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3 Biotech Mar 2021To gain a general understanding of the SOS system in species, in this study LexA-binding sites and the LexA regulons in 23 genomes were first predicted by phylogenetic...
To gain a general understanding of the SOS system in species, in this study LexA-binding sites and the LexA regulons in 23 genomes were first predicted by phylogenetic footprinting server, then with as an example, the expression of LexA regulon in iron limitation was investigated by proteomic analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. The results showed that LexA proteins were highly conserved in species, and were in a close phylogenetic relationship with those in Gram-negative bacteria; the core SOS response genes and were found in all the 23 genomes, indicating that this system was widely distributed in this genus; besides that, putative LexA-binding sites were also found in the upstream sequences of some genes involved in other biological processes such as biosynthesis, drug resistance, and stress response. Proteomic and RT-qPCR analyses showed that under iron deficient condition, the expression of , and was transcriptionally upregulated ( < 0.05), was also translationally upregulated but was on the contrary ( < 0.05), whereas another SOS response gene was transcriptionally downregulated ( < 0.01). These results indicated that in response to iron deficiency, the members of LexA regulon were not regulated by the same way, suggesting the existence of a precise regulation mechanism of SOS response in . In conclusion, this study provided a preliminary understanding of the SOS system in species, which laid the foundation for further investigation of its roles in SOS response and other biological processes.
PubMed: 33680696
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02683-1 -
Microorganisms Apr 2022Wound infections after venomous snakebites are clinically important. Information regarding the nature and antibiotic susceptibilities of snake oral bacterial flora could...
Wound infections after venomous snakebites are clinically important. Information regarding the nature and antibiotic susceptibilities of snake oral bacterial flora could support empiric antibiotic therapy. Wild venomous snakes were collected from southern Taiwan: a total of 30 each of Bungarus multicinctus, Naja atra, Protobothrops mucrosquamatus, and Trimeresurus stejnegeri; 3 Deinagkistrodon acutus; and 4 Daboia siamensis. The species and antibiotic susceptibilities of their oral bacteria were determined. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris, were the most abundant. Proteus vulgaris were more abundant in B. multicinctus, N. atra, and P. mucrosquamatus than in T. stejnegeri (40%, 43.3%, and 40% vs. 13.3%, respectively). The gram-negative species were less susceptible to first- and second-generation cephalosporins and ampicillin-sulbactam than to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, or piperacillin-tazobactam. The most abundant aerobic gram-positive species cultured was Enterococcus faecalis, which was more abundant in N. atra than in other snakes (p < 0.001) and was highly susceptible to ampicillin, high-level gentamicin, penicillin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium species were the most common anaerobic bacteria. The anaerobic organisms were highly susceptible to metronidazole and piperacillin. As a reference for empiric antimicrobial therapy, third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, or piperacillin-tazobactam can be initiated in venomous snakebites wound infections.
PubMed: 35630396
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050951 -
Yonsei Medical Journal Nov 2017Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known...
PURPOSE
Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known to be a virulence factor. In this study, the influence of co-cultivation with Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) on C. albicans biofilm formation and its underlying mechanisms were examined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
XTT reduction assays were adopted to measure biofilm formation, and viable colony counts were performed to quantify yeast growth. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of yeast-specific genes (rhd1 and rbe1), filament formation inhibiting genes (tup1 and nrg1), and hyphae-related genes (als3, ece1, hwp1, and sap5).
RESULTS
Candida biofilm formation was markedly inhibited by treatment with either living or heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis. Proteus-cultured supernatant also inhibited Candida biofilm formation. Likewise, treatment with live P. vulgaris or P. mirabilis or with Proteus-cultured supernatant decreased expression of hyphae-related C. albicans genes, while the expression of yeast-specific genes and the filament formation inhibiting genes of C. albicans were increased. Heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis treatment, however, did not affect the expression of C. albicans morphology-related genes.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that secretory products from P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis regulate the expression of genes related to morphologic changes in C. albicans such that transition from the yeast form to the hyphal form can be inhibited.
Topics: Biofilms; Candida albicans; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Hyphae; Microbial Interactions; Proteus mirabilis; Proteus vulgaris; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 29047237
DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.6.1135 -
SAGE Open Medicine 2023This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of water sources in Ishaka division, Bushenyi district.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of water sources in Ishaka division, Bushenyi district.
METHODS
Water from taps, wells and springs were sampled for the cross-sectional investigation. The enumeration and identification of microbes ( and total coliforms) in water samples were carried out using a variety of methods. was enumerated using the membrane filtration method; and using a two-step enrichment method; using the surface spread method and total coliforms using the most probable number technique. Mannitol salt agar was used for enumeration of and violet red bile agar was used for enumeration of total coliforms and ; xylose lysine deoxycholate agar was used for both spp. and spp. API-20E was used to phenotypically identify the Enterobacteriaceae contaminants in water. These included spp. and .
