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Journal of the Chinese Medical... Feb 2018Wound healing is an important physiological process to maintain the integrity of skin after trauma, either by accident or by intent procedure. The normal wound healing... (Review)
Review
Wound healing is an important physiological process to maintain the integrity of skin after trauma, either by accident or by intent procedure. The normal wound healing involves three successive but overlapping phases, including hemostasis/inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, and remodeling phase. Aberration of wound healing, such as excessive wound healing (hypertrophic scar and keloid) or chronic wound (ulcer) impairs the normal physical function. A large number of sophisticated experimental studies have provided insights into wound healing. This article highlights the information after 2010, and the main text includes (i) wound healing; (ii) wound healing in fetus and adult; (iii) prostaglandins and wound healing; (iv) the pathogenesis of excessive wound healing; (v) the epidemiology of excessive wound healing; (vi) in vitro and in vivo studies for excessive wound healing; (vii) stem cell therapy for excessive wound healing; and (viii) the prevention strategy for excessive wound healing.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Humans; MicroRNAs; Prostaglandin Antagonists; Prostaglandins; Stem Cell Transplantation; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Wound Healing
PubMed: 29169897
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcma.2017.11.002 -
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Apr 2020: Androgenetic alopecia is a common hair loss disorder affecting up to 80% of males by the age of 80. It is characterized by androgen related progressive thinning of... (Review)
Review
: Androgenetic alopecia is a common hair loss disorder affecting up to 80% of males by the age of 80. It is characterized by androgen related progressive thinning of hair in a defined pattern. It results in diminished self-esteem, reduced confidence and distress in affected men, irrespective of age or stage of baldness. An effective treatment for hair baldness is needed.: In androgenetic alopecia, hair follicles undergo progressive miniaturization. Genetic factors and androgens are key role-players in disease pathogenesis. Herein the authors review the pharmacologic treatment of androgenetic alopecia, which involves 5 alpha reductase inhibitors, minoxidil and prostaglandins. Non-pharmacologic approaches are also explored.: Androgenetic alopecia progresses over time and although the current available medical treatments like finasteride and minoxidil are effective in arresting the progression of the disease, they allow only partial regrowth of hair at its best. Early treatment achieves a more optimal outcome. Non-pharmacologic treatments like PRP can be considered in patients refractory to medical treatment. MPHL: male pattern hair loss; AGA: androgenetic alopecia; DHT: dihydrotestosterone; 5AR: 5-alpha-reductase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PG's: prostaglandins (PG's); PGD2R: prostaglandin D2 receptor; VPA: valproic aid; SR: Serenoa Repens; PRP: platelet-rich plasma; PDGF: platelet derived growth factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PKB: protein kinase B; LLLT: low-level laser therapy; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RCT: randomized control trial; SFRP1: secreted frizzled related protein 1; DP: dermal papilla; PDE5: phosphodiesterase 5.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Alopecia; Dry Needling; Finasteride; Hair; Humans; Low-Level Light Therapy; Male; Minoxidil; Prostaglandins; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32066284
DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1721463 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021Arachidonic acid (AA) is an essential fatty acid that is released by phospholipids in cell membranes and metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX), cytochrome P450 (CYP)... (Review)
Review
Arachidonic acid (AA) is an essential fatty acid that is released by phospholipids in cell membranes and metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX), cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and lipid oxygenase (LOX) pathways to regulate complex cardiovascular function under physiological and pathological conditions. Various AA metabolites include prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxanes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. The AA metabolites play important and differential roles in the modulation of vascular tone, and cardiovascular complications including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction upon actions to different receptors and vascular beds. This article reviews the roles of AA metabolism in cardiovascular health and disease as well as their potential therapeutic implication.
Topics: Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Prostaglandins
PubMed: 34769460
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112029 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2018Fever depends on a complex physiologic response to infectious agents and other conditions. To alleviate fever, many medicinal agents have been developed over a century... (Review)
Review
Fever depends on a complex physiologic response to infectious agents and other conditions. To alleviate fever, many medicinal agents have been developed over a century of trying to improve upon aspirin, which was determined to work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. We present the process of fever induction through prostaglandin synthesis and discuss the development of pharmaceuticals that target enzymes and receptors involved in prostaglandin-mediated signal transduction, including prostaglandin H synthase (also known as cyclooxygenase), phospholipase A, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, EP receptors, and transient potential cation channel subfamily V member 1. Clinical use of established antipyretics will be discussed as well as medicinal agents under clinical trials and future research.
Topics: Animals; Antipyretics; Fever; Humans; Pharmacology, Clinical; Prostaglandins; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30459046
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64074-1.00054-9 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Jun 2022Prostaglandin (PG) signaling regulates a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, including body temperature, cardiovascular homeostasis, reproduction,... (Review)
Review
Prostaglandin (PG) signaling regulates a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, including body temperature, cardiovascular homeostasis, reproduction, and inflammation. Recent studies have revealed that PGs play pivotal roles in embryo development, ciliogenesis, and organ formation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its receptor EP4 modulate ciliogenesis by increasing the anterograde intraflagellar transport. Many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including EP4 are localized in cilia for modulating cAMP signaling under various conditions. During development, PGE2 signaling regulates embryogenesis, hepatocyte differentiation, hematopoiesis, and kidney formation. Prostaglandins are also essential for skeletal muscle repair. This review outlines recent advances in understanding the functions and mechanisms of prostaglandin signaling in ciliogenesis, embryo development, and organ formation.
