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BMC Public Health Nov 2021Drug abuse is detrimental, and excessive drug usage is a worldwide problem. Drug usage typically begins during adolescence. Factors for drug abuse include a variety of...
BACKGROUND
Drug abuse is detrimental, and excessive drug usage is a worldwide problem. Drug usage typically begins during adolescence. Factors for drug abuse include a variety of protective and risk factors. Hence, this systematic review aimed to determine the risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents worldwide.
METHODS
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was adopted for the review which utilized three main journal databases, namely PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. Tobacco addiction and alcohol abuse were excluded in this review. Retrieved citations were screened, and the data were extracted based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria include the article being full text, published from the year 2016 until 2020 and provided via open access resource or subscribed to by the institution. Quality assessment was done using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools (MMAT) version 2018 to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Given the heterogeneity of the included studies, a descriptive synthesis of the included studies was undertaken.
RESULTS
Out of 425 articles identified, 22 quantitative articles and one qualitative article were included in the final review. Both the risk and protective factors obtained were categorized into three main domains: individual, family, and community factors. The individual risk factors identified were traits of high impulsivity; rebelliousness; emotional regulation impairment, low religious, pain catastrophic, homework completeness, total screen time and alexithymia; the experience of maltreatment or a negative upbringing; having psychiatric disorders such as conduct problems and major depressive disorder; previous e-cigarette exposure; behavioral addiction; low-perceived risk; high-perceived drug accessibility; and high-attitude to use synthetic drugs. The familial risk factors were prenatal maternal smoking; poor maternal psychological control; low parental education; negligence; poor supervision; uncontrolled pocket money; and the presence of substance-using family members. One community risk factor reported was having peers who abuse drugs. The protective factors determined were individual traits of optimism; a high level of mindfulness; having social phobia; having strong beliefs against substance abuse; the desire to maintain one's health; high paternal awareness of drug abuse; school connectedness; structured activity and having strong religious beliefs.
CONCLUSION
The outcomes of this review suggest a complex interaction between a multitude of factors influencing adolescent drug abuse. Therefore, successful adolescent drug abuse prevention programs will require extensive work at all levels of domains.
Topics: Adolescent; Depressive Disorder, Major; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Schools; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 34774013
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11906-2 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2021Emotional intelligence is an essential trait and skill for healthcare professionals. Mindfulness meditation has proved to be effective in increasing the wellbeing of... (Review)
Review
Emotional intelligence is an essential trait and skill for healthcare professionals. Mindfulness meditation has proved to be effective in increasing the wellbeing of those who practice it, leading to better mental health, self-care and job satisfaction. This paper aims to identify the recent evidence on the relationship between mindfulness and emotional intelligence among healthcare professionals and students. A systematic review was conducted including the databases PubMed, Cinhal, PsycINFO and Web of Science. The main variables were emotional intelligence skills and mindfulness practice. Data were extracted according to the following outcomes: authors, year of publication, country, study design, participants, mindfulness training intervention, tools used in data collection and main results. The following inclusion criteria were applied: peer-reviewed articles; published in English or Spanish; published between 2010 and 2020; quantitative methodology; a study population of healthcare professionals or students; the relationship with the aim of the study. The Joanna Briggs Institute criteria were followed for assessing the methodological quality of the selected studies. Three researchers were involved in the review. After the selection process, 10 studies were selected out of the 197 references initially identified. These studies revealed a positive relationship between mindfulness and emotional intelligence, particularly the capacity to regulate emotions. Furthermore, mindfulness is negatively related to emotional exhaustion. Training interventions based on mindfulness have proved to be useful in promoting emotional balance, emotional awareness, emotional acceptance, emotion recognition, expressive suppression and a reduction in emotional exhaustion. This study could serve as a basis for further research on the benefits of emotional intelligence and practicing mindfulness for the bio-psycho-social welfare of healthcare professionals.
