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Drug and Chemical Toxicology May 2020Biological and chemical agents cause dangerous effects on human health via different exposing ways. Recently, herbal medicine is considered as a biological and safe... (Review)
Review
Biological and chemical agents cause dangerous effects on human health via different exposing ways. Recently, herbal medicine is considered as a biological and safe treatment for toxicities. (milk thistle), belongs to the Asteraceae family, possesses different effects such as hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Several studies have demonstrated that this plant has protective properties against toxic agents. Herein, the protective effects of and its main component, silymarin, which is the mixture of flavonolignans including silibinin, silydianin and silychristin acts against different biological (mycotoxins, snake venoms, and bacterial toxins) and chemical (metals, fluoride, pesticides, cardiotoxic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic agents) poisons have been summarized. This review reveals that main protective effects of milk thistle and its components are attributed to radical scavenging, anti-oxidative, chelating, anti-apoptotic properties, and regulating the inflammatory responses.
Topics: Animals; Antidotes; Apoptosis; Chelating Agents; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Silybum marianum; Plant Extracts; Protective Agents
PubMed: 30033764
DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1485687 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Dec 2021Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a well-known anti-ischemic agent used for the treatment of angina pectoris. In the past decades, the efficacy of this drug has been tested in a... (Review)
Review
Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a well-known anti-ischemic agent used for the treatment of angina pectoris. In the past decades, the efficacy of this drug has been tested in a wide range of kidney injuries, including drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN), radio-contrast agent-induced nephropathy, and surgically induced renal ischemic injury. TMZhas renoprotective effects by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine release, maintaining oxygen and energy balance. Moreover, TMZ administration prevented kidney graft rejection in the porcine model by suppressing the infiltration of mononuclear cells, preserving mitochondrial functions, and maintaining Ca+ homeostasis. In DIN and diabetic kidney diseases,TMZ treatment prevents renal injury by inactivating immune cells, attenuating renal fibrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and histological abnormalities. Interestingly, the clinical therapeutic efficacy of TMZ has also been documented in pre-existing kidney disease patients undergoing contrast exposure for diagnostic intervention. However, the mechanistic insights into the TMZ mediated renoprotective effects in other forms of renal injuries, including type-2 diabetes, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, and hypertension-induced chronic kidney diseases, remain uninvestigated and incomplete. Moreover, the clinical utility of TMZ as a renoprotective agent in radio-contrast-induced nephrotoxicity needs to be tested in a large patient population. Nevertheless, the available pieces of evidence suggest that TMZ is a promising and emerging renal therapy for the treatment and management of kidney diseases of variable etiologies. This review discusses the various pre-clinical and clinical findings and provides mechanistic insights into the TMZ mediated beneficial effects in various kidney diseases.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Oxidative Stress; Protective Agents; Treatment Outcome; Trimetazidine; Vasodilator Agents
PubMed: 34774496
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174624 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2016Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver lesions ranging from hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, and... (Review)
Review
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver lesions ranging from hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The high global prevalence of NAFLD has underlined the important public health implications of this disease. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves the abnormal accumulation of free fatty acids, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and a proinflammatory state in the liver. Schisandrin B (Sch B), an active dibenzooctadiene lignan isolated from the fruit of (a traditional Chinese herb), was found to possess antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anti-ER stress, and anti-inflammatory activities in cultured hepatocytes and in rodent livers . Whereas a long-term, low dose regimen of Sch B induces an antihyperlipidemic response in obese mice fed a high fat diet, a single bolus high dose of Sch B increases serum/hepatic lipid levels in mice. This differential action of Sch B is likely related to a dose/time-dependent biphasic response on lipid metabolism in mice. The hepatoprotection afforded by Sch B against oxidative stress, ER stress, and inflammation has been widely reported. The ensemble of results suggests that Sch B may offer potential as a therapeutic agent for NAFLD. The optimal dose and duration of Sch B treatment need to be established in order to ensure maximal efficacy and safety when used in humans.
