-
Avian Diseases Dec 2021Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute disease of chickens caused by a gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Infection of the nasal and tracheal mucosa...
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute disease of chickens caused by a gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Infection of the nasal and tracheal mucosa causes a rapid loss of ciliated epithelium and impaired mucociliary clearance that predispose chickens to secondary bacterial infections. In poultry production, disease progression and severity are influenced by other live virus vaccines, immunosuppression, and coexisting pathogens. The digestive tract supports viral replication in the proventriculus, intestines, cloaca, and the bursa of Fabricius. Acute enteritis and stunted growth in young chickens are caused by an enterotropic IBV. IBV spreads systemically by infection of tracheal macrophages and blood monocytes, deep respiratory infections, and potentially ascending viral infection from the cloaca. Nephrotropic IBV causes severe disease in the kidney with necrosis of tubular epithelial cells, inflammation, and renal failure. Viral infection of the female reproductive tract in the first 2 weeks of life causes necrosis and scarring of the oviduct mucosa, resulting in a chronic cystic oviduct that precludes egg formation when the hen matures. Virus infection of mature hens causes necrosis and inflammation of the oviduct mucosa, leading to the deterioration of egg quality and transient interruption of egg production. In males, IBV infection of seminiferous tubules in the testicle and efferent ductules in the epididymis results in epididymitis and epididymal lithiasis, decreases in sperm production and fertility, and viral shed to semen, leading to venereal transmission. The role IBV in gastrointestinal and urogenital disease merits further study.
Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Chickens; Coronavirus Infections; Female; Infectious bronchitis virus; Male; Poultry Diseases; Urogenital Diseases
PubMed: 35068104
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00096 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a vital pathogen in poultry farms, which can induce respiratory, nephropathogenic, oviduct, proventriculus, and intestinal diseases.... (Review)
Review
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a vital pathogen in poultry farms, which can induce respiratory, nephropathogenic, oviduct, proventriculus, and intestinal diseases. Based on the phylogenetic classification of the full-length S1 gene, IBV isolates have been categorized into nine genotypes comprising 38 lineages. GI (GI-1, GI-2, GI-3, GI-4, GI-5, GI-6, GI-7, GI-13, GI-16, GI-18, GI-19, GI-22, GI-28, and GI-29), GVI-1 and GVII-1 have been reported in China in the past 60 years. In this review, a brief history of IBV in China is described, and the current epidemic strains and licensed IBV vaccine strains, as well as IBV prevention and control strategies, are highlighted. In addition, this article presents unique viewpoints and recommendations for a more effective management of IBV. The recombinant Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) vector vaccine expressed S gene of IBV QX-like and 4/91 strains may be the dominant vaccine strains against NDV and IBV.
PubMed: 37215473
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139089 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jan 2016Basic surgical instrumentation for avian soft tissue surgery includes soft tissue retractors, microsurgical instrumentation, surgical loupes, and head-mounted lights.... (Review)
Review
Basic surgical instrumentation for avian soft tissue surgery includes soft tissue retractors, microsurgical instrumentation, surgical loupes, and head-mounted lights. Hemostasis is fundamental during the surgical procedures. The indications, approach, and complications associated with soft tissue surgeries of the integumentary (digit constriction repair, feather cyst excision, cranial wound repair, sternal wound repair, uropygial gland excision), gastrointestinal (ingluviotomy, crop biopsy, crop burn repair, celiotomy, coelomic hernia and pseudohernia repair, proventriculotomy, ventriculotomy, enterotomy, intestinal resection and anastomosis, cloacoplasty, cloacopexy), respiratory (rhinolith removal, sinusotomy, tracheotomy, tracheal resection and anastomosis, tracheostomy, pneumonectomy) and reproductive (ovocentesis, ovariectomy, salpingohysterectomy, cesarean section, orchidectomy, vasectomy, phallectomy) systems are reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Crop, Avian; Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; Feathers; Gastrointestinal Tract; Genitalia; Microsurgery; Preoperative Care; Proventriculus; Radiosurgery; Respiratory System; Skull; Sternum; Sutures; Wound Healing
PubMed: 26611927
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2015.08.009 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Jun 2019Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is transmitted primarily by infected fleas in nature. Y. pestis can produce biofilms that block flea's proventriculus and... (Review)
Review