Topics: Delivery of Health Care; Emotional Intelligence; Health Personnel; Humans; Mindfulness; Protective Factors
PubMed: 34065519
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105491 -
Revista Chilena de Pediatria Feb 2017Breastfeeding is the nourishment designed by nature for the newborn and the infant; however its prevalence is nowadays not optimal. The aim of this article is to review... (Review)
Review
Breastfeeding is the nourishment designed by nature for the newborn and the infant; however its prevalence is nowadays not optimal. The aim of this article is to review the current evidence of the benefits of breastfeeding for children and society, and to elaborate the risks associated with the replacement of lactation with baby formulas. Breastfeeding is a protective factor for several infectious, atopic, and cardiovascular diseases as well as for leukaemia, necrotising enterocolitis, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. It also has a positive impact on neurodevelopment, improving IQ and reducing the risk of attention deficit disorder, and generalised developmental and behavioural disorders. Lactation can decrease the risk of sudden infant deaths syndrome by 36% and prevent 13% of infant mortality worldwide. Breastfeeding result in direct saving on the use of infant formulas and bottles, and indirectly on associated health costs, premature deaths, and quality-adjusted life years, among others. In addition, breastfeeding is environmentally friendly; it does not leave an ecological footprint in its production and consumption. The use of baby formulas and bottles have inherent risks, because they increase the risk of oral diseases, such as mouth breathing, malocclusion, alteration of bite, and tooth decay. Finally, the intestinal microbiota, oxygenation, and thermoregulation of infants are negatively affected by their use.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Infant Health; Infant, Newborn; Protective Factors; Quality-Adjusted Life Years
PubMed: 28288222
DOI: 10.4067/S0370-41062017000100001 -
American Journal of Public Health Jul 2018The estimated lifetime prevalence of physical or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) is 30% among women worldwide. Understanding risk and protective factors is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The estimated lifetime prevalence of physical or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) is 30% among women worldwide. Understanding risk and protective factors is essential for designing effective prevention strategies.
OBJECTIVES
To quantify the associations between prospective-longitudinal risk and protective factors and IPV and identify evidence gaps.
SEARCH METHODS
We conducted systematic searches in 16 databases including MEDLINE and PsycINFO from inception to June 2016. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016039213).
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included published and unpublished studies available in English that prospectively analyzed any risk or protective factor(s) for self-reported IPV victimization among women and controlled for at least 1 other variable.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Three reviewers were involved in study screening. One reviewer extracted estimates of association and study characteristics from each study and 2 reviewers independently checked a random subset of extractions. We assessed study quality with the Cambridge Quality Checklists. When studies investigated the same risk or protective factor using similar measures, we computed pooled odds ratios (ORs) by using random-effects meta-analyses. We summarized heterogeneity with I and τ. We synthesized all estimates of association, including those not meta-analyzed, by using harvest plots to illustrate evidence gaps and trends toward negative or positive associations.
MAIN RESULTS
Of 18 608 studies identified, 60 were included and 35 meta-analyzed. Most studies were based in the United States. The strongest evidence for modifiable risk factors for IPV against women were unplanned pregnancy (OR = 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20, 1.31) and having parents with less than a high-school education (OR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.10, 2.17). Being older (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.93, 0.98) or married (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.87, 0.99) were protective.
CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge, this is the first systematic, meta-analytic review of all risk and protective factors for IPV against women without location, time, or publication restrictions. Unplanned pregnancy and having parents with less than a high-school education, which may indicate lower socioeconomic status, were shown to be risk factors, and being older or married were protective. However, no prospective-longitudinal study investigated the associations between IPV against women and any community or structural factor outside the United States, and more studies investigated risk factors related to women as opposed to their partners. Public health implications. This review highlights that prospective evidence for perpetrator- and context-related risk and protective factors for women's experiences of IPV outside of the United States is lacking and urgently needed to inform global policy recommendations. The current evidence base of prospective studies suggests that, at least in the United States, education and sexual health interventions may be effective targets for preventing IPV against women, with young, unmarried women at greatest risk.
Topics: Age Factors; Crime Victims; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Intimate Partner Violence; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 29771615
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304428 -
European Journal of Oncology Nursing :... Feb 2022Pediatric cancer impacts all family members, including parents and siblings, who strive to adjust to a multitude of changes brought about by the illness. Family...
PURPOSE
Pediatric cancer impacts all family members, including parents and siblings, who strive to adjust to a multitude of changes brought about by the illness. Family resilience is an important factor in the successful adaptation of families of children with cancer. Therefore, we aimed to identify risk and protective factors for family resilience at the child, family, and community levels that affect the adaptation of families of children with cancer.
