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International Journal of Pharmaceutics Sep 2022Solid phase interactions are often the reason for incompatibilities in solid dosage forms. A special situation occurs, if the incompatible compounds are able to migrate...
Solid phase interactions are often the reason for incompatibilities in solid dosage forms. A special situation occurs, if the incompatible compounds are able to migrate within the solid matrix. This study describes for the first time the migration of a plasticizer from the coating into the core and its interaction with the active ingredient located there. This behavior was observed in rifaximin gastro-resistant granules and resulted in the formation of solvates with altered dissolution behavior. For a detailed study, rifaximin was incubated with five plasticizers of different solubility and miscibility as well as different molecular geometry (linear vs branched), (dibutyl sebacate, tributyl citrate, triacetin, polyethylene glycol 400, and propylene glycol). The resulting solid states were analyzed by means of PXRD, supported by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and quantitative H NMR. No direct correlation could be demonstrated between the resulting type of solvate/hydrate and the affinity of rifaximin with the respective plasticizers. Interestingly all plasticizers that are able to form type I solvates/hydrates have linear structures. This common feature, which distinguishes them from the more bulky TAC and TBC, seems to be a key characteristic. Rifaximin-PG-solvate formation was not only detected after direct incubation trials, but also observed in enteric coated granules.
Topics: Plasticizers; Propylene Glycol; Rifaximin; Solubility; Triacetin
PubMed: 35995318
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122128 -
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and... Nov 2018Human umbilical cord represents a source of multipotent stromal cells of a supreme therapeutic potential. The cells can be isolated from either fresh or cryopreserved...
Human umbilical cord represents a source of multipotent stromal cells of a supreme therapeutic potential. The cells can be isolated from either fresh or cryopreserved umbilical cord tissues. DMSO is a cryoprotectant most commonly used for preservation of umbilical cord tissues; however, cyto- and genotoxicity of this compound is evident and well documented. In the present study we performed successful cryopreservation of the umbilical cord tissue using other cryoprotectants: propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol. Of these, 1.5 M ethylene glycol and 20% glycerol turned out to be the best in terms of the preservation of living cells within the frozen tissue, early onset of migration of these cells out of the thawed explants, and overall efficacy of multipotent stromal cell isolation. Cryobanking of tissues can improve availability of multiple cell products for medical purposes and promote the development of personalized medicine.
Topics: Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Ethylene Glycol; Glycerol; Humans; Multipotent Stem Cells; Propylene Glycol; Umbilical Cord
PubMed: 30417290
DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4305-5 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Jan 2022The mechanism by which cryosolvents such as alcohols modify and penetrate cell membranes as a function of their concentration and hydration state remains poorly...
The mechanism by which cryosolvents such as alcohols modify and penetrate cell membranes as a function of their concentration and hydration state remains poorly understood. We conducted molecular dynamics simulations of 1,2-dioleoyl--glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayers in the presence of aqueous solutions of four common penetrating hydroxylated cryosolvents (methanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol) at varying concentration ranges and across three different hydration states. All cryosolvents were found to preferentially replace water at the bilayer interface, and a reduction in hydration state correlates with a higher proportion of cryosolvent at the interface for relative concentrations. Minor differences in chemical structure had a profound effect on cryosolvent-membrane interactions, as the lone methyl groups of methanol and propylene glycol enhanced their membrane localization and penetration, but with increasing concentrations acted to destabilize the membrane structure in a process heightened at higher hydration states. By contrast, ethylene glycol and glycerol promoted and retained membrane structural integrity by forming hydrogen-bonded lipid bridges via distally located hydroxyl groups. Glycerol exhibited the highest capacity to cross-link lipids at relative concentrations, as well as promoted a bilayer structure consistent with a fully hydrated bilayer in the absence of cryosolvent for all hydration states investigated.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Lipid Bilayers; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Propylene Glycol; Water
PubMed: 34967634
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07769 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Feb 2020An electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is a product used to smoke aerosol by heating a solution of "e-liquid" that consists of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY)...
An electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) is a product used to smoke aerosol by heating a solution of "e-liquid" that consists of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) containing nicotine and flavors. In this study, thermal decomposition products generated from three brands of e-cigarettes were determined at various electric power levels. When using neat PG or GLY instead of e-liquid, propylene oxide was detected only in the gas phase from PG and not detected from GLY. In contrast, glycidol was detected only from GLY and not from PG. Almost all of the glyoxal and acrolein was detected from GLY, but formaldehyde and methyl glyoxal were detected from both PG and GLY. Using commercially available e-liquids, the same results were obtained. Nearly all chemical compounds generated from e-cigarettes have a carbon number of 3 or less except for nicotine and flavors. We measured chemical compounds generated from e-cigarettes at various electric power levels (1-85 W). At an electric power of 10 W, the generation of chemical compounds was very low; however, when the electric power exceeded 40 W, it increased exponentially. As thermal decomposition products of e-liquid, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and propylene oxide mainly occur as gaseous matter, while glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and glycidol mainly occur as particulate matter. Formaldehyde exits in both gaseous and particulate matter forms. Thermal decomposition products can be divided into three groups: thermal decomposition products originating from PG and GLY, those originating from other sources, and those directly generated. Concentrations of these thermal decomposition products were mostly higher than those in traditional cigarettes. In particular, thermal decomposition products generated from one of the studied e-cigarettes were very high; e.g., formaldehyde reached 4400 μg/15 puffs at 50 W. E-cigarette users must know that hazardous substances are generated even within the recommended electric power limits.
Topics: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Glycerol; Molecular Structure; Nicotine; Particulate Matter; Propylene Glycol; Temperature
PubMed: 31950825
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00410 -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2015To investigate the physical (setting time, hardness, flowability, microstructure) and chemical (pH change, calcium release, crystallinity) properties and the biological...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the physical (setting time, hardness, flowability, microstructure) and chemical (pH change, calcium release, crystallinity) properties and the biological outcomes (cell survival and differentiation) of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) mixed using different proportions of propylene glycol (PG) and water.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
White MTA was mixed with different water/PG ratios (100/0, 80/20 and 50/50). Composition (XRD), microstructure (SEM), setting time (ASTM C266-13), flowability (ANSI/ADA 57-2000), Knoop hardness (100 g/10 s) and chemical characteristics (pH change and Ca2+ release for 7 days) were evaluated. Cell proliferation, osteo/odontoblastic gene expression and mineralization induced by MTA mixed with PG were evaluated. MTA discs (5 mm in diameter, 2 mm thick) were prepared and soaked in culture medium for 7 days. Next, the discs were removed and the medium used to culture dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) for 28 days. Cells survival was evaluated using MTS assay (24, 72 and 120 h) and differentiation with RT-PCR (ALP, OCN, Runx2, DSPP and MEPE) and alizarin red staining (7 and 14 days). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc analysis (a=0.05).
RESULTS
The addition of PG significantly increased setting time, flowability and Ca2+ release, but it compromised the hardness of the material. SEM showed that 50/50 group resulted porous material after setting due to the incomplete setting reaction, as shown by XRD analysis. The addition of PG (80/20 and 50/50) was not capable to improve cell proliferation or to enhance gene expression, and mineralized deposition of DPSC after 7 and 14 days as compared to the 100/0.
CONCLUSION
Except for flowability, the addition of PG did not promote further improvements on the chemical and physical properties evaluated, and it was not capable of enhancing the bioactivity of the MTA.
Topics: Aluminum Compounds; Analysis of Variance; Calcium Compounds; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Dental Pulp; Drug Combinations; Gene Expression; Hardness Tests; Humans; Materials Testing; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oxides; Propylene Glycol; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rheology; Silicates; Stem Cells; Time Factors
PubMed: 26398513
DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150084 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Jul 2020During the transition period, dairy cows suffer from negative energy balance due to the upcoming insulin resistance as a major metabolic disturbance. We hypothesized...