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is transmitted primarily by infected fleas in nature. Y. pestis can produce biofilms that block flea's proventriculus and promote flea-borne transmission. Transcriptional regulation of Y. pestis biofilm formation plays an important role in the response to complex changes in environments, including temperature, pH, oxidative stress, and restrictive nutrition conditions, and contributes to Y. pestis growth, reproduction, transmission, and pathogenesis. A set of transcriptional regulators involved in Y. pestis biofilm production simultaneously controls a variety of biological functions and physiological pathways. Interactions between these regulators contribute to the development of Y. pestis gene regulatory networks, which are helpful for a quick response to complex environmental changes and better survival. The roles of crucial factors and regulators involved in response to complex environmental signals and Y. pestis biofilm formation as well as the precise gene regulatory networks are discussed in this review, which will give a better understanding of the complicated mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in Y. pestis biofilm formation.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Environment; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insect Vectors; Plague; Siphonaptera; Transcription Factors; Yersinia pestis
PubMed: 30980880
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.011 -
Poultry Science Sep 2018The digestive system of a chicken is simple, short, and extremely efficient. In the upper gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) or foregut, in particular when feed is not... (Review)
Review
The digestive system of a chicken is simple, short, and extremely efficient. In the upper gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) or foregut, in particular when feed is not continuously available, moistening of feed occurs in the crop followed by chemical and physical digestion in the proventriculus and gizzard, respectively, as a preparation for nutrient absorption which occurs in the distal portions of the GIT-duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and to a lower extent in the ceca and colon. Broiler husbandry practices in the past have focused on achieving high intakes of readily digestible nutrients and largely failed to consider the ancestral purpose of the foregut. Besides holding important digestive functions, the rich bacterial communities in both the crop and the gizzard transform these organs in barriers preventing the invasion of the GIT by pathogens. However, the amount of time feed spends in the foregut-and therefore the environment in this gut segment-is extremely variable and can be manipulated by different feeding practices, such as feed structure and composition, frequency of feeding, and/or light regimes.With further progress in terms of performance and health of broiler chickens being sought, and following decades of research focusing on distal GIT segments, it is about time to explore how the foregut can contribute to achieve these goals. This review revisits morphological, physiological, and microbiological characteristics of the foregut; explores the importance of this GIT portion as feed intake regulator; and discusses how husbandry and feeding practices such as lighting regimes and feed structure may be adapted to activate the crop and the gizzard, which results in performance and health improvements. Finally, interactions of these feeding practices with exogenous enzymes are discussed and suggestions for further research are made.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Chickens; Gizzard, Avian; Proventriculus
PubMed: 29893913
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey191 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jul 2020Adult myogenesis is dependent on a population of precursor cells, located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. These satellite cells, usually...
Adult myogenesis is dependent on a population of precursor cells, located between the sarcolemma and the basal lamina of the muscle fiber. These satellite cells, usually present in a quiescent state, become activated in response to mechanical muscle strain, differentiating and fusing to add new nuclei to enlarging muscles. As their myogenic lineage commitment is induced on demand, muscle satellite cells exhibit a certain amount of plasticity, possibly being able to be directed to differentiate into non-myogenic fates. In this study, myosatellite cells were isolated from chicken muscle samples, characterized in vitro and introduced into developing blastoderms. They were further investigated using fluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry and PCR, to determine their location in embryos after three and eighteen days. The results of the in vitro analysis confirmed that the cells obtained from the are highly myogenic, based on the expression of Pax7, Myogenin, MyoD, Desmin and the myotube assay. Furthermore, the investigation of satellite cells within the embryo showed their migration to the regions of , heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, intestine and brain. Overall, the results of the study proved the high myogenicity of chicken cell isolates, as well as provided new information about their migration pathways following introduction into the blastocyst. The presence of the introduced LacZ or eGFP transgenes across the embryo, even 20 days after myosatellite cell injection, further supports the notion that satellite cells exhibit significant plasticity, potentially transdifferentiating into non-muscle lineages.
PubMed: 32751789
DOI: 10.3390/ani10081322 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Jan 2017OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gastroscopy and biopsy of the proventriculus and ventriculus in pigeons (Columba livia). ANIMALS 15 adult pigeons....
