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Microbial Ecology Nov 2016Proteus spp. bacteria were first described in 1885 by Gustav Hauser, who had revealed their feature of intensive swarming growth. Currently, the genus is divided into... (Review)
Review
Proteus spp. bacteria were first described in 1885 by Gustav Hauser, who had revealed their feature of intensive swarming growth. Currently, the genus is divided into Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus penneri, Proteus hauseri, and three unnamed genomospecies 4, 5, and 6 and consists of 80 O-antigenic serogroups. The bacteria are known to be human opportunistic pathogens, isolated from urine, wounds, and other clinical sources. It is postulated that intestines are a reservoir of these proteolytic organisms. Many wild and domestic animals may be hosts of Proteus spp. bacteria, which are commonly known to play a role of parasites or commensals. However, interesting examples of their symbiotic relationships with higher organisms have also been described. Proteus spp. bacteria present in soil or water habitats are often regarded as indicators of fecal pollution, posing a threat of poisoning when the contaminated water or seafood is consumed. The health risk may also be connected with drug-resistant strains sourcing from intestines. Positive aspects of the bacteria presence in water and soil are connected with exceptional features displayed by autochthonic Proteus spp. strains detected in these environments. These rods acquire various metabolic abilities allowing their adaptation to different environmental conditions, such as high concentrations of heavy metals or toxic substances, which may be exploited as sources of energy and nutrition by the bacteria. The Proteus spp. abilities to tolerate or utilize polluting compounds as well as promote plant growth provide a possibility of employing these microorganisms in bioremediation and environmental protection.
Topics: Animals; Environment; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Houseflies; Humans; Insect Vectors; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Soil Microbiology; Virulence Factors; Water Microbiology; Water Pollution
PubMed: 26748500
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0720-6 -
Journal of Biosciences 2021is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium known to be the member of Enterobacteriaceae that is able to cause disease in human being. Generally, non-protein-coding RNAs...
is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium known to be the member of Enterobacteriaceae that is able to cause disease in human being. Generally, non-protein-coding RNAs (npcRNAs) do not code for proteins, but they play a vital role in gene regulation at the RNA level including pathogenicity. The present study aims at elucidating homologous npcRNAs from other bacteria in . A comparative genomic analysis was carried out to identify npcRNA homolog of other Enterobacteriaceae pathogens in . A total of 231 npcRNAs previously reported in and were screened using BLASTn tool against genome. Interestingly, 33 npcRNAs are homologs to . Northern blot analysis of 6 out of 33 npcRNA candidates confirmed their expression and showed that most of them are differentially expressed during lag, exponential and stationary growth phases. This study is the first approach of identification and characterization of npcRNAs in . Hence, this could be a pioneer study to further validate the regulatory functions of these npcRNAs to fill the gaps in understanding of the pathogenicity of .
Topics: Genomics; Humans; Proteus vulgaris; RNA, Untranslated
PubMed: 34845992
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Journal of Microbiology Nov 2022Iron is essential for almost all bacteria, and iron homeostasis is precisely controlled by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur). The Fur regulons have been well...
Iron is essential for almost all bacteria, and iron homeostasis is precisely controlled by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur). The Fur regulons have been well characterized in some model bacteria, yet little is known in the common opportunistic pathogen . In this study, Fur regulon and iron-responsive genes in were mainly defined by in silico and proteomic analyses. The results showed that about 250 potential Fur-regulated operons including 14 transcriptional factors were predicted, while 559 proteins exhibited differential expression in response to iron deficiency, not all being directly regulated by Fur, such as transcriptional factors , and . Collectively, these results demonstrated that Fur functioned as a global regulatory protein to repress or activate expression of a large repertoire of genes in ; besides, not all the iron-responsive genes were directly regulated by Fur, whereas indirectly regulated through other mechanisms such as additional transcriptional regulatory proteins.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Iron; Proteus vulgaris; Repressor Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Proteomics; Regulon; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 36214343
DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0310 -
Genomics Jan 2022Proteus phage vB_PvuS_Pm34 (Pm34) isolated from the sewage, is a novel virus specific to Proteus vulgaris. Pm34 belonged to the family Siphovirodae with an icosahedron...
Proteus phage vB_PvuS_Pm34 (Pm34) isolated from the sewage, is a novel virus specific to Proteus vulgaris. Pm34 belonged to the family Siphovirodae with an icosahedron capsid head and a non-contractile tail. Its genome was 39,558 bp in length with a G + C content of 41.4%. Similarity analysis showed that Pm34 shared low identities of 27.6%-38.4% with any other Proteus phages, but had the 96% high identity with Proteus mirabilis AOUC-001. In the genome of Pm34, 70 open reading frames was deduced and 32 had putative functions including integrase and host lysis proteins. No tRNAs, antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected. Pm 34 presented a broad pH (4-8) and good temperature tolerance (<40 °C). This is the first report of the bacteriophage specific to P. vulgaris, which can enrich the knowledge of bacteriophages of Prouteus bacteria and provide the possibility for the alternative treatment of P. vulgaris infection.
