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Early Intervention in Psychiatry Aug 2019Resilience is rapidly gaining momentum in mental health literature. It provides a new understanding of the highly variable trajectories of mental illness, and has... (Review)
Review
AIM
Resilience is rapidly gaining momentum in mental health literature. It provides a new understanding of the highly variable trajectories of mental illness, and has consistently been linked with improved mental health outcomes. The present review aims to clarify the definition of resilience and to discuss new directions for the field.
METHODS
After discussing the definition of resilience, this narrative review synthesizes evidence that identifies the specific protective factors involved in this process. This review also addresses the mechanisms that underlie resilience.
RESULTS
Recent literature has clarified the three core components of resilience, which are the presence of an adversity or specific risk for mental illness; the influence of protective factors that supersede this risk; and finally, a subsequently more positive outcome than expected. Now that these are largely agreed upon, the field should move on to addressing other topics. Resilience is a dynamic process by which individuals utilize protective factors and resources to their benefit. It can vary within one individual across time and circumstance. It can also refer to good functional outcomes in the context of diagnosable illness. While previous research has focused on psychological resilience, it is essential that resilience is conceptualized across modalities.
CONCLUSIONS
The field should move towards the development of a multimodal model of resilience. Researchers should now focus on producing empirical research which clarifies the specific protective factors and mechanisms of the process, aligning with the core concepts of resilience. This growing, more homogeneous evidence base, can then inform new intervention strategies.
Topics: Humans; Mental Disorders; Protective Factors; Resilience, Psychological
PubMed: 30126047
DOI: 10.1111/eip.12726 -
Journal of Psychiatric Research Dec 2023We conducted an umbrella review to synthesise the evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses that examined the risk and protective factors for self-harm in young... (Review)
Review
We conducted an umbrella review to synthesise the evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses that examined the risk and protective factors for self-harm in young people. We searched six different databases and used the AMSTAR-2 checklist for quality assessment. The importance of each risk and protective factor was determined based on (1) the number of times it was identified by general reviews examining any risk or protective factor, and (2) the effect sizes from meta-analyses. There were 61 systematic reviews included in this review. The most frequently identified risk factors for self-harm in young people included childhood abuse, depression/anxiety, bullying, trauma, psychiatric illnesses, substance use/abuse, parental divorce, poor family relationships, lack of friends, and exposure to self-harm behaviour in others. The risk factors with the strongest evidence for an association with self-harm were behavioural disorders, personality disorders and depression or anxiety. There was a dearth of systematic reviews examining protective factors but good family/friend relationships were most frequently identified. There was also evidence to show that non-suicidal and suicidal self-harm shared many of the same risk factors. Clinicians and other professionals who work with young people should be particularly cognisant of the psychiatric and adverse life event risk factors as well as the substance use, education-related and individual-level (e.g. being LGB) risk factors for self-harm. Knowledge of risk factors for self-harm can potentially be used to inform the design and implementation of prevention measures and further research is needed on the protective factors for self-harm.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Young Adult; Child; Protective Factors; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Self-Injurious Behavior; Suicidal Ideation; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 37972513
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.017 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry May 2023Internet gaming disorder (IGD), compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), and problematic social network usage (PSNU) are prevalent disorders among adolescents. Research...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Internet gaming disorder (IGD), compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), and problematic social network usage (PSNU) are prevalent disorders among adolescents. Research indicates an increase in the number of adolescents engaging in daily gaming, sex, and the use of social networks, as well as an increase in the number of adolescents diagnosed with these disorders. The current study aims to detect unique profiles of risk and protective factors and examine whether these profiles could explain the different severities of IGD, CSB, and PSNU among adolescents.
METHOD
The sample comprised 544 Jewish Israeli adolescents from the general community (age 14-18), who were asked about risk (childhood adversity, childhood trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, post-traumatic stress, self-concealment, internalized stigma) and protective (parent-adolescent communication,) factors and addictive behaviors (IGD, CSB, and PSNU).