METHOD
This study employed a descriptive survey design, and data were collected from 111 parents of children undergoing treatment for cancer between April and May 2020 at a university hospital in South Korea. Based on Patterson's family resilience model, risk factors-severity of child's condition, parental depression, and stigma and discrimination-and protective factors-the child's temperament, family communication skills, and supportive health services-for family adaptation were analyzed using multiple regression analyses.
RESULTS
Among family resilience factors affecting the adaptation of families of children with cancer, parental depression (ß = -0.290, p = 0.004) and family communication skills (ß = 0.403, p < 0.001) were identified as risk and protective factors, respectively. These variables accounted for 29.3% of the variance in family adaptation (F = 7.503, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
There is a need to develop strategies such as intervention programs that focus on reducing parental depression and strengthening family communication skills to promote the adaptation of families to pediatric cancer.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family; Family Health; Humans; Neoplasms; Parents; Protective Factors; Resilience, Psychological
PubMed: 34847403
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2021.102078 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2018European statistics confirm a rise in breast cancer among contemporary women. Those suffering from cancer and undergoing a surgery (mastectomy) are undoubtedly... (Review)
Review
European statistics confirm a rise in breast cancer among contemporary women. Those suffering from cancer and undergoing a surgery (mastectomy) are undoubtedly considered to be in difficult situations. The range of the numerous negative and/or positive emotions, thoughts, and behaviours depend on many psychological factors such as psychological resilience. The authors are currently drawing a report on their own studies where they are trying to determine factors that protect body image resilience in women suffering from breast cancer after mastectomies. The research group consisted of 120 women after a short (up to 2 years) or a long (over 2 years) duration having elapsed since their mastectomy. The results of the research groups show that psychological resilience is a significant protecting factor for the body image that prevents the excessive development of negative self-esteem in post-mastectomy women. Female patients ought to be provided aid in the short time immediately after the procedure and afterwards, when they are less capable of tolerating negative emotions. In order to significantly improve the general body image resilience to emotional and cognitive distortions in post-mastectomy women who experienced breast cancer, it is recommended that psychological interventions (from psychoeducation to psychological assistance and specialist psychotherapy) are conducted systematically throughout the course of treatment.
Topics: Adult; Body Image; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Mastectomy; Middle Aged; Protective Factors; Resilience, Psychological; Time Factors
PubMed: 29874874
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061181 -
Public Health Sep 2021Prior research has found a high prevalence of academic burnout among medical students (33-55%), and medical education institutions have begun to address the issue. In...
OBJECTIVES
Prior research has found a high prevalence of academic burnout among medical students (33-55%), and medical education institutions have begun to address the issue. In this research, we hypothesized an increase in academic burnout during medical education, as supported by previous findings. The second purpose was to identify the significant predictors (among perceived stress, empathy, and perceived social support) of academic burnout and determine their respective importance.
STUDY DESIGN
The study design was a cross-sectional online and anonymous survey.
METHODS
We recruited medical students (N = 342) from four education year-groups (i.e. Bachelor 1 and 3; Master 1 and 3). All participants voluntarily responded to our anonymous study and filled in four questionnaires assessing academic burnout, perceived stress, empathy, and perceived social support. We performed a multivariate analysis of variance on academic burnout and hierarchical regression analyses to determine the respective importance of risk and protective factors of academic burnout.
RESULTS
We found that two academic burnout domains (i.e. emotional exhaustion and cynicism) significantly changed according to the study year. Cynicism increased as the academic years progressed (F = 9.50; P < 0.001), and emotional exhaustion was highest at critical graduation moments during the academic curriculum (i.e. Bachelor 3 and Master 3; F = 11.2; P < 0.001). Overall, women presented higher academic burnout traits than men (ᴧ = 0.963; F = 4.26; P = 0.006), but univariate analysis revealed that they especially displayed higher emotional exhaustion (F = 12.1; P < 0.001). Hierarchical regression analyses showed that perceived stress, cognitive empathy, and perceived social support were significant predictors of academic burnout. We found that perceived stress was a major predictor of academic burnout (from 10% to 28% of the part of variance) in comparison to other factors such as empathy (around 5%) and perceived social support (around 6%).
