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Urologia Internationalis 2021The role of Ureaplasma spp. (UPs) in the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis is debated. The lithogenic potential of UPs could be a risk factor for the development of...
INTRODUCTION
The role of Ureaplasma spp. (UPs) in the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis is debated. The lithogenic potential of UPs could be a risk factor for the development of chronic prostatitis.
METHODS
A total of 143 patients with identification of UPs were retrospectively selected from a database including patients with prostatitis-like symptoms who were studied according to the same protocol including clinical, microbiological and microscopic evaluation, and transrectal prostate ultrasound. A control group of patients with negative UPs was considered including 393 with chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP), 42 patients with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and 781 patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. UPs and Mycoplasma hominis (MH) were identified using a semiquantitative assay.
RESULTS
Calcifications were observed more frequently in patients with UPs (64%) than in patients with CBP without UPs (39%), CT infection (37%), and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (29%) (p < 0.0001). UPs were isolated in VB1 alone in 35 patients (urethral UPs), in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) or post-massage urine (VB3) or sperm in 77 patients (prostatic UPs) and associated with other pathogens in 31 patients (associated UPs). Calcifications were more frequent in prostatic UPs (71%) and associated UPs (73%) than in urethral UPs (34%). Mean NIH-CPSI scores were not significantly different between groups, although mean WBC counts of sperm of patients with urethral UPs were significantly lower than in patients with prostatic UPs (p = 0.000) and associated UPs (p = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
UPs identification in the urogenital fluids is related to higher rates of prostate calcifications. The ability of UPs to promote the formation of calcifications could be related to the chronicization of prostate infection. In particular, the presence of UPs in VB3/EPS/sperm is associated with higher rates of calcifications and high WBC sperm counts, suggesting a partial or full causative role of UPs in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Topics: Adult; Calcinosis; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatitis; Retrospective Studies; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections; Urethra
PubMed: 33264795
DOI: 10.1159/000511653 -
Journal of Forensic Sciences May 2021Serological screening of sexual assault evidence has traditionally focused on enzyme activity and immunochromatographic assays that provide only a presumptive indication...
Serological screening of sexual assault evidence has traditionally focused on enzyme activity and immunochromatographic assays that provide only a presumptive indication of seminal fluid and have limited sensitivity relative to DNA testing. Seminal fluid detection based on protein mass spectrometry represents a "Next Gen" serological technology that overcomes the specificity and sensitivity limitations of traditional serological screening but requires time-consuming sample preparation protocols. This paper describes a novel "peptidomics" approach to seminal fluid detection that eliminates the need for lengthy trypsin digestion. This streamlines sample preparation to a one-step process followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify naturally occurring seminal fluid peptides and low-molecular weight proteins. Multiple protein biomarkers of seminal fluid were consistently and confidently identified based on the multiplexed detection of numerous endogenous peptides. These included Semenogelin I and II (90% and 86% sequence coverage, respectively); Prostate Specific Antigen/p30 (29% sequence coverage); and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (24% sequence coverage). The performance of this streamlined peptidomics approach to seminal fluid identification in a forensic context was also assessed using simulated casework samples of the type typically collected as part of a sexual assault examination (e.g., oral and vaginal swabs stained with semen). The resulting data demonstrate that sub-microliter quantities of seminal fluid on cotton swabs can be recovered and reliably detected. This supports the forensic applicability of a peptidomic assay for seminal fluid identification with same-day sample preparation and analysis. Future development and streamlined multiplex peptidomic assays for additional biological stains can easily be envisaged.
Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Semen; Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 33289932
DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14646 -
International Journal of Urology :... Dec 2022Prostate cancer is the most prevalent male cancer in Western Europe and North America. Although new drugs were recently approved, clinical challenges such as accurately... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent male cancer in Western Europe and North America. Although new drugs were recently approved, clinical challenges such as accurately predicting and screening drug-resistant prostate cancer remain. microRNAs are short noncoding RNA molecules that participate in gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level by targeting messenger RNAs. There is accumulating evidence that intracellular microRNAs play important roles as promoters or inhibitors of prostate cancer progression. Additionally, recent studies showed that microRNAs are encapsulated in extracellular vesicles and shuttled into the extracellular space. Transfer of extracellular microRNAs contributes to intercellular communication between prostate cancer cells and components of the tumor microenvironment, which can promote prostate cancer progression. Furthermore, due to their encapsulation in extracellular vesicles, extracellular microRNAs can be stably present in body fluids which contain high levels of RNase. Thus, circulating microRNAs have great potential as noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. Here, we summarize the roles of intracellular and extracellular microRNAs in prostate cancer progression and discuss the potential of microRNA-based therapeutics as a novel treatment strategy for prostate cancer.
Topics: Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Extracellular Vesicles; Prostatic Neoplasms; Cell Communication; Tumor Microenvironment; Biomarkers, Tumor
PubMed: 36122303
DOI: 10.1111/iju.15043 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Oct 2017Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest malignancy in the male population worldwide. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is the most important biomarker for the... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest malignancy in the male population worldwide. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is the most important biomarker for the detection, follow-up and therapeutic monitoring of PCa. Defects in PSA specificity have elicited research for new biomarkers to improve early diagnosis and avoid false-positive results. This review evaluates urinary RNA-based biomarkers. Urine is a versatile body fluid for non-invasive biomarker detection in case of urological malignancies. The importance of RNA-based biomarkers has been demonstrated by the current use of PCA3, a long non coding RNA biomarker already approved by the Food and Drugs Administration. Through the years, other urinary RNA biomarkers have been evaluated, including the well-known TMPRSS2:ERG transcript, as well as many messenger RNAs, long non coding RNAs and micro-RNA. Validation of a specific urinary RNA-based marker or an algorithm of different biomarkers levels as diagnostic markers for PCa could be useful to avoid unnecessary prostate biopsies.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; RNA
PubMed: 28807541
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.009 -
Current Cancer Drug Targets 2018Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer in men worldwide, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. Depending on the grade and stage of the... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer in men worldwide, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity. Depending on the grade and stage of the cancer, patients may be given radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy. However, more than half of these patients develop resistance to treatment, leading to disease progression and metastases, often with lethal consequences. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs, which regulate numerous physiological as well as pathological processes, including cancer. miRNAs mediate their regulatory effect predominately by binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of their target mRNAs. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms by which miRNAs mediate resistance to radiation and drug therapy (i.e. hormone therapy and chemotherapy) in PCa, including control of apoptosis, cell growth and proliferation, autophagy, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and metastasis, and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Furthermore, we will discuss the utility of circulating miRNAs isolated from different body fluids of prostate cancer patients as non-invasive biomarkers of cancer detection, disease progression, and therapy response. Finally, we will shortlist the candidate miRNAs, which may have a role in drug and radioresistance, that could potentially be used as predictive biomarkers of treatment response.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Biomarkers, Tumor; Body Fluids; Disease Progression; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Humans; Male; Mice; MicroRNAs; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
PubMed: 29644941
DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180315160125 -
Clinical Genitourinary Cancer Oct 2023While abiraterone acetate (AA) has demonstrated survival benefit in advanced prostate cancer (APC), meaningful cardiotoxicity is observed. It is unclear whether the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Association between RCT methodology and disease indication with mineralocorticoid-related toxicity for patients receiving abiraterone acetate for advanced prostate cancer: A meta-analysis of RCTs.
INTRODUCTION
While abiraterone acetate (AA) has demonstrated survival benefit in advanced prostate cancer (APC), meaningful cardiotoxicity is observed. It is unclear whether the magnitude differs based on disease indication and concurrent steroid administration.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase II/III RCTs of AA in APC published as of August 11, 2020. Primary outcomes examined were all- and high-grade (grade ≥ 3) hypokalemia and fluid retention, and secondary outcomes included hypertension and cardiac events. We performed random effects meta-analysis comparing intervention (AA + steroid) and control (placebo ± steroid), stratified by treatment indication and whether patients received steroids.