RESULTS
Adolescents were classified into three different clusters based on their risk and protective factors: "at risk" (n = 48, 8.82%), "moderate" (n = 400, 73.53%), and "resilient" (n = 96, 17.65%). The "at risk" group had significantly greater severity of addictive behaviors (IGD, CSB, and PSNU) than did the "moderate" or "resilient" groups, and the "moderate" group had significantly greater severity of addictive behaviors than the "resilient" group.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings highlight the fact that protective and risk factor profiles are highly indicative of various addictive behaviors among adolescents. The current research expands knowledge about addictive behaviors by providing a more individualized approach to understanding addictive behaviors among adolescents.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Protective Factors; Behavior, Addictive; Compulsive Behavior; Anxiety; Parents; Internet; Video Games
PubMed: 37037172
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152387 -
Women and Birth : Journal of the... Jun 2015Obesity and attendant co-morbidities are an emergent problem in public health. Much attention has focused on prevention, especially during the perinatal period.... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Obesity and attendant co-morbidities are an emergent problem in public health. Much attention has focused on prevention, especially during the perinatal period. Breastfeeding is considered a possible protective factor for obesity in childhood, influencing gene-neuroendocrine-environment-lifestyle interaction. Therefore, breastfeeding and its longer duration are probably associated with lower development of childhood obesity. Through human milk, but not formula, the child assumes greater bioactive factors contributing to immunological, endocrine, development, neural and psychological benefits. Contrarily, other studies did not confirm a critical role of breast milk. Confounding factors, especially maternal pre-pregnancy overweight, may influence breastfeeding effects. This review summarises what is known about the possible relationship between breastfeeding and prevention of obesity development.
CONCLUSION
Breastfeeding appears to represent a protective factor for obesity in childhood, although evidence is still controversial and underlying mechanisms unclear. Further research is needed to improve knowledge on overweight/obesity and breastfeeding.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Breast Feeding; Child; Female; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Pregnancy; Protective Factors
PubMed: 25595034
DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2014.12.007 -
Addictive Behaviors Feb 2023For decades, alcohol use disorder has been investigated in an attempt to understand its processes and implications. However, among all of the factors involved in alcohol... (Review)
Review
For decades, alcohol use disorder has been investigated in an attempt to understand its processes and implications. However, among all of the factors involved in alcohol use disorder, the role of guilt in alcohol use remains poorly explained, with many contradictory results. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to conduct a systematic analysis of the literature from 1990 to 2022 to review the studies investigating the link between guilt and alcohol consumption. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, 31 studies were included in this review. The results of this work enable to highlight the plurality of guilt that has been studied in the literature. Grouped in two categories: state guilt and trait guilt, they seem to have diverse implications towards alcohol use or misuse. Guilt proneness seems to act as a protective factor towards alcohol use, except for the few studies conducted on a clinical population. Numerous studies indicated that state guilt is deleterious toward alcohol use, even if some results are contradictory. Furthermore, this work allows us to shed light on the limits of the studies currently carried out, and thus to propose new directions for future studies.
Topics: Humans; Alcoholism; Guilt; Alcohol Drinking; Protective Factors
PubMed: 36332517
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107531 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2019dementia is one of the main causes of disability and dependency among the older population worldwide, producing physical, psychological, social and economic impact in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
dementia is one of the main causes of disability and dependency among the older population worldwide, producing physical, psychological, social and economic impact in those affected, caregivers, families and societies. However, little is known about dementia protective factors and their potential benefits against disease decline in the diagnosed population. Cognitive stimulating activities seem to be protective factors against dementia, though there is paucity in the scientific evidence confirming this, with most publications focusing on prevention in non-diagnosed people. A scoping review was conducted to explore whether chess practice could mitigate signs, deliver benefits, or improve cognitive capacities of individuals diagnosed with dementia through the available literature, and therefore act as a protective factor.
METHODS
twenty-one articles were selected after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria.
RESULTS
the overall findings stress that chess could lead to prevention in non-diagnosed populations, while little has been shown with respect to individuals already diagnosed. However, some authors suggest its capacity as a protective factor due to its benefits, and the evidence related to the cognitive functions associated with the game.
CONCLUSION
although chess is indirectly assumed to be a protective factor due to its cognitive benefits, more studies are required to demonstrate, with strong evidence, whether chess could be a protective factor against dementia within the diagnosed population.
