (one practice and four testing sessions). Following one hour of nicotine deprivation, two sampling puffs from liquid formulations containing 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100% PG/VG concentrations were administered in random order during five assessments, each separated by 20 min. Measures included self-reported stimulus effects and breakpoint on a multiple-choice procedure with options consisting of sampled puffs or varying amounts of money.
RESULTS
VG content was associated with greater reports of visibility of the exhalant (i.e., "cloud"). Liquids with only PG or VG engendered lower reports of inhalation sensations (e.g., throat hit) and greater reductions of systolic blood pressure compared to mixtures of PG and VG. There was no effect of liquid formulation on the multiple-choice procedure, but puffs were rarely chosen over even the smallest monetary option ($0.05), suggesting minimal reinforcing efficacy.
CONCLUSIONS
Liquids containing greater concentrations of VG are more capable of producing visible exhalant and mixtures of PG and VG engender greater airway sensory effects than either ingredient alone.
Topics: Adult; Aerosols; Blood Pressure; Drug Compounding; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Female; Glycerol; Humans; Male; Pharmaceutical Solutions; Plants; Propylene Glycol; Sensation; Smoking; Stimulation, Chemical; Young Adult
PubMed: 30471584
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.039 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2018The propanediol utilization bacterial microcompartments are specialized protein-based organelles in Salmonella that facilitate the catabolism of 1,2-propanediol when... (Review)
Review
The propanediol utilization bacterial microcompartments are specialized protein-based organelles in Salmonella that facilitate the catabolism of 1,2-propanediol when available as the sole carbon source. This smart prokaryotic cell organelle compartmentalizes essential enzymes and substrates in a volume of a few attoliters compared to the femtoliter volume of a bacterial cell thereby enhancing the enzyme kinetics and properly orchestrating the downstream pathways. A shell or coat, which is composed of a few thousand protein subunits, wraps a chain of consecutively acting enzymes and serves as ducts for the diffusion of substrates, cofactors, and products into and out of the core of the microcompartment. In this article we bring together the properties of the wrappers of the propanediol utilization bacterial microcompartments to update our understanding on the mechanism of the formation of these unique wraps, their assembly, and interaction with the encapsulated enzymes.
Topics: Organelles; Propylene Glycol; Salmonella
PubMed: 30637708
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_23 -
Journal of Reproductive Immunology Dec 2022Globally, ∼50 % of women smoke during pregnancy and the prevalence of vaping is increasing among women of reproductive age. However, the health effects of vaping...
Globally, ∼50 % of women smoke during pregnancy and the prevalence of vaping is increasing among women of reproductive age. However, the health effects of vaping during pregnancy are largely unknown. This study examined the effects of e-cig constituents alone and in combination (propylene glycol [PG], vegetable glycerin [VG], and nicotine) on human placental tissue viability (MTT assay) and immunoassayed levels of placenta-derived biomarkers, i.e., 8-isoprostane (8-IsoP), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), β-estradiol (E), progesterone (P), allopregnanolone (AP), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Placental explant cultures were exposed ex vivo for 24 h to media-containing either nicotine (0-5000 nM), PG/VG (0-8 % v/v at 50/50 ratio), or a combination of both. No effects on tissue viability were observed at PG/VG concentrations < 8 % (v/v), while viability significantly reduced at PG/VG concentrations ≥ 10 % (v/v); biomarker studies employed only non-cytotoxic doses. Exposure to PG/VG decreased levels of 8-IsoP, IL-6, and E and treatment with 2 % or 8 % PG/VG significantly reduced HO-1 levels, compared to non-treated controls. Exposure to nicotine alone at 2,500 nM and 5,000 nM reduced MTT activity by 20 % (P = 0.04) and 70 % (P < 0.001), respectively, and significantly increased (P < 0.001) levels of HO-1 and BDNF, compared to controls. Treatment with nicotine alone and in combination with PG/VG reduced IL-6 and E levels. Interestingly, nicotine-induced toxicity was attenuated by PG/VG addition to nicotine-treated groups. These studies demonstrate that e-cig constituents negatively impact the human placenta and alters production of critical placental biomarkers, suggesting that vaping is an unsafe alternative for pregnant women or their unborn fetus.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Nicotine; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Interleukin-6; Placenta; Propylene Glycol; Glycerol
PubMed: 36084357
DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103737