CONCLUSIONS
We found that emotional exhaustion and cynicism significantly changed over medical education and that women presented greater vulnerability than men for emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, risk and protective factors of academic burnout were identified: (1) perceived stress was a decisive risk factor; (2) paradoxically, cognitive empathy had a double edge nature (the two cognitive empathy domains had opposite effects); and (3) perceived social support was identified as a protective factor. Thus, a novel dimension of this research was to investigate and describe the importance of several predictors of academic burnout. The implications are crucial for education, and several recommendations are discussed to prevent academic burnout.
Topics: Burnout, Professional; Burnout, Psychological; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Protective Factors; Students, Medical; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 34478954
DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.025 -
Nordic Journal of Psychiatry Sep 2018Although radicalisation is invoked to explain how people become terrorists, there is little empirical evidence. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Although radicalisation is invoked to explain how people become terrorists, there is little empirical evidence.
AIMS
To set out the approaches to understand radicalisation, ethical and definitional issues, and how public health approaches may help.
METHODS
A non-systematic narrative review.
RESULTS
Radicalisation is proposed to explain how people become terrorists. Factors such as social connections, political engagement, group belonging, mental illnesses and other social and cultural influence show a complex interplay that we are still trying to understand. Common mental illnesses appear to be a risk factor at a population level for developing extremist beliefs, and psychoses and autism are reported as more common amongst some terrorist offenders. The activation of stereotypical and reactive fears and fantasies may distort our understanding of how to prevent radicalisation and terrorism.
CONCLUSIONS
A public health framework offers a societal, inclusive, and positive approach to preventing radicalisation, alongside criminal justice actions.
Topics: Humans; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Terrorism
PubMed: 30383461
DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1525640 -
Journal of Religion and Health Dec 2018Suicide rates and risk and protective factors vary across religions. There has been a significant increase in research in the area of religion and suicide since the... (Review)
Review
Suicide rates and risk and protective factors vary across religions. There has been a significant increase in research in the area of religion and suicide since the article, "Religion and Suicide," reviewed these issues in 2009. This current article provides an updated review of the research since the original article was published. PsycINFO, MEDLINE, SocINDEX, and CINAHL databases were searched for articles on religion and suicide published between 2008 and 2017. Epidemiological data on suicidality and risk and protective factors across religions are explored. Updated general practice guidelines are provided, and areas for future research are identified.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Culture; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Protective Factors; Religion and Psychology; Sex Factors; Suicide
PubMed: 29736876
DOI: 10.1007/s10943-018-0629-8 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry May 2023Internet gaming disorder (IGD), compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), and problematic social network usage (PSNU) are prevalent disorders among adolescents. Research...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Internet gaming disorder (IGD), compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), and problematic social network usage (PSNU) are prevalent disorders among adolescents. Research indicates an increase in the number of adolescents engaging in daily gaming, sex, and the use of social networks, as well as an increase in the number of adolescents diagnosed with these disorders. The current study aims to detect unique profiles of risk and protective factors and examine whether these profiles could explain the different severities of IGD, CSB, and PSNU among adolescents.
METHOD
The sample comprised 544 Jewish Israeli adolescents from the general community (age 14-18), who were asked about risk (childhood adversity, childhood trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, post-traumatic stress, self-concealment, internalized stigma) and protective (parent-adolescent communication,) factors and addictive behaviors (IGD, CSB, and PSNU).
RESULTS
Adolescents were classified into three different clusters based on their risk and protective factors: "at risk" (n = 48, 8.82%), "moderate" (n = 400, 73.53%), and "resilient" (n = 96, 17.65%). The "at risk" group had significantly greater severity of addictive behaviors (IGD, CSB, and PSNU) than did the "moderate" or "resilient" groups, and the "moderate" group had significantly greater severity of addictive behaviors than the "resilient" group.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings highlight the fact that protective and risk factor profiles are highly indicative of various addictive behaviors among adolescents. The current research expands knowledge about addictive behaviors by providing a more individualized approach to understanding addictive behaviors among adolescents.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Protective Factors; Behavior, Addictive; Compulsive Behavior; Anxiety; Parents; Internet; Video Games
PubMed: 37037172
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152387