Topics: Dementia; Games, Recreational; Humans; Protective Factors
PubMed: 31207926
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122116 -
Clinical Psychology Review Dec 2023This review provides an overview and update of empirical evidence for psychologically meaningful dynamic risk factors and protective factors for sexual offending. Using... (Review)
Review
This review provides an overview and update of empirical evidence for psychologically meaningful dynamic risk factors and protective factors for sexual offending. Using the review by Mann et al. (2010) as a starting point, we reviewed relevant literature that has appeared since this publication, focusing on meta-analyses, systematic and scoping reviews of dynamic risk factors, recent evaluations of commonly used dynamic assessment tools, and studies of dynamic risk and protective factors in community samples in addition to clinical or forensic samples. Two risk factors previously deemed promising by Mann et al. (2010), hostility towards women and dysfunctional coping (conceptualized as hostile masculinity and emotional regulation deficits, respectively, in this review), could now be considered supported using this review's criteria of three or more studies demonstrating an effect size of 0.15 or greater. No new risk factors were identified. We conducted a broader search of protective factors in recognition of the relative newness of this literature: Positive social support was the only protective factor identified as empirically supported. We also discuss situational risk and protective factors.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Protective Factors; Sexual Behavior; Risk Factors; Masculinity; Hostility
PubMed: 37951100
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102355 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Jun 2023In-hospital prescribing errors (PEs) may result in patient harm, prolonged hospitalization and hospital (re)admission. These events are associated with pressure on... (Review)
Review
AIM
In-hospital prescribing errors (PEs) may result in patient harm, prolonged hospitalization and hospital (re)admission. These events are associated with pressure on healthcare services and significant healthcare costs. To develop targeted interventions to prevent or reduce in-hospital PEs, identification and understanding of facilitating and protective factors influencing in-hospital PEs in current daily practice is necessary, adopting a Safety-II perspective. The aim of this systematic review was to create an overview of all factors reported in the literature, both protective and facilitating, as influencing in-hospital PEs.
METHODS
PubMed, EMBASE.com and the Cochrane Library (via Wiley) were searched, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement, for studies that identified factors influencing in-hospital PEs. Both qualitative and quantitative study designs were included.
RESULTS
Overall, 19 articles (6 qualitative and 13 quantitative studies) were included and 40 unique factors influencing in-hospital PEs were identified. These factors were categorized into five domains according to the Eindhoven classification ('organization-related', 'prescriber-related', 'prescription-related', 'technology-related' and 'unclassified') and visualized in an Ishikawa (Fishbone) diagram. Most of the identified factors (87.5%; n = 40) facilitated in-hospital PEs. The most frequently identified facilitating factor (39.6%; n = 19) was 'insufficient (drug) knowledge, prescribing skills and/or experience of prescribers'.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this review could be used to identify points of engagement for future intervention studies and help hospitals determine how to optimize prescribing. A multifaceted intervention, targeting multiple factors might help to circumvent the complex challenge of in-hospital PEs.
Topics: Humans; Health Care Costs; Hospitals; Knowledge; Patient Harm; Protective Factors
PubMed: 36805648
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15694 -
Cancer Investigation Jul 2022
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Pandemics; Protective Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Social Support
PubMed: 35510567
DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2074410 -
Current Cardiology Reports Oct 2021Does optimism contribute to superior cardiovascular health? We examined prospective studies investigating the connections between optimism and cardiovascular health and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Does optimism contribute to superior cardiovascular health? We examined prospective studies investigating the connections between optimism and cardiovascular health and examining the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may mediate such connections.
RECENT FINDINGS
Optimism, independent of sociodemographic, medical, and negative psychological factors, has been prospectively associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and lower rates of cardiac and all-cause mortality. The mechanisms by which optimism may prevent cardiovascular disease remain unclear, but one mechanism may be through health behaviors. Indeed, optimism has been linked with physical activity, healthy diet, and smoking cessation, all of which are associated with better cardiovascular health. Additional studies are needed to: (1) understand the relationships between more dynamic measures of optimism and health outcomes, (2) delineate the mechanisms underlying the relationships between optimism and cardiovascular health, and (3) assess the potential for interventions to modify optimism.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Health Behavior; Humans; Optimism; Prospective Studies; Protective Factors
PubMed: 34599386
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01590-4