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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2018Prostate cancer still represents a major health problem for men worldwide. Due to the specific limitation of the currently used clinical biomarkers for prostate cancer,... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer still represents a major health problem for men worldwide. Due to the specific limitation of the currently used clinical biomarkers for prostate cancer, there is a need to identify new and more accurate prostate-specific biomarkers, both for diagnosis and prediction. Small noncoding species of RNAs called microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as possible biomarkers in cancer tissues as well as biological fluids, including for prostate cancer. Moreover, it has been shown that miRNAs could be used as therapeutic targets in different cancer types, including prostate cancer, playing an important role in improving diagnosis and prognosis; and miRNAs have the potential to be clinically useful as predictors of response to personalized cancer therapy and as predictors of prognosis. The analysis of miRNAs in prostate tissue is rather straightforward and has been routinely done on fresh tissue. In addition, due to the more stable nature of miRNAs, they are amenable to be analyzed in archived formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue as well, and also in serum, plasma and urine, using various analytical platforms including microarrays, next generation sequencing and real time PCR. Moreover, although the existence or prostasomes (microvesicles secreted by prostate cells including prostate cancer cells) has been known for years and they were studied as a source of biomarkers for prostate cancer, only recently it has been described that these vesicles also contain miRNAs that could be used as biomarkers in prostate cancer. This chapter underscores the feasibility of current technologies for miRNA analysis and their importance in prostate cancer biology. Moreover, elucidating the specific alteration of miRNA expression and how to modulate it in prostate tissue will open new avenues for developing therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer treatment.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Circulating MicroRNA; Disease Management; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Genetic Association Studies; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Precision Medicine; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA Interference
PubMed: 30178248
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8751-1_6 -
Nursing Standard (Royal College of... Aug 2022Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the UK. It is a disease with no specific preventable risk factors, no specific signs and symptoms, and a...
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the UK. It is a disease with no specific preventable risk factors, no specific signs and symptoms, and a significant health burden. This article explains the various treatment options available for patients with prostate cancer, with the aim of assisting nurses in supporting person-centred decision-making. It also discusses the risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, staging, grading and risk stratification of prostate cancer.
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35734933
DOI: 10.7748/ns.2022.e11819 -
Investigative and Clinical Urology Feb 2020The human gastrointestinal microbiome contains commensal bacteria and other microbiota that have been gaining increasing attention in the context of cancer development... (Review)
Review
The human gastrointestinal microbiome contains commensal bacteria and other microbiota that have been gaining increasing attention in the context of cancer development and response to treatment. Microbiota play a role in the maintenance of host barrier surfaces that contribute to both local inflammation and other systemic metabolic functions. In the context of prostate cancer, the gastrointestinal microbiome may play a role through metabolism of estrogen, an increase of which has been linked to the induction of prostatic neoplasia. Specific microbiota such as , , , , , and have been associated with differing risks of prostate cancer development or extensiveness of prostate cancer disease. In this Review, we discuss gastrointestinal microbiota's effects on prostate cancer development, the ability of the microbiome to regulate chemotherapy for prostate cancer treatment, and the importance of using Next Generation Sequencing to further discern the microbiome's systemic influence on prostate cancer.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 32055753
DOI: 10.4111/icu.2020.61.S1.S43 -
Nature Reviews. Urology Jul 2019Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men in the USA, but the effect of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment on men in a sexual... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men in the USA, but the effect of prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment on men in a sexual minority group, including men who have sex with men and transgender women, is poorly understood. Efforts to study this population are complicated, as cancer registries do not routinely collect information on sexual orientation. As a result, epidemiological data regarding this population have come from small studies that have included disparate rates of prostate cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment. Qualitative studies indicate that prostate cancer is experienced differently by sexual minorities, with distinct health-care needs that arise owing to differences in sexual practices, social support systems and relationships with the medical community. Notably, sexual minorities have been reported to experience poorer health-related quality of life outcomes than heterosexual men, and tend to have less robust social support systems, experience increased psychological distress caused by sexual dysfunction (areas of which are unmeasured after treatment), experience isolation within the health-care system and express increased levels of dissatisfaction with treatment. The incidence of prostate cancer actually seems to be decreased in men from sexual minorities living with HIV, despite there being no differences in screening and treatment, with poor cancer-specific mortality. Although the literature on patients with prostate cancer in men from sexual minority groups has historically been sparse, peer-reviewed research in this area has grown considerably during the past decade and has become an important field of study.