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of gastroscopy and biopsy of the proventriculus and ventriculus in pigeons (Columba livia). ANIMALS 15 adult pigeons. PROCEDURES Each pigeon was anesthetized, and the upper gastrointestinal tract (from the cervical portion of the esophagus to the ventriculus) was endoscopically evaluated by use of a rigid endoscope inserted orally. Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was orally infused to achieve lumen dilation and visibility. Two mucosal biopsy specimens were collected from each of the proventriculus and ventriculus, histologically evaluated, and graded for crush artifacts and depth. Pigeons were monitored for adverse effects for 3 to 6 days after the procedure, after which they were euthanized for necropsy. RESULTS Gastroscopy via the oral approach provided excellent visibility of the lumen and mucosal surfaces of the proventriculus and cranial portion of the ventriculus and was safe provided that appropriate precautions were taken. Two intraoperative deaths occurred at the beginning of the study; following procedure refinement, no additional deaths occurred. No major adverse effects of the procedure were detected in the remaining 13 pigeons during the postoperative monitoring period or at necropsy. Diagnostic quality of proventriculus specimens was adequate for 10 of 13 pigeons. Eight of 13 ventriculus specimens were of inadequate quality, and only 3 were of adequate quality. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Gastroscopy was useful for evaluating the lumen and mucosal surface of the proventriculus and ventriculus in pigeons, and biopsy of those organs was safely performed with the appropriate technique. Further evaluation of these techniques is needed in birds with clinical disease and birds of other species.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Columbidae; Female; Gastroscopy; Gizzard, Avian; Male; Mucous Membrane; Proventriculus
PubMed: 28029291
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.1.42 -
Animal Health Research Reviews Dec 2016Bornaviruses cause neurologic diseases in several species of birds, especially parrots, waterfowl and finches. The characteristic lesions observed in these birds include... (Review)
Review
Bornaviruses cause neurologic diseases in several species of birds, especially parrots, waterfowl and finches. The characteristic lesions observed in these birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the anterior stomach - the proventriculus. The disease is thus known as proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is characterized by extreme proventricular dilatation, blockage of the passage of digesta and consequent death by starvation. There are few clinical resemblances between this and the bornaviral encephalitides observed in mammals. Nevertheless, there are common virus-induced pathogenic pathways shared across this disease spectrum that are explored in this review. Additionally, a review of the literature relating to gastroparesis in humans and the control of gastric mobility in mammals and birds points to several plausible mechanisms by which bornaviral infection may result in extreme proventricular dilatation.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Bornaviridae; Dilatation; Mononegavirales Infections; Proventriculus
PubMed: 28155804
DOI: 10.1017/S1466252316000189 -
Veterinary Parasitology, Regional... Dec 2020An American white pelican migrating through Iowa, USA exhibited regurgitation and anorexia. At the time of necropsy, numerous nematodes were observed in the crop and...
An American white pelican migrating through Iowa, USA exhibited regurgitation and anorexia. At the time of necropsy, numerous nematodes were observed in the crop and proventriculus with evidence of proventriculitis. Nematodes were identified as Contracaecum spp. based on morphological features of the adult worms and eggs. Species level identification of C. fagerholmi were made using nucleotide sequence analysis of the partial cox2 gene. Contracaecum infections are highly prevalent in piscivorous birds that acquire the infection by ingesting fish infected with larval stages of the parasite. Considering the possible zoonotic nature of Contracaecum, humans whose diets include uncooked fresh-water and/or marine fish should handle fresh fish with care, as these may harbor immature stages of Contracaecum spp.
Topics: Animals; Ascaridida Infections; Ascaridoidea; Bird Diseases; Birds; Fishes; Larva; United States
PubMed: 33308733
DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100484 -
The Journal of Poultry Science Jan 2023The aim of this study was to determine whether Newcastle disease/infectious bronchitis (ND/IB) vaccination and yeast product diet supplementation modulate the expression...
The aim of this study was to determine whether Newcastle disease/infectious bronchitis (ND/IB) vaccination and yeast product diet supplementation modulate the expression of innate immune molecules in the proventriculus and ileum of broiler chicks. One-day-old male broiler chicks were divided into four groups (V-Y- (control), V-Y+, V+Y-, and V+Y+ groups, where V and Y represent vaccination and yeast product supplementation, respectively). Chicks in the V+Y- and V+Y+ groups were immunized with the live ND/IB vaccine, whereas chicks in the V-Y- and V-Y+ groups were not. Chicks in the V-Y+ and V+Y+ groups received feed containing yeast products from day 4, whereas chicks in the V-Y- and V+Y- groups did not. The proventriculus and ileum were collected on day 7 to analyze the expression of seven Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Dectin-1. In the proventriculus, compared with those of the V-Y- control group, the TLR7 and TLR21 expression levels were higher in the V+Y- group; however, there were no differences in the expression levels of any TLR or Dectin-1 in the ileum. There were also no differences in the expression of avian β-defensins and cathelicidin-1 in the proventriculus and ileum between the control and treatment groups. The expression of granzyme in cytotoxic cells and interleukin (IL)-1B was upregulated by ND/IB vaccination in the proventriculus. Supplementation with yeast products upregulated only granzyme expression in the ileum and downregulated IL-6 expression in the proventriculus in chicks immunized with the ND/IB vaccine. Thus, we concluded that ND/IB vaccination is effective at enhancing the innate immune system in the proventriculus of chicks, at least until day 7 post-hatching, whereas the effects of diet supplementation with yeast products may be limited, at least under the present study conditions.
PubMed: 36756044
DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023005