Topics: Bacteriophages; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Open Reading Frames; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Siphoviridae
PubMed: 34839020
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.033 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2021Muscle is an important structural tissue in aquatic animals and it is susceptible to bacterial and fungal infection, which could affect flesh quality and health. In this...
Investigation of Proteus vulgaris and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica invasion on muscle oxidative stress and autophagy in Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis).
Muscle is an important structural tissue in aquatic animals and it is susceptible to bacterial and fungal infection, which could affect flesh quality and health. In this study, Chinese soft-shelled turtles were artificially infected with two pathogens, Proteus vulgaris and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and the effects on muscle nutritional characteristics, oxidative stress and autophagy were assayed. Upon infection, the muscle nutritional composition and muscle fiber structure were notably influenced. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of Nrf2 was down-regulated and Keap1 up-regulated, thus resulting in a decrease in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress. However, with N-acetylcysteine treatment, the level of oxidative stress was decreased, accompanied by significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activities and the mRNA levels of SOD, CAT, GSTCD, and GSTO1. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in autophagy in the muscle tissue after the pathogen infection, but this increase could be reduced by N-acetylcysteine treatment. Our findings suggest that muscle nutritional characteristics were dramatically changed after pathogen infection, and oxidative stress and autophagy were induced by pathogen infection. However, N-acetylcysteine treatment could compromise the process perhaps by decreasing the ROS level and regulating Nrf2-antioxidant signaling pathways.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Antioxidants; Autophagy; China; Flavobacteriaceae; Flavobacteriaceae Infections; Muscles; Oxidative Stress; Proteus vulgaris; Signal Transduction; Turtles
PubMed: 33574492
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83388-6 -
Organic Letters Jun 2023Herein, we report the first total synthesis of the trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide repeating units of 26 and TG155, respectively, having a common disaccharide unit,...
Herein, we report the first total synthesis of the trisaccharide and tetrasaccharide repeating units of 26 and TG155, respectively, having a common disaccharide unit, 3-α-l-QuiNAc-(1 → 3)-α-d-GlcNAc-(1 →. Striking features of the targets are the presence of rare sugar units, l-quinovosamine and l-rhamnosamine, all joined through α-glycosidic linkages. Major challenges in the formation of 1,2- glycosidic linkages in the case of d-glucosamine, l-quinovosamine, and d-galactosamine have been addressed.
Topics: Proteus penneri; Proteus vulgaris; Carbohydrate Sequence; O Antigens; Disaccharides
PubMed: 37284758
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01618 -
Yonsei Medical Journal Nov 2017Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known...
PURPOSE
Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known to be a virulence factor. In this study, the influence of co-cultivation with Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) on C. albicans biofilm formation and its underlying mechanisms were examined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
XTT reduction assays were adopted to measure biofilm formation, and viable colony counts were performed to quantify yeast growth. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of yeast-specific genes (rhd1 and rbe1), filament formation inhibiting genes (tup1 and nrg1), and hyphae-related genes (als3, ece1, hwp1, and sap5).
RESULTS
Candida biofilm formation was markedly inhibited by treatment with either living or heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis. Proteus-cultured supernatant also inhibited Candida biofilm formation. Likewise, treatment with live P. vulgaris or P. mirabilis or with Proteus-cultured supernatant decreased expression of hyphae-related C. albicans genes, while the expression of yeast-specific genes and the filament formation inhibiting genes of C. albicans were increased. Heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis treatment, however, did not affect the expression of C. albicans morphology-related genes.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that secretory products from P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis regulate the expression of genes related to morphologic changes in C. albicans such that transition from the yeast form to the hyphal form can be inhibited.
Topics: Biofilms; Candida albicans; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Hyphae; Microbial Interactions; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 29047237
DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.6.1135 -
Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ Apr 2021Different Proteus species are encountered in human infections and may vary with the type of infections they cause. So, the present study was conducted to detect species...