During the transition period, dairy cows suffer from negative energy balance due to the upcoming insulin resistance as a major metabolic disturbance. We hypothesized that providing glucose precursors for transition dairy cows may reduce the insulin resistance. In this study, 24 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were enrolled 8 weeks prior to parturition and divided into 4 equal groups, including control (Ctrl), monensin (Mo), propylene glycol (PPG), and monensin plus propylene glycol (Mo + PPG). Cows from the Mo and PPG groups received 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) of monensin, daily. Cows from the PGG group received 150 g of propylene glycol, daily. Cows from the Mo + PPG group received 1 mg/kg BW of monensin and 150 g/head of propylene glycol daily and Ctrl cows received basal diet without any supplementations. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT) was conducted weekly from 3 weeks before to 3 weeks after parturition to evaluate the insulin resistance phenomenon. Immediately after glucose administration, glucose and insulin increased significantly, and their alterations were significant during the study. Glucose and insulin were significantly higher in the Ctrl group than in the other groups, and their levels in different pre- and post-partum periods were significantly lower in the Mo + PPG group than in the other studied groups. The results of this study represented that the supplementary feeding with propionate precursors, such as monensin and propylene glycol, reduced the insulin resistance in dairy cows during the transition period. This effect is more explicit by propylene glycol than by monensin, and the combination of both reduces insulin resistance at higher rates. The use of these dietary supplements is likely to produce more propionates as the main precursor of glucose; therefore, it reduces the negative energy balance and subsequently decreases the insulin resistance. In this regard, to reduce insulin resistance, it is recommended that dairy cows during the transition period be fed with monensin and propylene glycol supplements.
Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Lactation; Monensin; Parturition; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Propionates; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 31823108
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02160-1 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... 2017Allergic contact dermatitis commonly occurs on the face. Facial cleansing wipes may be an underrecognized source of allergens.
BACKGROUND
Allergic contact dermatitis commonly occurs on the face. Facial cleansing wipes may be an underrecognized source of allergens.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of potentially allergenic ingredients in facial wet wipes.
METHODS
Ingredient lists from name brand and generic facial wipes from 4 large retailers were analyzed.
RESULTS
In the 178 facial wipes examined, a total of 485 ingredients were identified (average, 16.7 ingredients per wipe). Excluding botanicals, the top 15 potentially allergenic ingredients were glycerin (64.0%), fragrance (63.5%), phenoxyethanol (53.9%), citric acid (51.1%), disodium EDTA (44.4%), sorbic acid derivatives (39.3%), tocopherol derivatives (38.8%), polyethylene glycol derivatives (32.6%), glyceryl stearate (31.5%), sodium citrate (29.8%), glucosides (27.5%), cetearyl alcohol (25.8%), propylene glycol (25.3%), sodium benzoate (24.2%), and ceteareth-20 (23.6%)/parabens (23.6%). Of note, methylisothiazolinone (2.2%) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (1.1%) were uncommon. The top potential allergens of botanical origin included Aloe barbadensis (41.0%), chamomile extracts (27.0%), tea extracts (21.3%), Cucumis sativus (20.2%), and Hamamelis virginiana (10.7%).
CONCLUSIONS
Many potential allergens are present in facial wet wipes, including fragrances, preservatives, botanicals, glucosides, and propylene glycol.
Topics: Allergens; Cosmetics; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Glucosides; Humans; Parabens; Patch Tests; Perfume; Plant Preparations; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 28338538
DOI: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000268 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Apr 2024In the 1940s and 1950s, researchers seeking safe and novel ways to eliminate airborne pathogens from enclosed spaces, investigated glycol vapours as a method of...
