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Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae... Sep 2021Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), characterized by chronic pain in the perineum or lower abdomen regions, is a frequent disorder in men.... (Review)
Review
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), characterized by chronic pain in the perineum or lower abdomen regions, is a frequent disorder in men. Previous studies demonstrated that the immune mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and immunoglobulins, are elevated in the expressed prostate secretions and seminal fluid of CP/CPPS men. The memory T, T helper 1 (Th1), Th17, and Th22 cells increase in the peripheral blood of CP/CPPS men. Additionally, prostate antigens specific-autoreactive T cells are identified in CP/CPPS patients. After generally reviewing and comparing the inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases and CP/CPPS, we presumed that CP/CPPS is more likely to be defined as an autoimmune disease. Thus, a better understanding of autoimmune diseases would contribute to a deeper understanding of the CP/CPPS and provide new inspirations for the treatment of this disease.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Chronic Disease; Chronic Pain; Humans; Male; Pelvic Pain; Prostatitis
PubMed: 34523016
DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00628-3 -
Expert Review of Proteomics Jul 2018Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of death in the male population worldwide. Various clinical samples such as urine, blood serum, and prostatic fluid... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of death in the male population worldwide. Various clinical samples such as urine, blood serum, and prostatic fluid have been commonly used for the identification of PCa-associated molecular changes. Tissue, the site of oncogenesis, is increasingly gaining more attention as a study material for studies aimed at the discovery of biomarkers for predicting the disease outcome and therapeutic targets. Areas covered: This review is the output of a systematic literature search on PubMed to retrieve articles relevant to the proteomic analysis of tissues for the study of PCa. Studies performed during the last 10 years using human tissues are summarized. Expert commentary: Multiple proteomics studies were performed in the past 10 years focusing on PCa initial diagnosis and staging. Even though some reproducible findings have been reported, many studies lacked adequate validation of findings and relied on relatively lower-resolution proteomics techniques compared to the current state of the art. Incorporation of high-resolution proteomics techniques, including investigations of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), is expected in the near future to complement other -omics and enhance current efforts toward the molecular subtyping of PCa for patient stratification.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteomics
PubMed: 29939814
DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1491796 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Apr 2016New biomarkers are needed to improve the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Similarly to healthy cells, prostate epithelial cancer cells produce extracellular vesicles... (Review)
Review
New biomarkers are needed to improve the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Similarly to healthy cells, prostate epithelial cancer cells produce extracellular vesicles (prostasomes) that can be isolated from seminal fluid, urine, and blood. Prostasomes contain ubiquitously expressed and prostate-specific membrane and cytosolic proteins, as well as RNA. Both quantitative and qualitative changes in protein, mRNA, long noncoding RNA, and microRNA composition of extracellular vesicles isolated from prostate cancer patients have been reported. In general, however, the identified extracellular vesicle-associated single-marker molecules or combinations of marker molecules require confirmation in large cohorts of patients to validate their specificity and sensitivity as prostate cancer markers. Complications include variable factors such as prostate manipulation and urine flux, as well as masking by ubiquitously expressed free molecules and extracellular vesicles from tissues other than the prostate. Herein, we propose that the most promising methods include comprehensive combinational screening for (mutant) RNA in prostasomes that are immunoisolated with antibodies targeting prostate-specific epitopes.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Neoplasm Proteins; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Neoplasm
PubMed: 27035806
DOI: 10.1172/JCI81128 -
Frontiers in Chemistry 2021Expressed prostatic secretions (EPS), also called post digital rectal exam urines, are proximal fluids of the prostate that are widely used for diagnostic and prognostic...
Expressed prostatic secretions (EPS), also called post digital rectal exam urines, are proximal fluids of the prostate that are widely used for diagnostic and prognostic assays for prostate cancer. These fluids contain an abundant number of glycoproteins and extracellular vesicles secreted by the prostate gland, and the ability to detect changes in their N-glycans composition as a reflection of disease state represents potential new biomarker candidates. Methods to characterize these N-glycan constituents directly from clinical samples in a timely manner and with minimal sample processing requirements are not currently available. In this report, an approach is described to directly profile the N-glycan constituents of EPS urine samples, prostatic fluids and urine using imaging mass spectrometry for detection. An amine reactive slide is used to immobilize glycoproteins from a few microliters of spotted samples, followed by peptide N-glycosidase digestion. Over 100 N-glycan compositions can be detected with this method, and it works with urine, urine EPS, prostatic fluids, and urine EPS-derived extracellular vesicles. A comparison of the N-glycans detected from the fluids with tissue N-glycans from prostate cancer tissues was done, indicating a subset of N-glycans present in fluids derived from the gland lumens. The developed N-glycan profiling is amenable to analysis of larger clinical cohorts and adaptable to other biofluids.