Different Proteus species are encountered in human infections and may vary with the type of infections they cause. So, the present study was conducted to detect species of Proteus by PCR and RFLP along with their antibiotic resistance pattern. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2018 to June 2019. A total of 500 wound swab and pus, urine and blood samples were tested for bacterial pathogens. Proteus spp. were identified and differentiated by biochemical test, PCR and RFLP. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by disc-diffusion technique. Fourty Proteus spp. was isolated from 300 culture positive samples, giving 13.33% prevalence of Proteus infections. Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris were identified by culture, biochemical test, PCR and RFLP. The results were similar by both methods (biochemical tests and PCR). RFLP of 16S rRNA fragments digested with HaeIII revealed that P. mirabilis consisted of two bands at approximately 110 and 190 bp and P. vulgaris consisted of three bands at approximately 100, 180 and 220 bp. The proportion (80%) of P. mirabilis was more than P. vulgaris. Highest proportion (77.5%) of Proteus spp. was isolated from wound swab and pus followed by urine samples. A significant proportion of Proteus spp. was multidrug resistant (90%) and extensively drug resistant (37.5%). Fosfomycin was found the most sensitive drug followed by imipenem. This study provided an insight into antibiotic resistance pattern of Proteus spp. and showed high level resistance towards commonly used antimicrobial agents. PCR and RFLP may be suitable method to identify and differentiate species of Proteus and to treat them accordingly.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bangladesh; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Proteus; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 33830114
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Feb 2022Malodors stemming from soiled cat litter are a major frustration for cat owners, despite the widespread use of absorbent litters with claims of odor control....
OBJECTIVES
Malodors stemming from soiled cat litter are a major frustration for cat owners, despite the widespread use of absorbent litters with claims of odor control. Technologies for effective litter odor control have not been rigorously evaluated. Here, we report on the effectiveness of a novel litter formulation of 1-monochlorodimethylhydantoin (MCDMH)-modified clinoptilolite zeolite (MCDMH-Z) to control the odors of 3-mercapto-3-methylbutanol (3M3MB) and ammonia, the principal products generated by the enzymatic breakdown of felinine and urea, respectively.
METHODS
The efficacy of MCDMH-Z for the odor control of 3M3MB was determined by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, colorimetric analysis and a sensory panel. Enzyme inhibition was monitored by a colorimetric coupled assay for ammonia. The antimicrobial properties were measured by a reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs).
RESULTS
3M3MB proved highly susceptible to modification by MCDMH-Z granules. Headspace above litter exposed to MCDMH-Z showed no detectable 3M3MB; levels >59 ng were detected in commercially available products. Urease activity decreased by >97% after incubation with MCDMH-Z to 0.14 mg/ml. Cat litter F showed comparable inhibition (0.13 mg/ml); others showed less inhibition, producing up to 4.8 mg/ml of ammonia. MCDMH-Z reduced the CFUs of by six log reduction values in 30 mins; in the same amount of time, no reduction was seen with commercial products tested. The odor control capability of the MCDMH-Z granules was further supported by a sensory panel scoring 3M3MB-spiked litters.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Samples of commercially available litter products showed an effect on malodor, or inhibition of urease, or contained antimicrobial activity; no samples were capable of accomplishing these concurrently. In contrast, MCDMH-Z granules were effective in all three test categories. Control of felinine-derived odors, in particular, has the potential to improve cat owner satisfaction, and may beneficially affect cat behaviors provoked by pheromonally active sulfurous metabolites deposited in the litter.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cats; Cysteine; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Odorants
PubMed: 33908303
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X211009136 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2023The world-famous markets of Marrakech, also known in Arabic as souks, harbor a vast diversity of reptiles that are sold for medicinal/magic/pet purposes or used for...
The world-famous markets of Marrakech, also known in Arabic as souks, harbor a vast diversity of reptiles that are sold for medicinal/magic/pet purposes or used for snake charming. This unique epidemiological context has never been studied considering the interactions of humans, reptiles, and zoonotic pathogens. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the parasites and pathogens present in blood and feces associated with handled reptiles in the markets of Marrakech to assess the risk of zoonotic transmission within the reptile-human interface. Privately owned reptiles (n = 118), coming from vendors or snake charmers, were examined and blood and feces sampled. DNA was extracted and molecular screening (cPCR, nPCR, qPCR, dqPCR) was performed aiming to identify potentially zoonotic pathogens (i.e., Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii, Babesia/Theileria spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Leishmania spp., Cestoda). Overall, 28.9% (34/118) of reptiles were positive for at least one pathogen. In blood, Anaplasma spp. were detected in four snakes, with two Montpellier snakes positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, while Rickettsia spp. were detected in one Mediterranean chameleon and four puff adders. Leishmania tarentolae was molecularly detected in a Mediterranean chameleon and a Montpellier snake. In feces, the cox1 gene generated a myriad of sequences for nematodes, cestodes, fungi and bacteria. Importantly, Proteus vulgaris was identified from a Mediterranean chameleon. Cryptosporidium spp. nPCR yielded a positive sample (i.e., Cryptosporidium sp. apodemus genotype I) from a Moroccan worm lizard, as well as for bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an Egyptian cobra, and Morganella morganii from a puff adder. Results from this study demonstrated the risk of zoonotic transmission of microorganisms and parasites present in blood and feces from reptiles that are brought to the souks in Marrakech, Morocco, to be sold for medicinal purposes or used for snake charming, being in direct and straight contact with humans.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Cryptosporidiosis; Morocco; Cryptosporidium; Rickettsia; Parasites; Anaplasma; Snakes; Reptiles
PubMed: 37467211
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011431