Topics: Cilia; Dinoprostone; Embryonic Development; Prostaglandins; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34927727
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30659 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology May 2023Glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only approach to prevent further optic nerve head... (Review)
Review
Glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only approach to prevent further optic nerve head damage. Pharmacotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for glaucoma patients. In recent years, a significant milestone in glaucoma treatment has been a transition to prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) as the first line of drugs. The rapid shift from traditional β-blockers to PGAs is primarily due to their excellent efficacy, convenient once-a-day usage, better diurnal control of IOP, and systemic safety profiles. This review article aims to provide information regarding the various PGAs in practice and also the newer promising drugs.
Topics: Humans; Bimatoprost; Cloprostenol; Travoprost; Latanoprost; Prostaglandins F, Synthetic; Ophthalmology; Antihypertensive Agents; Amides; Prostaglandins, Synthetic; Glaucoma; Intraocular Pressure
PubMed: 37203029
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_2706_22 -
Vestnik Oftalmologii 2022Prostaglandins are widely used in medicine as active physiological agents that form a new class of drugs for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, some forms of...
Prostaglandins are widely used in medicine as active physiological agents that form a new class of drugs for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, some forms of bronchial asthma, as well as in gynecology and ophthalmology. Development of aseptic inflammation is an example of intracellular process, in which the produced prostaglandins are able to and do cause vasodilatation, increased vascular permeability, pain and fever. These effects of prostaglandins and leukotrienes characterize the classic picture of inflammation, including the aseptic one. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can provide therapeutic effect via inhibition of prostaglandin secretion. Prostaglandins play a special role in glaucoma treatment. Prostaglandin analogues are powerful agents that decrease IOP by 20-40% with a unique mechanism of action. Prostaglandin analogues have a well-balanced safety profile, which is why they are considered as a first line of therapy. However, patients with inflammatory diseases in anamnesis, such as uveitis, herpes, keratitis, as well as patients with planned cataract extraction should be careful when using prostaglandin analogues.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cataract Extraction; Humans; Ophthalmology; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins, Synthetic
PubMed: 35234429
DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2022138011107 -
Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego,... 2023Cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes, i.e., COX-1 and COX-2, are encoded by separate genes and are involved in the generation of the same products, prostaglandin (PG)G and PGH...
Cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes, i.e., COX-1 and COX-2, are encoded by separate genes and are involved in the generation of the same products, prostaglandin (PG)G and PGH from arachidonic acid (AA) by the COX and peroxidase activities of the enzymes, respectively. PGH is then transformed into prostanoids in a tissue-dependent fashion due to the different expression of downstream synthases. Platelets present almost exclusively COX-1, which generates large amounts of thromboxane (TX)A, a proaggregatory and vasoconstrictor mediator. This prostanoid plays a central role in atherothrombosis, as shown by the benefit of the antiplatelet agent low-dose aspirin, a preferential inhibitor of platelet COX-1. Recent findings have shown the relevant role played by platelets and TXA in developing chronic inflammation associated with several diseases, including tissue fibrosis and cancer. COX-2 is induced in response to inflammatory and mitogenic stimuli to generate PGE and PGI (prostacyclin), in inflammatory cells. However, PGI is constitutively expressed in vascular cells in vivo and plays a crucial role in protecting the cardiovascular systems due to its antiplatelet and vasodilator effects. Here, platelets' role in regulating COX-2 expression in cells of the inflammatory microenvironment is described. Thus, the selective inhibition of platelet COX-1-dependent TXA by low-dose aspirin prevents COX-2 induction in stromal cells leading to antifibrotic and antitumor effects. The biosynthesis and functions of other prostanoids, such as PGD, and isoprostanes, are reported. In addition to aspirin, which inhibits platelet COX-1 activity, possible strategies to affect platelet functions by influencing platelet prostanoid receptors or synthases are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Cyclooxygenase 2; Prostaglandins; Aspirin; Thromboxane A2; Prostaglandin H2
PubMed: 37236757
DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.12.001 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Mar 2024Glaucoma is currently considered one of the leading causes of severe visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Topical medical therapy represents the treatment of... (Review)
Review
Glaucoma is currently considered one of the leading causes of severe visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Topical medical therapy represents the treatment of choice for many glaucoma patients. Introduction of latanoprost, 25 years ago, with an entirely new mechanism of action from that of the antiglaucoma drugs used up to that time was a very important milestone. Since then, due mainly to their efficacy, limited systemic side effects and once daily dosing, prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) have become as the first-choice treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma. PGAs are in general terms well tolerated, although they are associated with several mild to moderate ocular and periocular adverse events. Among them, conjunctival hyperemia, eyelash changes, eyelid pigmentation, iris pigmentation and hypertrichosis around the eyes are the most prevalent. The objective of this paper is to review the role of PGAs in the treatment of glaucoma over the 25 years since the launch of Latanoprost and their impact on clinical practice outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Latanoprost; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Prostaglandins F, Synthetic; Antihypertensive Agents; Glaucoma; Prostaglandins, Synthetic; Ocular Hypertension; Intraocular Pressure
PubMed: 37350260
DOI: 10.1111/aos.15725 -
Journal of Molecular and Cellular... Jun 2022Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. A chronic inflammatory response is a common pathological alteration in diverse cardiovascular diseases.... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. A chronic inflammatory response is a common pathological alteration in diverse cardiovascular diseases. Prostaglandin (PG) D, a key lipid mediator derived from arachidonic acid metabolism, promotes resolution of inflammation and regulated T cell function through its receptors. Accumulated evidence has shown that dysregulated PGD signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and myocardial ischemia. Here, we summarized the recent progresses on PGD in cardiovascular homeostasis and discussed potential therapeutic translation by targeting PGD signaling.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Prostaglandin D2; Prostaglandins; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Prostaglandin
PubMed: 35367459
DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.03.011