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Journal of Chromatography. B,... Nov 2020Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is challenging due to high treatment failure rate and adverse drug events. This study aimed to develop and...
Development and validation of a simple LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, prothionamide, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in human plasma.
Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is challenging due to high treatment failure rate and adverse drug events. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous measurement of five TB drugs in human plasma and to facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in MDR-TB treatment to increase efficacy and reduce toxicity. Moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, prothionamide, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were prepared in blank plasma from healthy volunteers and extracted using protein precipitation reagent containing trichloroacetic acid. Separation was achieved on an Atlantis T3 column with gradient of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. Drug concentrations were determined by dynamic multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode on a LC-MS/MS system. The method was validated according to the United States' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guideline for bioanalytical method validation. The calibration curves for moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, prothionamide, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were linear, with the correlation coefficient values above 0.993, over a range of 0.1-5, 0.4-40, 0.2-10, 2-100 and 0.2-10 mg/L, respectively. Validation showed the method to be accurate and precise with bias from 6.5% to 18.3% for lower limit of quantification and -5.8% to 14.6% for LOW, medium (MED) and HIGH drug levels, and with coefficient of variations within 11.4% for all levels. Regarding dilution integrity, the bias was within 7.2% and the coefficient of variation was within 14.9%. Matrix effect (95.7%-112.5%) and recovery (91.4%-109.7%) for all drugs could be well compensated by their isotope-labelled internal standards. A benchtop stability test showed that the degradation of prothionamide was over 15% after placement at room temperature for 72 h. Clinical samples (n = 224) from a cohort study were analyzed and all concentrations were within the analytical range. The signal of prothionamide was suppressed in samples with hemolysis which was solved by sample dilution. As the method is robust and sample preparation is simple, it can easily be implemented to facilitate TDM in programmatic MDR-TB treatment.
Topics: Adult; Chromatography, Liquid; Drug Monitoring; Ethambutol; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Male; Prothionamide; Pyrazinamide; Reproducibility of Results; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 33091676
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122397 -
The European Respiratory Journal Sep 2016
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Ethionamide; Humans; Prothionamide; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
PubMed: 27288034
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00438-2016 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023In preclinical studies, a new antituberculosis drug regimen markedly reduced the time required to achieve relapse-free cure. This study aimed to preliminarily evaluate... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
In preclinical studies, a new antituberculosis drug regimen markedly reduced the time required to achieve relapse-free cure. This study aimed to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy and safety of this four-month regimen, consisting of clofazimine, prothionamide, pyrazinamide and ethambutol, with a standard six-month regimen in patients with drug-susceptible tuberculosis. An open-label pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted among the patients with newly diagnosed bacteriologically-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. The primary efficacy end-point was sputum culture negative conversion. Totally, 93 patients were included in the modified intention-to-treat population. The rates of sputum culture conversion were 65.2% (30/46) and 87.2% (41/47) for short-course and standard regimen group, respectively. There was no difference on two-month culture conversion rates, time to culture conversion, nor early bactericidal activity (> 0.05). However, patients on short-course regimen were observed with lower rates of radiological improvement or recovery and sustained treatment success, which was mainly attributed to higher percent of patients permanently changed assigned regimen (32.1% vs. 12.3%, = 0.012). The main cause for it was drug-induced hepatitis (16/17). Although lowering the dose of prothionamide was approved, the alternative option of changing assigned regimen was chosen in this study. While in per-protocol population, sputum culture conversion rates were 87.0% (20/23) and 94.4% (34/36) for the respective groups. Overall, the short-course regimen appeared to have inferior efficacy and higher incidence of hepatitis but desired efficacy in per-protocol population. It provides the first proof-of-concept in humans of the capacity of the short-course approach to identify drug regimens that can shorten the treatment time for tuberculosis.
Topics: Humans; Clofazimine; Prothionamide; Drug Therapy, Combination; Antitubercular Agents; Tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Treatment Outcome; Isoniazid
PubMed: 36872899
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2187247 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022Ethionamide and prothionamide are now included in group C of the WHO recommended drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis resistant to rifampicin and multidrug-resistant...
BACKGROUND
Ethionamide and prothionamide are now included in group C of the WHO recommended drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis resistant to rifampicin and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The clinical relevance of ethionamide and prothionamide has increased with the wide spread of resistant tuberculosis.
METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed 349 clinical isolates obtained between 2016 and 2020. The susceptibility to ethionamide was tested using both the Bactec MGIT 960 system and the Sensititre MYCOTB plate.
RESULTS
The MIC of ethionamide increases with the total resistance of the isolates in a row from susceptible to XDR strains. A significant part of the isolates have a MIC below the breakpoint: 25%, 36%, and 50% for XDR, pre-XDR, and MDR strains. Sensitivity and specificity of detection of mutations were 96% and 86% using MGIT resistance as a reference.