RESULTS
Among 2,739 abstracts, we included 6 relevant studies encompassing 5901 patients. Hypokalemia and fluid retention were observed more frequently among patients receiving AA (odds ratio [OR] 3.10 [95% CI 1.69-5.67] and 1.41 [95% CI 1.19-1.66]). This was modified by whether patients in the control received steroids: trials where control patients did not demonstrated a larger association between AA and hypokalemia (OR 6.88 [95% CI 1.48-2.36] versus OR 1.86 [95% CI 4.97-9.54], P < .0001) and hypertension (OR 2.53 [95% CI 1.91-3.36] vs. OR 1.55 [95% CI 1.17-2.04], P = .1) than those where steroids were administered. We observed heterogeneity due to indication: there were greater effects on hypokalemia (P < 0001), hypertension (P = .03), and cardiac disorders (P = .01) among patients treated for mHSPC than mCRPC.
CONCLUSIONS
The magnitude of cardiotoxicity with AA differs based on trial design and disease indication. These data are valuable in treatment decisions and highlight utilization of appropriate data for counseling.
Topics: Male; Humans; Abiraterone Acetate; Mineralocorticoids; Prednisone; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant; Hypokalemia; Cardiotoxicity; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Hypertension; Treatment Outcome; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37236862
DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2023.04.007 -
Clinical Chemistry Oct 2016Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Theranostics, a combination of diagnostics and therapeutics, is an emerging concept in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Theranostics, a combination of diagnostics and therapeutics, is an emerging concept in the field of precision medicine, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are predictive pioneers in this area.
CONTENT
miRNAs are small endogenous noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by targeting messenger RNAs. More than 60% of all protein coding genes are controlled by miRNAs, which makes them powerful regulators of the different cellular processes involved in the pathogenesis of various types of cancer, including prostate cancer. Growing evidence indicates the differential expression of miRNAs in tumor tissues. In addition, miRNAs in body fluids, known as circulating miRNAs, are present in remarkably stable forms and their alteration in prostate cancer has been well documented. Circulating miRNAs are known to originate from tumor tissues, thereby enabling intercellular communication via carriers to promote tumorigenesis and malignancy. In addition, fueled by recent advances, the use of miRNA-based anticancer therapies has been proposed with the onset of early phase clinical trials to assess the therapeutic efficacy of miRNAs.
SUMMARY
In this review, we summarize the theranostic utility of miRNAs and outline their diagnostic and prognostic potential in prostate cancer. In addition, we discuss the current detection methodologies and emerging innovative strategies for the detection of miRNAs in body fluids and tumor tissues in the clinical setting. We also provide insight into the current and future therapeutic potential of miRNAs in prostate cancer.
