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Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2015Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium and is well known for its ability to robustly swarm across surfaces in a striking bulls'-eye pattern. Clinically, this... (Review)
Review
Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium and is well known for its ability to robustly swarm across surfaces in a striking bulls'-eye pattern. Clinically, this organism is most frequently a pathogen of the urinary tract, particularly in patients undergoing long-term catheterization. This review covers P. mirabilis with a focus on urinary tract infections (UTI), including disease models, vaccine development efforts, and clinical perspectives. Flagella-mediated motility, both swimming and swarming, is a central facet of this organism. The regulation of this complex process and its contribution to virulence is discussed, along with the type VI-secretion system-dependent intra-strain competition, which occurs during swarming. P. mirabilis uses a diverse set of virulence factors to access and colonize the host urinary tract, including urease and stone formation, fimbriae and other adhesins, iron and zinc acquisition, proteases and toxins, biofilm formation, and regulation of pathogenesis. While significant advances in this field have been made, challenges remain to combatting complicated UTI and deciphering P. mirabilis pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Catheter-Related Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Locomotion; Proteus Infections; Proteus mirabilis; Urinary Tract Infections; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 26542036
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0017-2013 -
EcoSal Plus Feb 2018, a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium most noted for its swarming motility and urease activity, frequently causes catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)... (Review)
Review
, a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium most noted for its swarming motility and urease activity, frequently causes catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) that are often polymicrobial. These infections may be accompanied by urolithiasis, the development of bladder or kidney stones due to alkalinization of urine from urease-catalyzed urea hydrolysis. Adherence of the bacterium to epithelial and catheter surfaces is mediated by 17 different fimbriae, most notably MR/P fimbriae. Repressors of motility are often encoded by these fimbrial operons. Motility is mediated by flagella encoded on a single contiguous 54-kb chromosomal sequence. On agar plates, undergoes a morphological conversion to a filamentous swarmer cell expressing hundreds of flagella. When swarms from different strains meet, a line of demarcation, a "Dienes line," develops due to the killing action of each strain's type VI secretion system. During infection, histological damage is caused by cytotoxins including hemolysin and a variety of proteases, some autotransported. The pathogenesis of infection, including assessment of individual genes or global screens for virulence or fitness factors has been assessed in murine models of ascending urinary tract infections or CAUTIs using both single-species and polymicrobial models. Global gene expression studies performed in culture and in the murine model have revealed the unique metabolism of this bacterium. Vaccines, using MR/P fimbria and its adhesin, MrpH, have been shown to be efficacious in the murine model. A comprehensive review of factors associated with urinary tract infection is presented, encompassing both historical perspectives and current advances.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Catheter-Related Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mice; Proteus Infections; Proteus mirabilis; Urinary Tract Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 29424333
DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0009-2017 -
The Lancet. Microbe Nov 2022TMexCD1-TOprJ1, which is associated with phenotypic resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, is a transmissible resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family efflux...
BACKGROUND
TMexCD1-TOprJ1, which is associated with phenotypic resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics, is a transmissible resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family efflux pump. However, the prevalence and genomic and phenotypic characteristics of clinical isolates with this important resistance determinant are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to survey tmexCD-toprJ among clinical Gram-negative isolates collected from hospitals in China between 1991 and 2020 and characterise tmexCD-toprJ-positive clinical isolates.
METHODS
We conducted online data retrieval and active nationwide surveillance in China to screen tmexCD-toprJ-positive strains. We characterised tmexCD-toprJ-positive clinical strains for their antimicrobial susceptibility, genetic and functional characteristics, and the potential inter-species transmission route of tmexCD-toprJ with whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. The function of tmexCD-toprJ in Pseudomonas sp and Proteus sp was investigated by tmexD gene knockdown using an isopropylthio-β-galactoside-inducible CRISPR interference system.
FINDINGS
Data retrieval obtained 53 strains carrying tmexCD-toprJ, comprising 32 Pseudomonas spp, 11 Klebsiella pneumoniae, one Aeromonas spp, one Citrobacter freundii, and one uncultured bacterium from diverse niches. 48 (0·64%) of 7517 clinical isolates from China, including seven Klebsiella spp, one Proteus mirabilis, and 40 Pseudomonas spp, carried tmexCD-toprJ. These isolates exhibited multidrug resistance phenotypes and co-harboured resistance genes, such as mcr and carbapenemases genes. tmexCD-toprJ was encoded on both plasmids and chromosomes in all Klebsiella spp that carried plasmid-borne tmexCD-toprJ (n=7), P mirabilis carried chromosome-borne tmexCD-toprJ, and Pseudomonas spp carried either plasmid-borne (n=19) or chromosome-borne (n=21) ones. tmexCD-toprJ had undergone clonal and horizontal transmission among clinical pathogens. Eight different types of genetic context of tmexCD-toprJ were identified, each of which was associated with different mobile elements, including IntI, IS6100, TnAs1-like, ISRor5, ISVsa3, ISCfr-like, Tn5393, and IS222-like, which might facilitate its transmission. Knockdown of tmexD led to a four times decrease in tigecycline minimum inhibitory concentrations in both Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp.