RESULTS
counts in the water from springs and wells ranged from 0 to 314 cfu/mL ( = 0.173) and 0 to 3 cfu/mL ( = 0.269), respectively, while tap water had no incidence of . Highest level of bacterial contamination in water sources, beyond acceptable WHO (0 cfu/100 mL) limits for drinking water, was reported: spp., 34 (54.8%), followed by total coliforms, 24 (38.7%), spp., 22 (35.5%) and least were spp. (8.1%) and spp. (8.1%).
CONCLUSION
It is therefore concluded that spring and well community water sources in Ishaka division, Uganda, are significantly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and thus unsafe for drinking without adequate water treatment (disinfection and filtration).
PubMed: 38020800
DOI: 10.1177/20503121231194239 -
Cureus Jun 2023Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae threaten infection treatment globally. This study aims to assess ESBLs-E prevalence and...
BACKGROUND
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae threaten infection treatment globally. This study aims to assess ESBLs-E prevalence and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDR) in clinical specimens from Tabuk, KSA.
METHODS
A cross-sectional research was carried out in March-May 2023. A collective of 90 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified from clinical specimens. The specimen was identified by standard methods. The Enterobacteriaceae member was screed for ESBL production by screening and confirmatory as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).
RESULT
was the most common isolate, followed by , , , and . Among the sample, the majority of isolates were from urine (47.8%) followed by pus (25.6%) and the least from other body fluids (6.7%). The showed the highest average antibiotic resistance (73.7%) among all the antibiotics used followed by (70.4%), (70%), (69.8%), and (69.4% both), and (68.8%). There was a 41.2% average reduction in ESBL positivity from phenotypic to confirmatory test results. The highest reduction was observed among (66.7%) and the least was observed in (17.1%).
CONCLUSION
Most of the ESBL-producing isolates were found mainly in blood and urine samples. The most frequent ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were and . The best options for treating Enterobacteriaceae that produce ESBL are Amoxicillin, Amikacin, and Cefoxitin. ESBL-producing isotopes showed a high resistance rate to cefepime and cefotaxime compared to non-ESBL producers. It is of utmost importance to implement reliable infection control measures in healthcare institutions nationwide.
PubMed: 37431354
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40183 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2021Asso. (Wormwood) is a wild aromatic herb that is popular for its healing and medicinal effects and has been used in conventional as well as modern medicine. This...
Asso. (Wormwood) is a wild aromatic herb that is popular for its healing and medicinal effects and has been used in conventional as well as modern medicine. This research aimed at the extraction, identification, and quantification of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of wormwood using Soxhlet extraction, as well as characterizing their antimicrobial and anitoxidant effects. The phenolic compounds were identified in different extracts by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high performance liquid chromatography. Five different fractions, two from ethyl acetate extraction and three from ethanolic extraction were obtained and evaluated further. The antimicrobial activity of each fractions was evaluated against two Gram-positive ( and ) and two Gram-negative microorganisms ( and using the disc-diffusion assay and direct TLC bioautography assay. Fraction I inhibited and , Fraction II inhibited and , Fraction III inhibited all, except for , while Fractions IV and V did not exhibit strong antimicrobial effects. Their antioxidant capabilities were also measured by calculating their ability to scavenge the free radical using DPPH method and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ethanolic fractions III and V demonstrated excellent antioxidant properties with IC values less than 15.0 μg/mL, while other fractions also had IC values less than 80.0 μg/mL. These antioxidant effects were highly associated with the number of phenolic hydroxyl group on the phenolics they contained. These extracts demonstrated antimicrobial effects, suggesting the different phenolic compounds in these extracts had specific inhibitory effects on the growth of each bacteria. The results of this study suggested that the can be a source of phenolic compounds with natural antimicrobial and antioxidant properties which can be used for potential pharmaceutical applications.
PubMed: 33467047
DOI: 10.3390/plants10010164 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology May 2022Antibacterial activities of as-synthesized nanoparticles have gained attention in past few years due to rapid phylogenesis of pathogens developing multi-drug resistance...