Topics: Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Precision Medicine; Prostatic Neoplasms; Theranostic Nanomedicine
PubMed: 27540032
DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.242800 -
Journal of Smooth Muscle Research =... 2017The prostate is a gland whose secretions contribute to the seminal fluids ejaculated upon activation of autonomic sympathetic nerves. In elder males, the prostate... (Review)
Review
The prostate is a gland whose secretions contribute to the seminal fluids ejaculated upon activation of autonomic sympathetic nerves. In elder males, the prostate undergoes an increase in stroma mass and myogenic tone, leading to benign prostatic hyperplasia that occludes the proximal urethra and the presentation of various lower urinary tract symptoms that decrease their quality of life. This review summarises the role of prostatic interstitial cells (PICs) in the generation of the spontaneous tone in the prostate. It presents current knowledge of the role of Ca plays in PIC pacemaking, as well as the mechanisms by which this spontaneous activity triggers slow wave generation and stromal contraction. PICs display a small T-type Ca current (I) and a large L-type Ca current (I). In contrast to other interstitial cells in the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, spontaneous Ca signalling in PICs is uniquely dependent on Ca influx through I channels. A model of prostatic pacemaking is presented describing how I can be triggered by an initial membrane depolarization evoked upon the selective opening of Ca-activated Cl channels by Ca flowing only through I channels. The resulting current flow through I results in release of Ca from internal stores and the summation of Cl-selective spontaneous transient depolarizations (STDs) to form pacemaker potentials that propagate passively into the prostatic stroma to evoke regenerative action potentials and excitation-contraction coupling.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Biological Clocks; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Calcium Signaling; Chloride Channels; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Gerbillinae; Guinea Pigs; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Ion Channels; Male; Mice; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rats; Sympathetic Nervous System; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 28652517
DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.53.57 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2014Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm and the third most common cause of cancer-related death amongst men in the Western world. PC is a clinically... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm and the third most common cause of cancer-related death amongst men in the Western world. PC is a clinically highly heterogeneous disease, and distinction between aggressive and indolent disease is a major challenge for the management of PC. Currently, no biomarkers or prognostic tools are able to accurately predict tumor progression at the time of diagnosis. Thus, improved biomarkers for PC prognosis are urgently needed. This review focuses on the prognostic potential of DNA methylation biomarkers for PC. Epigenetic changes are hallmarks of PC and associated with malignant initiation as well as tumor progression. Moreover, DNA methylation is the most frequently studied epigenetic alteration in PC, and the prognostic potential of DNA methylation markers for PC has been demonstrated in multiple studies. The most promising methylation marker candidates identified so far include PITX2, C1orf114 (CCDC181) and the GABRE~miR-452~miR-224 locus, in addition to the three-gene signature AOX1/C1orf114/HAPLN3. Several other biomarker candidates have also been investigated, but with less stringent clinical validation and/or conflicting evidence regarding their possible prognostic value available at this time. Here, we review the current evidence for the prognostic potential of DNA methylation markers in PC.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Biomarkers; Body Fluids; DNA Methylation; DNA, Neoplasm; Early Detection of Cancer; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; MicroRNAs; Microtubule Proteins; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Proteins; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteins; RNA, Neoplasm
PubMed: 25238417
DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916544 -
American Journal of Translational... 2021To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of Xialiqi capsules in rats with nonbacterial prostatitis.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of Xialiqi capsules in rats with nonbacterial prostatitis.
METHODS
A total of 90 healthy male SD rats, weighing 200-220 g, were randomly divided into a blank control group (BCG, n=30), a model group (MG, n=30), and an intervention group (IG, n=30). After establishing the model of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, IG was treated with 50 mg/kg Xialiqi capsules via gavage. The three groups received the same dose of saline via gavage for 7 consecutive days. The differences in leukocytes, phospholipid vesicle density, number of colonies, prostate mass, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), degree of inflammatory cell infiltration in the prostate fluid, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, CD3+, CD8+ levels after intervention were compared in the three groups.
RESULTS
Compared with the BCG, the number of leukocytes and colonies in the prostate fluid of the MG was elevated, and the density of lipid vesicles was decreased, and the number of leukocytes and colonies in the prostate fluid of the MG significantly decreased and the density of lipid vesicles rebounded after the intervention of Xialiqi capsules (>0.05). Compared with the BCG, the prostate mass, ADC and the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration were elevated in the MG. There was a significant reversion of the above indices after the intervention of Xialiqi capsules (<0.05). The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in the MG were significantly higher than those in the IG, and the levels in the IG were higher than that in the BCG (<0.05). The serum levels of CD3+ and CD8+ in the MG were significantly lower than those in the IG, and the levels in the IG were lower than that in the BCG (<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Xialiqi capsules have a good intervention effect on nonbacterial prostatitis, which can significantly alleviate the immune status and reduce the level of cytokines in the serum and tissues of rats.
PubMed: 34540040
DOI: No ID Found