PubMed: 34646811
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.734280 -
Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound : the... Apr 2024Canine prostatic carcinoma (PC) has incompletely defined CT features. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective case series was to assess prostatic, regional, and...
Canine prostatic carcinoma (PC) has incompletely defined CT features. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective case series was to assess prostatic, regional, and distant findings of PC. Thirty dogs were enrolled. Consistent prostatic features included postcontrast heterogeneity with hypoattenuating, nonenhancing areas (30/30), capsular distortion (29/30), prostatic urethral effacement, displacement, or invasion (28/30), precontrast heterogeneity (27/30), and mineralization (24/30) which was always within or at the margin of the hypoattenuating areas. Consistent extraprostatic features included medial iliac lymph node enlargement (20/30), internal iliac lymph node enlargement (15/30), and periprostatic fat streaking or fluid (15/29). In a minority of dogs, there was lymph node mineralization, bladder trigone invasion, ureteral dilation, ductus deferens invasion, and bony changes consistent with hypertrophic osteopathy. Strongly suspected and potential bony metastases were noted infrequently (8/26), all in vertebrae regional to the prostate. In conclusion, these findings provide guidance on the expected CT features of canine PC.
PubMed: 38687009
DOI: 10.1111/vru.13375 -
Archivos Espanoles de Urologia Sep 2018Prostate cancer is the most frequent neoplasia diagnosed in males. Treatment of metastatic prostate cancer is based on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) up to its... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Prostate cancer is the most frequent neoplasia diagnosed in males. Treatment of metastatic prostate cancer is based on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) up to its change to the castration resistance state. Recently, new molecules have been developed that significantly increase survival and quality of life of these patients. Abiraterone acetate in combination with prednisone is the first oral hormone therapy that contributed to this change in the approach of the disease.
METHODS
Systematic bibliographic review about abiraterone in the treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CPRC), with data on efficacy, safety and quality of life.
RESULTS
Treatment with abiraterone and prednisone has demonstrated a significant increase in overall survival (OS 34.7 vs 30.3 months) and radiologic progression free survival (RPFS 16.5 months vs 8.3 months) in comparison to placebo and prednisone in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCPRC). It also demonstrated an increase in OS and RPFS compared to placebo plus prednisone in mCPRC patients after at least one cytotoxic chemotherapy based treatment (OS 15.8 vs 11.2 months; RPFS 5.6 vs 3.6 months). Side effects related to abiraterone therapy are mainly related with mineral corticoid excess (Hypertension, hypokalemia, fluid retention) and, to a lesser extent, transaminase alterations or cardiovascular effects. Perceived quality of life results show a benefit in the abiraterone treatment group.
CONCLUSIONS
Abiraterone acetate is a new hormonal treatment for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer both before and after chemotherapy. The results of the available studies demonstrate a significant improvement in terms of efficacy, with a tolerability profile generally acceptable, predictable and manageable, and an improvement in patient's perceived quality of life.
Topics: Androstenes; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
PubMed: 30319125
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Basic and Clinical... Nov 2023Systemic absorption of the irrigating fluid used to flush the operating site is a potentially serious complication in several types of endoscopic operations. To increase...
OBJECTIVES
Systemic absorption of the irrigating fluid used to flush the operating site is a potentially serious complication in several types of endoscopic operations. To increase safety, many surgeons have changed from a monopolar to a bipolar resection technique because 0.9% saline can then be used instead of electrolyte-free fluid for irrigation. The present study examines whether the tendency for excessive plasma volume expansion is greater with saline than with electrolyte-free fluid.
METHODS
Pooled data were analyzed from four studies in which a mean of 1.25 L of either 0.9% saline or an electrolyte-free irrigating fluid containing glycine, mannitol, and sorbitol was given by intravenous infusion on 80 occasions to male volunteers and patients scheduled for transurethral prostatic surgery. The distribution of the infused fluid was analyzed with a population volume kinetic model based on frequently measured hemodilution and the urinary excretion.
RESULTS
Electrolyte-free fluid distributed almost twice as fast and was excreted four times faster than 0.9% saline. The distribution half-life was 6.5 and 10.6 min for the electrolyte-free fluid and saline, respectively, and the elimination half-lives (by urinary excretion) from the plasma volume were 21 and 87 min. Simulation showed that the plasma volume expansion was twice as great from 0.9% saline than from electrolyte-free fluid.
