-
Physiological Reports Jul 2023The World Health Organization stated that 1.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by contact with chemicals and toxins in 2019. In the same year, the Centers for... (Review)
Review
The World Health Organization stated that 1.6 million deaths worldwide were caused by contact with chemicals and toxins in 2019. In the same year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated that natural toxins caused 3960 deaths. Myrtus communis, also known as common Myrtle, is a flowering plant native to the Mediterranean region. Myrtle has been traditionally used to treat diarrhea, inflammation, bleeding, headache, pulmonary and skin diseases. This review was performed to assess Myrtle's protective and therapeutic efficacy against various chemical, natural, and radiational noxious. Multiple databases such as PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus were investigated without publication time limitation. Recent studies have demonstrated its potential as a protective agent against both natural and chemical toxins. One of Myrtle's most significant protective properties is its high antioxidant content. Studies have shown that the antioxidant properties of Myrtle can protect against harmful substances such as heavy metals, pesticides, and other environmental toxins. Additionally, Myrtle has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce the damage caused by long-term exposure to toxins. The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of Myrtle have also proven effective in alleviating gastrointestinal conditions such as gastric ulcers.
Topics: Antioxidants; Myrtus; Plant Extracts; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 37464095
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15770 -
Critical Care Medicine Jun 2022
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Protective Agents; Sepsis
PubMed: 35612442
DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005480 -
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju Dec 2016Ectoine is a compatible water molecule-binding solute (osmoprotectant) produced by several bacterial species in response to osmotic stress and unfavourable environmental... (Review)
Review
Ectoine is a compatible water molecule-binding solute (osmoprotectant) produced by several bacterial species in response to osmotic stress and unfavourable environmental conditions. This amino acid derivative can accumulate inside cells at high concentrations without interfering with natural processes and can protect the cell against radiation or osmotic stress. This brief review presents the current state of knowledge about the effects of ectoine on animals and focuses on its practical use for enzyme stabilisation, human skin protection, anti-inflammatory treatment, inhibitory effects in neurodegenerative diseases, and other therapeutic potential in human or veterinary medicine.
Topics: Amino Acids, Diamino; Animals; Cell Membrane; Humans; Osmotic Pressure; Protective Agents; Radiation Injuries
PubMed: 28033102
DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2837 -
Pharmacological Research Mar 2019Bakuchiol (BAK), [(1E,3S)-3-ethenyl-3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-1-yl]phenol is a prenylated phenolic monoterpene extracted from the fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., which... (Review)
Review
Bakuchiol (BAK), [(1E,3S)-3-ethenyl-3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-1-yl]phenol is a prenylated phenolic monoterpene extracted from the fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., which belongs to the Leguminosae plant family. Previous research has shown that BAK exerts a variety of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiaging and estrogen-like effects. In addition, recent studies have indicated that BAK exerts protective effects in the heart, liver, skin and other organs. BAK treatment protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury through modulating cardioprotective pathways. BAK also inhibits liver fibrosis via promoting myofibroblast apoptosis and relieves the hepatotoxicity of multiple toxicants by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory changes. BAK inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cells, including stomach, breast and skin cancer cells, thereby exerting anticancer effects. Further, BAK effectively slows skin aging by preserving skin collagen. BAK treatment can protect against bone loss and delay osteoporosis by exerting estrogen-like effects. In addition, BAK remarkably reduces blood glucose and triglycerides and might be a potential pharmacological agent that can be used to protect against pancreatic beta-cell damage and diabetes progression. In this review, the pharmacological mechanisms and protective effects of BAK in human diseases are discussed, with a focus on the protective effects of BAK in the heart, liver and other important organs.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus; Heart; Humans; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Neoplasms; Osteoporosis; Phenols; Protective Agents
PubMed: 30610961
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.001 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Aug 2023Di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is used as an important plasticizer in a wide range of products such as paints, food packaging, medical devices and children's toys. In... (Review)
Review
Di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is used as an important plasticizer in a wide range of products such as paints, food packaging, medical devices and children's toys. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the toxic effects of DEHP on the male reproductive organs, the testicles. Here, we reviewed the basic pathways of testicular damage caused by DEHP. The mechanism involves oxidative stress, ferroptosis, interfering with hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) and testosterone level. We summarized the protective agents that have been shown to be effective in repairing this type of testicular damage in recent years. This provides a new perspective and direction for future research into the health effects and molecular mechanisms of DEHP.
Topics: Child; Male; Humans; Diethylhexyl Phthalate; Testis; Phthalic Acids; Testicular Diseases; Protective Agents
PubMed: 37257576
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110575 -
Medicinal Research Reviews Mar 2016Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a deubiquitination enzyme involved in the regulation of different cellular processes including inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. The function... (Review)
Review
Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a deubiquitination enzyme involved in the regulation of different cellular processes including inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. The function of CYLD is via deubiquitination of specific substrates in different signaling pathways including NF-κB, Notch, and JNK. CYLD contributes to hepatic homeostasis and restoration upon liver injury. Mutation or disruption of the activity of CYLD in animals aggravates acute as well as chronic liver injury and promotes development and progression of hepatocellular cancer. This is mediated by a shift of the balance toward pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrogenic, and pro-oncogenic pathways. In this review, we will explain the liver-associated signaling pathways that CYLD regulates in hepatocytes and nonparenchymal liver cells under physiological and pathological conditions. We will also describe the most recent findings concerning CYLD-mediated downstream signaling in the liver in situations such as injury, infection, inflammation, and cancer. Furthermore, we will discuss the potential of novel diagnostic tools and treatment strategies utilizing CYLD and its target genes.
