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International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. A diverse range of medication has been invented to prevent or treat cataract. Pirenoxine (PRX), a drug with strong... (Review)
Review
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. A diverse range of medication has been invented to prevent or treat cataract. Pirenoxine (PRX), a drug with strong antioxidant properties, has been used topically to treat cataract, and there is much evidence to demonstrate the beneficial effects of PRX on lens opacity from in vitro and in vivo models. In clinical use, PRX has been prescribed worldwide by ophthalmologists for over six decades; however, there is still controversy with regard to its efficacy, and thus PRX remains an off-label use for cataract treatment. This comprehensive review summarizes and discusses evidence pertinent to the mechanisms of PRX and its efficacy mainly on cataract models. The issues that have been deemed uncertain over the six-decade use of PRX are examined. The information summarized in this review should provide insights into contriving novel approaches for the treatment of cataract.
Topics: Antioxidants; Cataract; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Oxazines
PubMed: 36012695
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169431 -
International Journal of Radiation... 2023Cataract (opacification of the ocular lens) is a typical tissue reaction (deterministic effect) following ionizing radiation exposure, for which prevention dose limits... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Cataract (opacification of the ocular lens) is a typical tissue reaction (deterministic effect) following ionizing radiation exposure, for which prevention dose limits have been recommended in the radiation protection system. Manifestations of radiation cataracts can vary among individuals, but such potential individual responses remain uncharacterized. Here we review relevant literature and discuss implications for radiation protection. This review assesses evidence for significant modification of radiation-induced cataractogenesis by age at exposure, sex and genetic factors based on current scientific literature.
CONCLUSIONS
In addition to obvious physical factors (e.g. dose, dose rate, radiation quality, irradiation volume), potential factors modifying individual responses for radiation cataracts include sex, age and genetics, with comorbidity and coexposures also having important roles. There are indications and preliminary data identifying such potential modifiers of radiation cataract incidence or risk, although no firm conclusions can yet be drawn. Further studies and a consensus on the evidence are needed to gain deeper insights into factors determining individual responses regarding radiation cataracts and the implications for radiation protection.
Topics: Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Cataract; Radiation, Ionizing; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Protection
PubMed: 35536112
DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2074166 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2022
Topics: Cataract; Humans
PubMed: 35685383
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2022.42.3.33130 -
[Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi] Chinese... May 2022Cataract is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness on a global scale. The pathogenesis of cataract is not completely understood. Circular RNAs (circRNAs)... (Review)
Review
Cataract is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness on a global scale. The pathogenesis of cataract is not completely understood. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a special kind of non-coding RNAs with high stability and conservation. They are widely involved in a variety of biological processes and diseases. Abnormal expression of circRNAs can participate in the development of cataract, affecting the function of lens epithelial cells through interacting with proteins and sponging microRNAs. They are possible targets for cataract prevention and treatment. This article reviews the research progress on the role of circRNAs in the occurrence and development of cataract.
Topics: Cataract; Epithelial Cells; Humans; MicroRNAs; RNA, Circular
PubMed: 35511667
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20210928-00457 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2023Lifebuoy cataract is a rare form of congenital cataract with anatomical characteristics. Herein, we present a case of an otherwise healthy 42-year-old female with a...
Lifebuoy cataract is a rare form of congenital cataract with anatomical characteristics. Herein, we present a case of an otherwise healthy 42-year-old female with a long-standing history of blurred vision. Examination showed the presence of esotropia and bilateral horizontal nystagmus. Visual acuity was limited to light perception in both eyes. Slit-lamp examination showed a calcified lens capsule with the absence of lens material in the right eye and the presence of an annular cataract in the left eye, corresponding to a unilateral lifebuoy cataract. She underwent cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. We report the clinical findings, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), and surgical management tips. We noticed that during surgery, both anterior capsulorhexis and central membrane removal were the most challenging steps due to the absence of central nucleus and the strong adherence of central membrane to the anterior hyaloid.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Cataract Extraction; Cataract; Capsulorhexis; Lens Capsule, Crystalline
PubMed: 37322682
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_284_23 -
Journal of Cataract and Refractive... Jul 2018We describe the essential steps in the successful phacoemulsification of the rock-hard, dense cataract. Appropriate and directed preoperative history, physical... (Review)
Review
We describe the essential steps in the successful phacoemulsification of the rock-hard, dense cataract. Appropriate and directed preoperative history, physical examination, and diagnostics allow the surgeon to select the best incision, anesthesia, and intended surgical technique for a given dense nuclear challenge. Hard nucleus-specific approaches for hydrodissection, pupil management, and zonular protection then allow the surgeon to approach the rock-hard nucleus with maximum safety. Dense nuclear dismantling options are then discussed in detail along with fluidic and power modulation considerations. Various specific phacoemusification machine settings for rock-hard cataracts from the authors representing several different phaco systems are then presented. The combination of these steps and considerations allow a more successful dense cataract removal and potential restoration of vision for patients. This paper represents the collective experience and advice of the Challenging and Complex Cataract Surgery Subcommittee.