Topics: Animals; Cyclooctanes; Humans; Lignans; Models, Biological; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Polycyclic Compounds; Protective Agents
PubMed: 27847552
DOI: 10.1155/2016/6171658 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias May 2017The endothelium is fundamental for the regulation of vascular tone and structure. Under disease conditions, including the presence of cardiovascular disease risk... (Review)
Review
The endothelium is fundamental for the regulation of vascular tone and structure. Under disease conditions, including the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, the endothelium loses its protective role and becomes a proatherosclerotic structure. In this article we searched for strategies from PUBMED and Science Direct databases using the following key words: endothelium, natural bioactive compounds, polyphenols and cardiovascular diseases. The search was restricted to english language papers. Studies have identified the contribution of diet to the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. In this context, high intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with the decrease of cardiovascular diseases. Thus the most important fruit/vegetables and bioactive compounds to prevent endothelial diseases are berries, apples, virgin olive oil, tomatoes, soybeans, and polyphenols, carotenoids and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetables provide endothelial protection through the following mechanisms: improved eNOS/NO bioavailability, attenuates oxidative stress, inhibited NF-κB pathway and decreased cell adhesion molecules expression. In this article natural bioactive compound mechanisms of endothelium protection are thoroughly reviewed.
Topics: Diet, Mediterranean; Endothelium, Vascular; Fruit; Humans; Protective Agents; Vegetables
PubMed: 28538813
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160509 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of death worldwide. Clinical data is conflicted regarding whether statins improve outcomes for pneumonia. Potential...
Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of death worldwide. Clinical data is conflicted regarding whether statins improve outcomes for pneumonia. Potential confounding factors including specific etiology of pneumonia as well as obesity could potentially mask protective benefit. Obesity is a risk factor for high cholesterol, the main target for statin therapy. We demonstrate that statin intervention conferred no protective benefit in the context of wild-type mice regardless of infectious agent. Statin intervention conferred either a protective benefit, during influenza infection, or detrimental effect, in the case of pneumococcal infection, in obese animals. These data suggest etiology of pneumonia in the context of obesity could be dramatically altered by the protective effects of statin therapy during bacterial and viral pneumonia.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Lipids; Mice; Obesity; Pneumonia; Protective Agents
PubMed: 29497602
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00041 -
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... Jul 2021Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable metabolic disease which is closely related to excessive oxidative stress after constant exposure to high plasma glucose.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable metabolic disease which is closely related to excessive oxidative stress after constant exposure to high plasma glucose. Although the current antidiabetic medications are effective in lowering blood glucose, these medications do not prevent or reverse the disease progression. Thus, there is a crucial need to explore new therapeutic interventions that could address this shortcoming. As cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) possess antioxidant property, this agent may be used as a treatment option for the management of DM.
PURPOSE
This review aims to provide a critical evaluation of the pharmacological and antidiabetic effects of CONPs in cell and animal models. The roles of CONPs in attenuating DM complications are also presented in this report.
METHODS
We conducted a literature search in the PubMed database using the keywords "cerium oxide", "cerous oxide", "ceria", "nanoceria", and "diabetes" from inception to December 2020. The inclusion criteria were primary source articles that investigated the role of CONPs in DM and diabetic complications.
RESULTS
We identified 47 articles from the initial search. After the thorough screening, only 31 articles were included in this study. We found that CONPs can attenuate parameters that are related to DM and diabetic complications in various animals and cell culture models.
CONCLUSION
CONPs could potentially be used in the treatment of those with DM and complications caused by the disease.
Topics: Cerium; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Nanoparticles; Protective Agents
PubMed: 33773280
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126742 -
European Journal of Pharmacology May 2021Metformin is the most commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic medication. Direct/indirect activation of Adenosine Monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and... (Review)
Review
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic medication. Direct/indirect activation of Adenosine Monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and non-AMPK pathways, amongst others, are deemed to explain the molecular mechanisms of action of metformin. Metformin is an established insulin receptor sensitising antihyperglycemic agent, is highly affordable, and has superior safety and efficacy profiles. Emerging experimental and clinical evidence suggests that metformin has pleiotropic non-glycemic effects. Metformin appears to have weight stabilising, renoprotective, neuroprotective, cardio-vascular protective, and antineoplastic effects and mitigates polycystic ovarian syndrome. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of metformin seem to qualify it as an adjunct therapy in treating infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, and the current novel Covid-19 infections. So far, metformin is the only prescription medicine relevant to the emerging field of senotherapeutics. Non-glycemic effects of metformin favourable to its repurposing in therapeutic use are hereby discussed.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; COVID-19; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Immunologic Factors; Kidney Diseases; Metabolic Syndrome; Metformin; Obesity; Pandemics; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Protective Agents; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 33609563
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173934 -
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling May 2019Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is in clinical use today to treat metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Infused, radiolabeled, somatostatin analog peptides... (Review)
Review
AIMS
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is in clinical use today to treat metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Infused, radiolabeled, somatostatin analog peptides target tumors that are killed by irradiation damage. The peptides, however, are also retained in kidneys due to glomerular filtration, and the administered doses must be limited to avoid kidney damage. The human radical scavenger and antioxidant, α-microglobulin (A1M), has previously been shown to protect bystander tissue against irradiation damage and has pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties similar to somatostatin analogs. In this study, we have investigated if A1M can be used as a renal protective agent in PRRT.