Topics: Animals; Cell Death; Hepatocytes; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Protective Agents; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
PubMed: 26763122
DOI: 10.1002/med.21381 -
Peptides Feb 2020Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) continue to be the most frequent cause of damaged tissues. Injured tissues resulted from the first ischemic insult, which is determined by the... (Review)
Review
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) continue to be the most frequent cause of damaged tissues. Injured tissues resulted from the first ischemic insult, which is determined by the interruption in the blood supply, followed by subsequent impairment induced by reperfusion. In addition, ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other cytokines that activate complements and proteases responsible for free radical production. However, earlier studies have reported the protective roles of bioactive peptides during ischemia reperfusion injury. In fact, ghrelin is a peptide hormone discovered since 1999 as GH secretagogue and its production was identified in gastric X/A-like endocrine cells in rats and P/D1 type cells in humans. To date, this peptide receives growing attention due to its pleiotropic action in the organism and its role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Ghrelin is also involved in stress responses, assuming a modulatory action on immune pathways. Previous studies have identified many other functions related to an anti-inflammatory role in ischemia reperfusion injury. Under these challenging conditions, studies described acylated and unacylated ghrelin in activation and/or inhibition processes related to ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this article is to provide a minireview about ghrelin mechanisms involved in the proinflammatory response of I/R injury. However, the regulatory processes of ghrelin in this pathologic event are still very limited and warrant further investigation.
Topics: Animals; Female; Ghrelin; Humans; Male; Protective Agents; Reperfusion Injury
PubMed: 31786283
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170226 -
Current Drug Discovery Technologies 2019Portulaca oleracea L. (Purslane) has been used in traditional medicine against hepatic injury, although its actual efficacy has not been fully understood. The present... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Portulaca oleracea L. (Purslane) has been used in traditional medicine against hepatic injury, although its actual efficacy has not been fully understood. The present study aimed to critically review the recent literature data from 1990 to 2017 regarding the hepato-protective effects of Portulaca oleracea L. and its underlying mechanisms.
METHODS
Online literature resources were checked using different search engines such as Medline, PubMed, Iran Medex, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify articles, editorials, and reviews about antidotal effects of Portulaca oleracea L. against hepatotoxic agents.
RESULTS
Few studies have indicated that Portulaca oleracea L. shows protective effects against hepatotoxic agents. However, due to lack of information in humans, more studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of Portulaca oleracea L. as a hepato-protective agent.
CONCLUSION
The study found that Portulaca oleracea L. may be effective on hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Liver Diseases; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Portulaca; Protective Agents
PubMed: 29600768
DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180330142724 -
Experimental Animals Nov 2021The aim of this review is to analyze the cardiorespiratory and tissue-protective effects of caffeine in animal models. Peer-reviewed literature published between 1975... (Review)
Review
The aim of this review is to analyze the cardiorespiratory and tissue-protective effects of caffeine in animal models. Peer-reviewed literature published between 1975 and 2021 was retrieved from CAB Abstracts, PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. Extracted data were analyzed to address the mechanism of action of caffeine on cardiorespiratory parameters (heart rate and rhythm), vasopressor effects, and some indices of respiratory function; we close this review by discussing the current debate on the research carried out on the effects of caffeine on tissue protection. Adenosine acts through specific receptors and is a negative inotropic and chronotropic agent. Blockage of its cardiac receptors can cause tachycardia (with arrhythmogenic potential) due to the intense activity of β1 receptors. In terms of tissue protection, caffeine inhibits hyperoxia-induced pulmonary inflammation by decreasing proinflammatory cytokine expression in animal models. The protection that caffeine provides to tissues is not limited to the CNS, as studies have demonstrated that it generates attenuation of inflammatory effects in pulmonary tissue. It inhibits the effects of some pro-inflammatory cytokines and prevents functional and structural changes.
Topics: Animals; Caffeine; Disease Models, Animal; Heart Rate; Mice; Protective Agents; Rats; Respiratory Function Tests
PubMed: 34039788
DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0185 -
Current Protein & Peptide Science 2017Erythropoietin (EPO), recognized early as a tissue protective agent, can trigger antiinflammatory and anti-apoptotic processes to delimit injury and promote repair by... (Review)
Review
Erythropoietin (EPO), recognized early as a tissue protective agent, can trigger antiinflammatory and anti-apoptotic processes to delimit injury and promote repair by binding tissueprotective receptor (TPR). However, only at a high dosage can EPO exert tissue protective effect, which may elicit severe side-effects at the meantime. Helix B surface peptide (HBSP), a 11-amnio acid sequence derived from the non-erythropoietic helix B of EPO, not only shows higher affinity to TPR but also plays a more specific and powerful role in tissue protection without erythropoietic side-effects. While it has obvious merits, the 2-min plasma half-life of HBSP restricts its application in vivo. Therefore, based on the amino acid sequence of HBSP, we originally designed and synthesized thioethercyclized helix B peptide (CHBP) for an increased resistance to proteolytic degradation as well as an improved tissue protective potency, implying a brighter prospective for translational application. In this review, we will mainly discuss the development from EPO to CHBP, the merits and limitation of CHBP and the probable mechanism mediating tissue protection.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Apoptosis; Cyclization; Cytokine Receptor Common beta Subunit; Disease Models, Animal; Erythropoietin; Gene Expression Regulation; Half-Life; Humans; Kidney; Oxidative Stress; Peptide Fragments; Peptides, Cyclic; Protective Agents; Receptors, Erythropoietin; Reperfusion Injury
PubMed: 27634443
DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666160909130006