Topics: Capsulorhexis; Cataract; Humans; Phacoemulsification; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 29960655
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2018.03.038 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 2020Cataract is the most common cause of blindness in the world; during infancy and early childhood, it frequently results in visual impairment. Congenital cataracts are... (Review)
Review
Cataract is the most common cause of blindness in the world; during infancy and early childhood, it frequently results in visual impairment. Congenital cataracts are phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous and can occur in isolation or in association with other systemic disorders. Significant progress has been made in identifying the molecular genetic basis of cataract; 115 genes to date have been found to be associated with syndromic and non-syndromic cataract and 38 disease-causing genes have been identified to date to be associated with isolated cataract. In this review, we briefly discuss lens development and cataractogenesis, detail the variable cataract phenotypes and molecular mechanisms, including genotype-phenotype correlations, and explore future novel therapeutic avenues including cellular therapies and pharmacological treatments.
Topics: Aquaporins; Cataract; Connexins; Crystallins; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Genetic Association Studies; Humans; Molecular Biology
PubMed: 32217542
DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315282 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Sep 2021
Topics: Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Humans; Iris Diseases
PubMed: 34175306
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.05.030 -
Open Veterinary Journal Aug 2023A cataract is one of the underlying causes of blindness in animals. Phacoemulsification is the standard procedure in cataract surgery for humans and animals. This...
BACKGROUND
A cataract is one of the underlying causes of blindness in animals. Phacoemulsification is the standard procedure in cataract surgery for humans and animals. This procedure has been used to restore vision in cataracts in a variety of animals. However, this technique is difficult in very small animals, such as rodents, due to their small eyes.
CASE DESCRIPTION
A 4-year-old male domestic chinchilla was presented with cloudiness in the lenses for 1 month. The ophthalmic examination revealed cataracts (oculus uterque: both eyes). Positive dazzle reflex oculus sinister; left eye (OS) and negative reflex oculus dexter; right eye (OD) were noted. The electroretinography was low amplitude OS whereas a flat waveform presented OD. In this case, cataract surgery was performed using phacoemulsification without intraocular lens implantation OS. Postoperative, the chinchilla was alert and could jump on and jump off the ledge in a house. When the veterinarian approached closely to OS, the chinchilla displayed an erect body posture and open eyes, whereas the chinchilla was ignored when the veterinarian doing the same OD. The chinchilla was alert and had improved vision observe by this chinchilla can jump on and jump off the ledge in his house throughout the follow-up period 18 months later.
CONCLUSION
In this chinchilla, phacoemulsification was successfully performed and resulted in better overall vision. The chinchilla was alert and could jump on and jump off the ledge in a house after cataract surgery throughout the follow-up period of 18 months.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Phacoemulsification; Chinchilla; Cataract; Postoperative Period
PubMed: 37701661
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i8.10 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Sep 2023Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death closely associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and is characterised by the accumulation of reactive...
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death closely associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and is characterised by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid species and iron overload. Damage to human lens epithelial cells (LECs) is associated with age-related cataract progression. Astaxanthin (ATX), a carotenoid with natural antioxidant properties, counteracts ferroptosis in the treatment of various degenerative diseases. However, this mechanism has not been reported with respect to cataract treatment. In this study, the differential expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in the lens of young and aged mice were analysed. Continuous ATX supplementation for 8 months upregulated GPX4 expression in the mouse LECs and delayed the progression of ferroptosis. Upon treatment with erastin, ROS and malondialdehyde accumulated and the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased. At the same time, the expressions of GPX4, SLC7A11, and ferritin were suppressed in human LECs. All of these phenomena were partially reversed by ATX and Fer-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor. This study confirmed that the ATX-mediated targeting of GPX4 might alleviate human LECs damage by inhibiting ferroptosis and ameliorating oxidative stress and that this could represent a promising therapeutic approach for age-related cataract.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Ferroptosis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Oxidative Stress; Cataract; Epithelial Cells
PubMed: 37648051
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110684