RESULTS
We describe nephroprotective effects of human recombinant A1M on the short- and long-term renal damage observed following lutetium 177 (Lu)-DOTATATE (150 MBq) exposure in BALB/c mice. After 1, 4, and 8 days (short term), Lu-DOTATATE injections resulted in increased formation of DNA double-strand breaks in the renal cortex, upregulated expression of apoptosis and stress response-related genes, and proteinuria (albumin in urine), all of which were significantly suppressed by coadministration of A1M (7 mg/kg). After 6, 12, and 24 weeks (long term), Lu-DOTATATE injections resulted in increased animal death, kidney lesions, glomerular loss, upregulation of stress genes, proteinuria, and plasma markers of reduced kidney function, all of which were suppressed by coadministration of A1M. Innovation and Conclusion: This study demonstrates that A1M effectively inhibits radiation-induced renal damage. The findings suggest that A1M may be used as a radioprotector during clinical PRRT, potentially facilitating improved tumor control and enabling more patients to receive treatment.
Topics: Alpha-Globulins; Animals; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Gene Expression Profiling; Histones; Humans; Kidney; Mice; Models, Animal; Octreotide; Organometallic Compounds; Radiation-Protective Agents; Survival Rate; Time Factors
PubMed: 29943622
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7517 -
Gut and Liver Mar 2020With the increasing use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the incidence of lower gastrointestinal (GI) complications is expected to increase. However,... (Review)
Review
With the increasing use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the incidence of lower gastrointestinal (GI) complications is expected to increase. However, unlike upper GI complications, the burden, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of NSAID-associated lower GI complications remain unclear. To date, no cost-effective and safe protective agent has been developed that can completely prevent or treat NSAID-related lower GI injuries. Selective COX-2 inhibitors, misoprostol, intestinal microbiota modulation, and some mucoprotective agents have been reported to show protective effects on NSAID-induced lower GI injuries. This review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence on the prevention of NSAID-related lower GI injuries.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Lower Gastrointestinal Tract; Misoprostol; Protective Agents
PubMed: 31547642
DOI: 10.5009/gnl19201 -
Nutrients Jul 2021Cyclophosphamide (CP)-which is used to treat autoimmune diseases and cancer-is related to gonadotoxicity attributed to oxidative stress. As phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are...
Cyclophosphamide (CP)-which is used to treat autoimmune diseases and cancer-is related to gonadotoxicity attributed to oxidative stress. As phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are strong antioxidants that are unexplored as protective agents against male gonadotoxicity, our work aimed to investigate the effects of PBP crude extract on testicular damage and sperm parameter alterations caused by CP in mice. Three doses of PBP (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were tested in the experimental groups ( = 8 per group), administered concomitantly with 100 mg/kg CP. After 42 days receiving PBP daily and CP weekly, body and relative testicular weights, serum testosterone levels, testicular lipoperoxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity levels, and testicular histology and sperm parameter alterations were assessed. The results showed that PBP crude extract at 200 mg/kg prevented testosterone serum reduction, body weight loss, lipoperoxidation and enzyme activity increments, and sperm parameter alterations and partially ameliorated relative testicular weight reductions and histological damage in CP-treated mice. In conclusion, we showed that PBP crude extract (200 mg/kg) mitigated oxidative damage in the testes and ameliorated alterations in sperm parameters in mice treated with CP (100 mg/kg); therefore, PBP extract could be considered as a potential protective agent against CP toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Body Weight; Cyclophosphamide; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Phycobiliproteins; Protective Agents; Seminiferous Tubules; Spermatozoa; Testis; Testosterone
PubMed: 34444776
DOI: 10.3390/nu13082616