Topics: Forecasting; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Social Support
PubMed: 31101896
DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0194-2 -
American Society of Clinical Oncology... Apr 2022The American Cancer Society estimates approximately 268,490 new cases of prostate cancer and approximately 34,500 deaths caused by prostate cancer in the United States... (Review)
Review
The American Cancer Society estimates approximately 268,490 new cases of prostate cancer and approximately 34,500 deaths caused by prostate cancer in the United States for 2022. Globally, a total of 1,414,259 new cases of prostate cancer and 375,304 related deaths were reported in 2020. Well-documented health disparities and inequities exist along the continuum of care for prostate cancer management-from screening to diagnostic and staging work-up, surveillance, and treatment-ultimately impacting clinical outcomes. This session-based article discusses innovative patient-centered approaches to advance equitable prostate cancer care. It begins with a review of domestic health disparities in diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy for prostate cancer, and it summarizes barriers and solutions to achieving health equity, such as equity metrics and practice quality improvement projects. Next, a global perspective is provided that describes approaches to address financial and geographic barriers to prostate cancer care, including specific examples of strategies that emphasize the use of the cheapest method of care delivery while maintaining outcomes for drug delivery and radiotherapy.
Topics: Health Equity; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; United States
PubMed: 35671436
DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_350751 -
Nature Sep 2022
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Research Personnel
PubMed: 36104419
DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-02856-9 -
Clinical Imaging Apr 2022Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer related mortality in men. Prognosis is variable and dependent on...
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer related mortality in men. Prognosis is variable and dependent on several clinical and genetic factors, including BRCA gene mutations. Recent clinical studies have reported that BRCA-associated prostate cancer is a more aggressive subtype with a higher probability of nodal involvement and distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, but radiological findings have not been described. Accurate recognition of those tumors could help guide clinical management and prompt testing and counseling for BRCA mutations. We have recently encountered four patients with BRCA-associated prostate cancer who underwent multiparametric MRI. The MRI appearances of these tumors, which were generally locally advanced and aggressive in appearance, are presented to facilitate recognition of BRCA-associated prostate cancer and guide potential genetic testing and counseling.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mutation; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35217282
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2022.02.007 -
European Urology Dec 2023The European Association of Urology, together with consortium partners, has launched PRAISE-U (Prostate Cancer Awareness and Initiative for Screening in the European...
The European Association of Urology, together with consortium partners, has launched PRAISE-U (Prostate Cancer Awareness and Initiative for Screening in the European Union), a project involving 25 institutions across 12 countries that is funded under the EU4Health program. The aim is to reduce the morbidity and mortality of prostate cancer in EU member states via customized and risk-based screening programs.
Topics: Male; Humans; European Union; Prostatic Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Europe
PubMed: 37704541
DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.08.002 -
The Medical Clinics of North America Jul 2017More than any other cancer, prostate cancer screening with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests increases the risk a man will have to face a diagnosis of prostate... (Review)
Review
More than any other cancer, prostate cancer screening with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests increases the risk a man will have to face a diagnosis of prostate cancer. The best evidence from screening trials suggests a small but finite benefit from prostate cancer screening in terms of prostate cancer-specific mortality, about 1 fewer prostate cancer death per 1000 men screened over 10 years. The more serious harms of prostate cancer screening, such as erectile dysfunction and incontinence, result from cancer treatment with surgery or radiation, particularly for men whose PSA-detected cancers were never destined to cause morbidity or mortality.
Topics: Age Factors; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diet; Digital Rectal Examination; Early Detection of Cancer; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Life Style; Male; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prostatic Neoplasms; Racial Groups; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors; Watchful Waiting
PubMed: 28577627
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.03.009 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Jul 2022Although prostate adenocarcinoma lacks distinguishable histopathological subtypes, prostate cancer displays significant inter- and intratumor heterogeneity at the... (Review)
Review
Although prostate adenocarcinoma lacks distinguishable histopathological subtypes, prostate cancer displays significant inter- and intratumor heterogeneity at the molecular level and with respect to disease prognosis and treatment response. In principle, understanding the basis for prostate cancer heterogeneity can help distinguish aggressive from indolent disease, and help overcome castration-resistance in advanced prostate cancer. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding the cell types of origin, putative cancer stem cells, and tumor plasticity in prostate cancer, focusing on insights from studies of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). We will also outline future directions for investigating tumor heterogeneity using mouse models of prostate cancer.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Male; Mice; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 34147640
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.016