CONCLUSIONS
Isotonic (0.9%) saline expands the plasma volume by twice as much as occurs with electrolyte-free irrigating fluids. This difference might explain why signs of cardiovascular overload are the most commonly observed adverse effects when saline is absorbed during endoscopic surgery.
PubMed: 34563101
DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0032 -
Medicina 2022Bleeding is the most common complication after a prostate biopsy, commonly self-limited. We describe a case of a patient who developed a hemoperitoneum after a...
Bleeding is the most common complication after a prostate biopsy, commonly self-limited. We describe a case of a patient who developed a hemoperitoneum after a transperineal prostate biopsy. A 65-year-old man with a history of prostate cancer diagnosed in 2016 by transurethral resection, with no further urologic control until 2020 when a rise in the serum prostate-specific antigen was diagnosed: 4.49 ng/ml. Prostate digital rectal examination had no pathologic findings. Magnetic resonance imaging informed anequivocal lesion. A target transperineal fusion biopsy was performed, guided by ultrasound (US). Pre-surgical blood tests, including coagulogram, were normal. No immediate postoperative complications were recorded, and the patient was discharged. Hours later, he returned after a head concussion due to orthostatic hypotension and diffuse abdominal pain. Blood test showed a drop in hematocrit and hemoglobin values. Abdominal US and abdominopelvic computed tomography scan showed free intraperitoneal fluid and intraperitoneal hematic collection on top of the bladder of 104 × 86 mm with no active bleeding. The patient was admitted to intensive care unit due to persistent hypotension despite fluid restoration. He received a single-unit blood transfusion and had a good response to vasopressors. Abdominal pain decreased. He was finally discharged with stable hematocrit 48hours after admission. Clinical management with no surgery or radiologic angio-embolization was required. We found no clear origin of the intraperitoneal bleeding, but we hypothesize that maybe the previous transurethral resection of the prostate made anatomical changes that facilitated blood passage to the abdominal cavity after puncture of branches from the inferior vesical artery.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Aged; Hemoperitoneum; Humans; Image-Guided Biopsy; Male; Prostate; Transurethral Resection of Prostate; Ultrasonography, Interventional
PubMed: 35639070
DOI: No ID Found -
Translational Andrology and Urology May 2021The latest research has shown that exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication and are closely related to the occurrence of many chronic inflammatory...
BACKGROUND
The latest research has shown that exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication and are closely related to the occurrence of many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, no studies have clarified whether exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of aseptic inflammation, type IIIA chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS-A). This study aimed to explore the relationship between prostatic fluid exosomes and CP/CPPS-A and reveal new pathogenesis.
METHODS
Our group collected prostatic fluid samples from CP/CPPS-A patients and normal adult men. Electron microscope, quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western Blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis, hematoxylin-and-eosin (HE) staining, immunofluorescence staining and miRNA-155 functional analysis were used to verify the role of exosomes in CP/CPPS-A and .
RESULTS
Exosomes were abundantly enriched in the prostatic fluid of CP/CPPS-A patients and selectively overloaded with microRNA-155 (). These exosomes were taken up by prostatic stromal cells in large quantities. They activated interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression , and the integrity of the exosomes' plasma membrane is a necessary condition for information transmission by exosomes. In experiments, histological results showed that prostatic fluid exosomes induced prostatitis in rats. Also, immunofluorescence staining showed excessive activation of IL-8, TNF-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).
CONCLUSIONS
Exosomes in the prostatic fluid and the contained therein were may be involved with the pathogenesis of CP/CPPS-A.
PubMed: 34159078
DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-139 -
Proteomic discovery of non-invasive biomarkers of localized prostate cancer using mass spectrometry.Nature Reviews. Urology Dec 2021Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer in men worldwide. Patient outcomes are remarkably heterogeneous and the best existing clinical... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer in men worldwide. Patient outcomes are remarkably heterogeneous and the best existing clinical prognostic tools such as International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group, pretreatment serum PSA concentration and T-category, do not accurately predict disease outcome for individual patients. Thus, patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer are often overtreated or undertreated, reducing quality of life and increasing disease-specific mortality. Biomarkers that can improve the risk stratification of these patients are, therefore, urgently needed. The ideal biomarker in this setting will be non-invasive and affordable, enabling longitudinal evaluation of disease status. Prostatic secretions, urine and blood can be sources of biomarker discovery, validation and clinical implementation, and mass spectrometry can be used to detect and quantify proteins in these fluids. Protein biomarkers currently in use for diagnosis, prognosis and relapse-monitoring of localized prostate cancer in fluids remain centred around PSA and its variants, and opportunities exist for clinically validating novel and complimentary candidate protein biomarkers and deploying them into the clinic.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteomics; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 34453155
DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00500-1