INTERPRETATION
Our study provides evidence to suggest that tmexCD-toprJ contributes to the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in different bacterial species. tmexCD-toprJ has disseminated among diverse species of clinical pathogens, which warrants timely monitoring in clinical pathogens.
FUNDING
National Natural Science Foundation of China, Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research, Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Proteus mirabilis; Multigene Family
PubMed: 36202114
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00221-X -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2019Proteus mirabilis, a Gram-negative bacterium, commonly causes catheter-associated urinary tract infections, wound infections, gastroenteritis and, in some cases,...
Proteus mirabilis, a Gram-negative bacterium, commonly causes catheter-associated urinary tract infections, wound infections, gastroenteritis and, in some cases, bacteremia. The phenotypic hallmarks of this bacterium include swarming motility, urease and hemolysin production, and synthesis of numerous adherence fimbriae. While routine bacteriological methodology may often be used to study this pathogen, frequently one requires specialized techniques to investigate the pathogenesis of this species. Here, a brief overview of the discoveries associated with this fascinating bacterium illuminates the need for the development of specialized techniques to further probe the biology of P. mirabilis.
Topics: Bacteremia; Bacterial Adhesion; Catheter-Related Infections; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Gastroenteritis; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Phenotype; Proteus Infections; Proteus mirabilis; Urease; Urinary Tract Infections; Wound Infection
PubMed: 31309490
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9601-8_1 -
Journal of Molecular Biology Nov 2015Flagella propel bacteria during both swimming and swarming, dispersing them widely. However, while swimming bacteria use chemotaxis to find nutrients and avoid toxic... (Review)
Review
Flagella propel bacteria during both swimming and swarming, dispersing them widely. However, while swimming bacteria use chemotaxis to find nutrients and avoid toxic environments, swarming bacteria appear to suppress chemotaxis and to use the dynamics of their collective motion to continuously expand and acquire new territory, barrel through lethal chemicals in their path, carry along bacterial and fungal cargo that assists in exploration of new niches, and engage in group warfare for niche dominance. Here, we focus on two aspects of swarming, which, if understood, hold the promise of revealing new insights into microbial signaling and behavior, with ramifications beyond bacterial swarming. These are as follows: how bacteria sense they are on a surface and turn on programs that promote movement and how they override scarcity and adversity as dense packs.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Chemotaxis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Flagella; Proteus mirabilis; Salmonella; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 26277623
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.07.025 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2018species, members of the family, are usually considered commensals in the gut and are most commonly recognized clinically as a cause of urinary tract infections.... (Review)
Review
species, members of the family, are usually considered commensals in the gut and are most commonly recognized clinically as a cause of urinary tract infections. However, the recent identification of spp. as potential pathogens in Crohn's disease recurrence after intestinal resection serves as a stimulus to examine their potential role as gut pathogens. species possess many virulence factors potentially relevant to gastrointestinal pathogenicity, including motility; adherence; the production of urease, hemolysins, and IgA proteases; and the ability to acquire antibiotic resistance. Gastrointestinal conditions that have been linked to include gastroenteritis (spontaneous and foodborne), nosocomial infections, appendicitis, colonization of devices such as nasogastric tubes, and Crohn's disease. The association of species with Crohn's disease was particularly strong. species are low-abundance commensals of the human gut that harbor significant pathogenic potential; further investigation is needed.
Topics: Crohn Disease; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Proteus; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 29899011
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00085-17 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Apr 2022Proteus, matrine, and pyridalyl were tested in the laboratory for their effects upon Orius laevigatus (Fieber), which is a polyphagous predator used for IPM programs of...
Proteus, matrine, and pyridalyl were tested in the laboratory for their effects upon Orius laevigatus (Fieber), which is a polyphagous predator used for IPM programs of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Against female adults, the most toxic insecticide was Proteus (LC50 = 44.3 µl L-1), followed by pyridalyl (LC50 = 83.8 µl L-1) and matrine (LC50 = 102.7 µl L-1). The mortality of female adults was checked 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after exposure to 14-d residues of the treatments on strawberry leaves. The residual of Proteus was less toxic; the remaining products caused the lowest mortality at different times after exposure. Sublethal treatments (LC25) significantly prolonged the developmental duration of total immature stages from 17.6 d in control to 21.6 and 20.0 d in Proteus and pyridalyl treatments, respectively. Also, the fecundity of O. laevigatus treated with Proteus, pyridalyl, and matrine decreased to 58.8%, 75.6%, and 96.7%, respectively, in comparison to the control. Compared with the control population (0.118 d-1), the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of F1 generation decreased by 0.053, 0.095, and 0.110 d-1 in Proteus, pyridalyl, and matrine treatments, respectively. The consumption rate of control bugs reached 14.0 thrips during 24 h. The adults fed on Proteus treatment had the lowest consumption rate in this period (9.4 preys). Overall, matrine proved to be harmless with reproductive capacity and r similar to what was recorded in control bugs. We concluded that matrine can be used as an alternative for the synthetic insecticide to integrate with O. laevigatus.
Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Female; Hemiptera; Heteroptera; Insecticides; Phenyl Ethers; Proteidae; Proteus; Quinolizines; Thysanoptera; Matrines
PubMed: 35078239
DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab267 -
Environmental Entomology Oct 2021The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is one of the most harmful pests of crops in greenhouses and fields. Considering the need for...
The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is one of the most harmful pests of crops in greenhouses and fields. Considering the need for studies that introduce new insecticides for control of the WFT, the leaf dip method was carried out to study the acute toxicity of Proteus, matrine, and pyridalyl to adult thrips, and life tables were constructed to assess the impacts of sublethal concentrations (LC25) of these insecticides on the development and reproduction of the F1 generation. Bioassays showed that the toxicity of matrine (LC50: 45.9 µl ml-1) and Proteus (LC50: 54.5 µl ml-1) was higher than pyridalyl (LC50: 176.5 µl ml-1). At LC25 concentration, both Proteus and matrine prolonged the development period and reduced the survival rate of eggs, larval stages, and pupae in the F1 generation. Also, the adults' longevity, oviposition duration, and the cumulative number of eggs laid per female (fecundity) were decreased significantly. Sublethal concentrations of Proteus and matrine inhibited the population growth rate relative to the control based on the predicted number of offspring. The lowest net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) were estimated for Proteus (7.02 offspring/individual, 0. 0838 d-1, and 1. 08 d-1, respectively). In contrast, the WFT F1 generation that resulted from parent adults treated with pyridalyl was neither affected in their developmental time, nor fecundity, or the intrinsic rate of increase. According to our findings, all tested insecticides, especially Proteus, showed good potential for use in integrated pest management strategies against F. occidentalis.
Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Female; Insecticides; Ovum; Phenyl Ethers; Proteus; Quinolizines; Thysanoptera; Matrines
PubMed: 34279589
DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab071 -
Microbial Ecology Nov 2016Proteus spp. bacteria were first described in 1885 by Gustav Hauser, who had revealed their feature of intensive swarming growth. Currently, the genus is divided into... (Review)
Review
Proteus spp. bacteria were first described in 1885 by Gustav Hauser, who had revealed their feature of intensive swarming growth. Currently, the genus is divided into Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus penneri, Proteus hauseri, and three unnamed genomospecies 4, 5, and 6 and consists of 80 O-antigenic serogroups. The bacteria are known to be human opportunistic pathogens, isolated from urine, wounds, and other clinical sources. It is postulated that intestines are a reservoir of these proteolytic organisms. Many wild and domestic animals may be hosts of Proteus spp. bacteria, which are commonly known to play a role of parasites or commensals. However, interesting examples of their symbiotic relationships with higher organisms have also been described. Proteus spp. bacteria present in soil or water habitats are often regarded as indicators of fecal pollution, posing a threat of poisoning when the contaminated water or seafood is consumed. The health risk may also be connected with drug-resistant strains sourcing from intestines. Positive aspects of the bacteria presence in water and soil are connected with exceptional features displayed by autochthonic Proteus spp. strains detected in these environments. These rods acquire various metabolic abilities allowing their adaptation to different environmental conditions, such as high concentrations of heavy metals or toxic substances, which may be exploited as sources of energy and nutrition by the bacteria. The Proteus spp. abilities to tolerate or utilize polluting compounds as well as promote plant growth provide a possibility of employing these microorganisms in bioremediation and environmental protection.
Topics: Animals; Environment; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Houseflies; Humans; Insect Vectors; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Soil Microbiology; Virulence Factors; Water Microbiology; Water Pollution
PubMed: 26748500
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0720-6 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020is a Gram negative bacterium that is a frequent cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Its ability to cause such infections is mostly related... (Review)
Review
is a Gram negative bacterium that is a frequent cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Its ability to cause such infections is mostly related to the formation of biofilms on catheter surfaces. In order to form biofilms, expresses a number of virulence factors. Such factors may include adhesion proteins, quorum sensing molecules, lipopolysaccharides, efflux pumps, and urease enzyme. A unique feature of biofilms that build up on catheter surfaces is their crystalline nature owing to their ureolytic biomineralization. This leads to catheter encrustation and blockage and, in most cases, is accompanied by urine retention and ascending UTIs. Bacteria embedded in crystalline biofilms become highly resistant to conventional antimicrobials as well as the immune system. Being refractory to antimicrobial treatment, alternative approaches for eradicating biofilms have been sought by many studies. The current review focuses on the mechanism by which biofilms are formed, and a state of the art update on preventing biofilm formation and reduction of mature biofilms. These treatment approaches include natural, and synthetic compounds targeting virulence factors and quorum sensing, beside other strategies that include carrier-mediated diffusion of antimicrobials into biofilm matrix. Bacteriophage therapy has also shown successful results for combating biofilms either merely through their lytic effect or by acting as facilitators for antimicrobials diffusion.
Topics: Biofilms; Humans; Proteus mirabilis; Quorum Sensing; Urease; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 32923408
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00414