Antibacterial activities of as-synthesized nanoparticles have gained attention in past few years due to rapid phylogenesis of pathogens developing multi-drug resistance (MDR). Antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on surrogate pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (MTCC no. 739) and Proteus vulgaris (MTCC no. 426) was evaluated under culture conditions. Three sets of colloidal CuNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction method with per batch yield of 0·2, 0·3 and 0·4 g. As-synthesized CuNPs possess identical plasmonic properties and have similar hydrodynamic particle sizes (11-14 nm). Antibacterial activities of CuNPs were evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests, cytoplasmic leakage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. MIC and MBC tests revealed dose dependence bactericidal action. Growth curves of E. coli show faster growth inhibition along with higher cytoplasmic leakage than that of P. vulgaris. This might be because of increased membrane permeability of E. coli. CuNP-microorganism interaction induces oxidative stress generated by ROS. Leakage of cytoplasmic components, loss of membrane permeability and ROS generation are the primary causes of CuNP-induced bacterial cell death. As-synthesized CuNPs exhibiting promising antibacterial activities and could be a promising candidate for novel antibacterial agents.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Copper; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Proteus vulgaris; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 35034356
DOI: 10.1111/lam.13655 -
The Journal of Contemporary Dental... Jun 2021The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intraorifice sealing ability of light-cured glass-ionomer cement (LC-GIC), Tetric N-Flow, and ProRoot mineral trioxide...
AIM
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intraorifice sealing ability of light-cured glass-ionomer cement (LC-GIC), Tetric N-Flow, and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) against and .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Crowns of the eighty human mandibular teeth were decapitated. Working length determination was performed, after which cleaning and shaping were carried out. A uniform orifice diameter of 1.3 mm, at its widest point, was made. Once instrumentation was completed, the canals were irrigated and then obturated. A heat carrier was used to remove gutta-percha to the depth of 3.5 mm. Samples were then divided into a control group (Group 1) with no barrier, and three groups, namely, Group 2, Group 3, and Group 4, were restored with the LC-GIC, Tetric N-Flow, and ProRoot MTA, respectively. The groups were further subdivided into Subgroup A for checking bacterial leakage against and Subgroup B, against . All samples were subjected to the bacterial leakage test and observed daily for the appearance of turbidity after which statistical analysis was performed.
RESULTS
Group 1 showed leakage in, as early as, 3 days. The longest time for the turbidity to appear was shown by Group 4 with an average of 31 days. The mean number of days for turbidity to appear in Group 2 and Group 3 was 23 and 24 days, respectively. Group 4 showed the best intraorifice sealing ability with a significant difference.
CONCLUSION
The teeth with an intraorifice coronal seal had better protection against microbial leakage. Among all materials used, the ProRoot MTA showed the best intraorifice sealing ability.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Use of the ProRoot MTA promises long-term results in the endodontically treated teeth as compared with other materials.
Topics: Aluminum Compounds; Calcium Compounds; Dental Leakage; Drug Combinations; Enterococcus faecalis; Gutta-Percha; Humans; Oxides; Proteus vulgaris; Root Canal Filling Materials; Silicates
PubMed: 34393126
DOI: No ID Found -
AMB Express Jun 2022Infectious diseases are the most important cause of death worldwide. Many of these diseases show great resistance to drugs and antibiotics with long-term use. Extracts...
Infectious diseases are the most important cause of death worldwide. Many of these diseases show great resistance to drugs and antibiotics with long-term use. Extracts of some medicinal plants have antimicrobial properties, which can treat and overcome these diseases. Meliaceae is a family of timber trees used extensively in treating many bacterial and fungal diseases, especially Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. In this study, phytochemical screening, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities of the methanolic extract of S. mahagoni (L.) leaves were performed. Phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, triterpenoids, glycosides, and tannins. GC/MS analysis exhibited 40 compounds, mainly 7-hexadecene, (Z)-, imidazole-4,5-d2, and 1-acetyl-4,4-bis[4-(3-bromopropoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl] piperidine. The antibacterial and antifungal potentials of the methanolic extract of S. mahagoni (L.) leaves was investigated using the agar well diffusion technique. Potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Proteus vulgaris and antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans were found. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations ranged from 12.5 to 25 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity was studied using the free radical scavenging assay, and the IC value of the leaf extract was 69.9 µg/mL. Cytotoxic activity was screened using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the IC value was 44.2 µg/mL. These findings suggested the importance of this plant in treating some bacterial and fungal infections and cancer.
PubMed: 35705723
DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01406-w -
Microorganisms Jun 2022Histamine is a toxic biogenic amine commonly found in seafood products or their derivatives. This metabolite is produced by histamine-producing bacteria (HPB) such as ,... (Review)
Review
Histamine is a toxic biogenic amine commonly found in seafood products or their derivatives. This metabolite is produced by histamine-producing bacteria (HPB) such as , , , , , , , , spp., , , , , , , , , , spp., , , , , , and In this review, the role of these bacteria in histamine production in fish and seafood products with consequences for human food poisoning following consumption are discussed. In addition, methods to control their activity in countering histamine production are proposed.
PubMed: 35744715
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061197