In the 1940s and 1950s, researchers seeking safe and novel ways to eliminate airborne pathogens from enclosed spaces, investigated glycol vapours as a method of disinfection. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for a non-toxic aerial disinfectant that can be used in the presence of people. This scoping review is intended to analyse the early and more recent literature on glycol disinfection, scrutinizing the methodologies used, and to determine if the use of glycols as modern-day disinfectants is justified PRISMA-ScR guidelines were used to assess the 749 articles retrieved from the Web of Science platform, with 46 articles retained after the search strategy was applied. Early studies generally demonstrated good disinfection capabilities against airborne bacteria and viruses, particularly with propylene glycol (PG) vapour. Vapour pressure, relative humidity, and glycol concentration were found to be important factors affecting the efficacy of glycol vapours. Contact times depended mainly on the glycol application method (i.e. aerosolization or liquid formulation), although information on how glycol efficacy is impacted by contact time is limited. Triethylene glycol (TEG) is deemed to have low toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity and is registered for use in air sanitization and deodorization by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Glycols are also used in liquid formulations for their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, although when used as a non-active excipient in products, their contribution to antimicrobial efficacy is rarely assessed. The appropriate use of liquid glycol-containing formulations was found to positively impact the antimicrobial capabilities of disinfectants when used at temperatures <0, food preservatives, and dental medicaments. Providing modern delivery technology can accurately control environmental conditions, the use of aerosolized glycol formulations should lead to successful disinfection, aiding infection prevention, and control regimens.
Topics: Humans; Pandemics; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Anti-Infective Agents; Propylene Glycol; Gases
PubMed: 38573833
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae071 -
Bioresource Technology Feb 2022Diols are important platform chemicals with extensive industrial applications in biopolymer synthesis, cosmetics, and fuels. The increased dependence on non-renewable... (Review)
Review
Diols are important platform chemicals with extensive industrial applications in biopolymer synthesis, cosmetics, and fuels. The increased dependence on non-renewable sources to meet the energy requirement of the population raised issues regarding fossil fuel depletion and environmental impacts. The utilization of biological methods for the synthesis of diols by utilizing renewable resources such as glycerol and agro-residual wastes gained attention worldwide because of its advantages. Among these, biotransformation of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) were extensively studied and at present, these diols are produced commercially in large scale with high yield. Many important isomers of C2-C4 diols lack natural synthetic pathways and development of chassis strains for the synthesis can be accomplished by adopting synthetic biology approaches. This current review depicts an overall idea about the pathways involved in C2-C4 diol production, metabolic intervention strategies and technologies in recent years.
Topics: Alcohols; Butylene Glycols; Glycerol; Metabolic Engineering; Propylene Glycol; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 34838635
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126410 -
Contact Dermatitis Aug 2023Propylene glycol (PG) is used in a variety of cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals. PG is a known sensitizer but also irritating when patch tested (PT).
BACKGROUND
Propylene glycol (PG) is used in a variety of cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals. PG is a known sensitizer but also irritating when patch tested (PT).
OBJECTIVES
The aims were to investigate the frequency of contact sensitization to PG and to identify cases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).
METHODS
A retrospective study was performed on patients PT at the Skin Health Institute (SHI), Victoria, Australia to PG 5% pet. and PG 10% aq. between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2020.
RESULTS
In all, 6761 patients were PT to PG and 21 (0.31%) reacted. Of those 21 individuals, 9 (42.9%) had a relevant reaction. 75% of relevant positive reactions were in patients PT to PG 10% aq. The most common source of PG exposure was topical medicaments (77.8% of relevant reactions) and moisturizers, with the largest group being topical corticosteroids.
CONCLUSION
Contact sensitization to PG in the patch test population remains uncommon, although it is possible that testing with concentrations of 5%-10% PG did not identify all reactions. Topical corticosteroids were the most important cause. Patients with suspected contact dermatitis to topical corticosteroids should be PT to PG.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Retrospective Studies; Propylene Glycol; Allergens; Patch Tests; Dermatologic Agents; Victoria; Glucocorticoids
PubMed: 37100088
DOI: 10.1111/cod.14325