CONCLUSIONS
Phenotypic methods for testing ethionamide are imperfectly correlated, and the isolates with MIC of 5 mg/L have the intermediate resistance. A significant proportion of resistant TB cases are susceptible and eligible for ethionamide treatment. Resistance could be explained using only analysis of loci , P, and for most isolates in the Moscow region. The promoter mutation P c(-15)t predicts resistance to ethionamide with high specificity but low sensitivity.
PubMed: 35203736
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020133 -
Oman Medical Journal Jan 2022This systematic review explores the effectiveness and safety of a short-term regimen (STR) in treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). We use several cohort... (Review)
Review
This systematic review explores the effectiveness and safety of a short-term regimen (STR) in treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). We use several cohort studies which were searched using standardized Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The keywords were used based on problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome consisted of MDR-TB and STR. Seven cohort studies were selected from 314 studies. The result showed that STR has better therapeutic efficacy and shorter duration than the 2011 World Health Organization regimen for MDR-TB with success rates above 50% in respective studies. The most effective regimen was kanamycin-high-dose isoniazid-clofazimine-ethambutol-prothionamide-pyrazinamide-gatifloxacin in the intensive phase for four months and clofazimine-ethambutol-pyrazinamide-gatifloxacin-prothionamide in the continuation phase for eight months. Gastrointestinal problems, ototoxicity, dysglycemia, and liver problems were the most reported side effects. STR provides good effectiveness in MDR-TB treatment in terms of treatment success rate and short therapy duration.
PubMed: 35211341
DOI: 10.5001/omj.2021.64 -
The International Journal of... May 2022Early diagnosis of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) is crucial in preventing the spread of the disease in the community. Introduction of upfront decentralised drug...
Early diagnosis of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) is crucial in preventing the spread of the disease in the community. Introduction of upfront decentralised drug susceptibility testing to district-level as part of universal drug susceptibility testing (UDST) policy increased the feasibility of rapid and early testing for drug resistance closer to the patient and has resulted in reduced circumstances for transmission. The introduction of the first-line line-probe assay (FL-LPA), GenoType MTBDR v2, has had an extensive impact on the management of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in India. Sputum samples of patients with presumptive TB and DR-TB from selected districts of Tamil Nadu received through National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) were subjected to FL-LPA as per programme guidelines. In this study, we present trends in genotypic resistance to isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) during the 4 years (2016-2019) among these patients. Band patterns were analysed as per the updated GLI (Global Laboratory Initiative) LPA interpretation and reporting guidelines. A total of 26,349 samples were received during the study period. Smear-positive samples ( = 20231) were directly subjected to FL-LPA; smear-negative samples were cultured in liquid media and positive cultures were tested using FL-LPA. A total of 18,441 were MTB-positive on FL-LPA. INH monoresistance, RIF monoresistance and MDR-TB was observed in respectively 8.7%, 1.1% and 3.3% of the samples. There was a decreasing trend in all types of resistance observed particularly after 2017 ( < 0.001). MDR-TB showed a steady decrease from 5.6% to 1.8%. S531L (19.5%) and S315T (61.1%) were the most common mutations identified in the B and G genes, respectively. The percentage of A-c-15t promoter mutation, indicating low-level INH resistance, showed a consistent increase ( < 0.001). The impact of the UDST policy on the NTEP may have led to this decreasing trend in RIF and INH resistance observed in the study period. The increase in low-level INH resistance mutation A may be associated with ethionamide/prothionamide resistance, and this should be taken into account when designing DR-TB regimen.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
PubMed: 35505474
DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.21.0455 -
Bioorganic Chemistry Oct 2021Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) is a key enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis mainly mycolic acid biosynthesis that is a part of NADH dependent acyl... (Review)
Review
Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) is a key enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis mainly mycolic acid biosynthesis that is a part of NADH dependent acyl carrier protein reductase family. The aim of the present literature is to underline the different scaffolds or enzyme inhibitors that inhibit mycolic acid biosynthesis mainly cell wall synthesis by inhibiting enzyme InhA. Various scaffolds were identified based on the screening technologies like high throughput screening, encoded library technology, fragment-based screening. The compounds studied include indirect inhibitors (Isoniazid, Ethionamide, Prothionamide) and direct inhibitors (Triclosan/Diphenyl ethers, Pyrrolidine Carboxamides, Pyrroles, Acetamides, Thiadiazoles, Triazoles) with better efficacy against drug resistance. Out of the several scaffolds studied, pyrrolidine carboxamides were found to be the best molecules targeting InhA having good bioavailability properties and better MIC. This review provides with a detailed information, analysis, structure activity relationship and useful insight on various scaffolds as InhA inhibitors.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Discovery; Humans; Inhibins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 34392175
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105242 -
Tropical Medicine & International... May 2023In 2018, shorter treatment regimens (STR) for people with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) were introduced in Tanzania and included kanamycin, high-dose moxifloxacin,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
In 2018, shorter treatment regimens (STR) for people with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) were introduced in Tanzania and included kanamycin, high-dose moxifloxacin, prothionamide, high-dose isoniazid, clofazimine, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. We describe treatment outcomes of people diagnosed with DR-TB in a cohort initiating treatment in 2018 in Tanzania.
METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at the National Centre of Excellence and decentralised DR-TB treatment sites for the 2018 cohort followed from January 2018 to August 2020. We reviewed data from the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program DR-TB database to assess clinical and demographic information. The association between different DR-TB regimens and treatment outcome was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Treatment outcomes were described as treatment complete, cure, death, failure or lost to follow-up. A successful treatment outcome was assigned when the patient achieved treatment completion or cure.
RESULTS
A total of 449 people were diagnosed with DR-TB of whom 382 had final treatment outcomes: 268 (70%) cured; 36 (9%) treatment completed; 16 (4%) lost to follow-up; 62 (16%) died. There was no treatment failure. The treatment success rate was 79% (304 patients). The 2018 DR-TB treatment cohort was initiated on the following regimens: 140 (46%) received STR, 90 (30%) received the standard longer regimen (SLR), 74 (24%) received a new drug regimen. Normal nutritional status at baseline [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 6.57, 95% CI (3.33-12.94), p < 0.001] and the STR [aOR = 2.67, 95% CI (1.38-5.18), p = 0.004] were independently associated with successful DR-TB treatment outcome.
CONCLUSION
The majority of DR-TB patients on STR in Tanzania achieved a better treatment outcome than on SLR. The acceptance and implementation of STR at decentralised sites promises greater treatment success. Assessing and improving nutritional status at baseline and introducing new shorter DR-TB treatment regimens may strengthen favourable treatment outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Antitubercular Agents; Retrospective Studies; Tanzania; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36864011
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13867 -
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Sep 2017India accounts for 25% of the global burden of MDR-TB. In 2016, the India's Revised National TB Control Programme reported a success rate of 46% among 19,298 MDR-TB... (Review)
Review
India accounts for 25% of the global burden of MDR-TB. In 2016, the India's Revised National TB Control Programme reported a success rate of 46% among 19,298 MDR-TB patients treated under the programme. This suboptimal treatment outcome warrants an urgent need for newer drugs and newer regimens in the treatment of MDR-TB. India requires new shorter, cheap, safe and effective anti-TB regimen to treat MDR-TB. Areas covered: We used different search strategies to obtain relevant literature from PubMed, on Indian experiences of developing therapies for the treatment of MDR-TB. Further information from the Central TB Division Government of India on programmatic management of resistant TB was collected. Expert opinion: In 2016 WHO recommended a shorter MDR-TB regimen of 9-12 months (4-6 Km-Mfx-Pto-Cfz-Z-Hhigh-dose-E /5 Mfx-Cfz-Z-E) may be used instead of longer regimens. Currently, conducting trials involving newer drugs such as bedaquiline, have been proposed. The regimen will be of a shorter duration containing isoniazid, prothionamide, bedaquiline, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide (STREAM regimen). To successfully treat MDR-TB one requires new classes of antibiotic and newer diagnostic tests. This represents an enormous financial and technical challenge to the programme managers and policy makers.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Diarylquinolines; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; India; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
PubMed: 28786691
DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1365837 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jan 2020Macrophages play a key role in the infection process, and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 polarization) play important roles in persistent infection via the...
BACKGROUND
Macrophages play a key role in the infection process, and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 polarization) play important roles in persistent infection via the immune escape of pathogens. This suggests that immune escape of pathogens from host immunity is an important factor to consider in treatment failure and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). In this study, we investigated the association between macrophage polarization and MDR-TB/XDR-TB and the association between macrophage polarization and the anti-TB drugs used.
METHODS
iNOS and arginase-1, a surface marker of polarized macrophages, were quantified by immunohistochemical staining and imaging analysis of lung tissues of patients who underwent surgical treatment for pulmonary TB. Drug susceptibility/resistance and the type and timing of anti-tuberculosis drugs used were investigated.
RESULTS
The M2-like polarization rate and the ratio of the M2-like polarization rate to the M1-like polarization rate were significantly higher in the MDR-TB/XDR-TB group than in the DS-TB group. The association between a high M2-like polarization rate and MDR-TB/XDR-TB was more pronounced in patients with a low M1-like polarization rate. Younger age and a higher M2-like polarization rate were independent associated factors for MDR-TB/XDR-TB. The M2-like polarization rate was significantly higher in patients who received anti-TB drugs containing pyrazinamide continuously for 4 or 6 weeks than in those who received anti-TB drugs not containing pyrazinamide.
CONCLUSIONS
The M2-like polarization of macrophages is associated with MDR-TB/XDR-TB and anti-TB drug regimens including pyrazinamide or a combination of pyrazinamide, prothionamide and cycloserine.
Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis; Female; Humans; Lung; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prothionamide; Pyrazinamide; Treatment Failure; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 31996142
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4802-9