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Scientific Reports Sep 2019Limited evidence exists regarding cognitive and psychomotor function in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, we aimed to compare the neurocognitive...
Limited evidence exists regarding cognitive and psychomotor function in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, we aimed to compare the neurocognitive and psychomotor function of 60 IBD patients with 60 age/sex-matched controls. Computer-based instrument Complex Reactinometer Drenovac (CRD) was used for assessment of cognitive domains: convergent thinking (simple mathematical tasks; CRD-11), perceptive abilities (light signal position discrimination; CRD-311) and sophisticated operative thinking (complex psychomotor coordination; CRD-411). The most important analyzed parameters were total test solving time (T); minimal time of particular test solving (T) and total number of wrong reactions (N). Performance in all three cognitive tests showed statistically significantly longer T and T in IBD patients (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in N. Aforementioned findings were adjusted for BMI, age and duration of education. Our study has shown impaired neurocognitive and psychomotor function in IBD patients compared to controls, especially in mental processing speed and mental endurance of perceptive abilities, convergent thinking and complex operative thinking.
Topics: Adult; Cognition; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 31551482
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50192-2 -
Therapeutische Umschau. Revue... Aug 2015The loss of the upper extremity implicates a grave insult in the life of the involved person. To compensate for the loss of function different powered prosthetic devices... (Review)
Review
The loss of the upper extremity implicates a grave insult in the life of the involved person. To compensate for the loss of function different powered prosthetic devices are available. Ever since their first development 70 years ago numerous improvements in terms of size, weight and wearing comfort have been developed, but issues regarding the control of upper extremity prostheses remain. Slow grasping speed, limited grip positions and especially failure to provide a sensory feedback limit the acceptance in patients. Recent developments are aimed to allow a more intuitive control of the prosthetic device and to provide a sensory feedback to the amputee. Targeted reinnervation reassignes existing muscles to different peripheral nerves thereby enabling them to fulfill alternate functions. Implanting electrodes into muscle bellies of the forearm allows a more accurate control of the prosthesis. Promising results are being achieved by implanting nerve electrodes by establishing bilateral communication between patient and prosthesis. The following review summarizes the current developments of bionic prostheses in the upper extremity.
Topics: Amputation, Surgical; Bionics; Hand; Humans; Motor Skills; Nerve Transfer; Peripheral Nerves; Prosthesis Design; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 26227976
DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930/a000706 -
Human Movement Science Jun 2018In this article, we elaborate from a multiple time scales model of motor learning to examine the independent and integrated effects of massed and distributed practice... (Review)
Review
In this article, we elaborate from a multiple time scales model of motor learning to examine the independent and integrated effects of massed and distributed practice schedules within- and between-sessions on the persistent (learning) and transient (warm-up, fatigue) processes of performance change. The timescales framework reveals the influence of practice distribution on four learning-related processes: the persistent processes of learning and forgetting, and the transient processes of warm-up decrement and fatigue. The superposition of the different processes of practice leads to a unified set of effects for massed and distributed practice within- and between-sessions in learning motor tasks. This analysis of the interaction between the duration of the interval of practice trials or sessions and parameters of the introduced time scale model captures the unified influence of the between trial and session scheduling of practice on learning and performance. It provides a starting point for new theoretically based hypotheses, and the scheduling of practice that minimizes the negative effects of warm-up decrement, fatigue and forgetting while exploiting the positive effects of learning and retention.
Topics: Fatigue; Humans; Learning; Motor Skills; Practice, Psychological; Psychomotor Performance; Retention, Psychology; Time Factors
PubMed: 29684760
DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.04.004 -
Neuron Jun 2023In this issue of Neuron, Khazali et al. record neural activity during coordinated reaches and saccades. They find that excitatory neurons link arm and eye movement...
In this issue of Neuron, Khazali et al. record neural activity during coordinated reaches and saccades. They find that excitatory neurons link arm and eye movement regions of parietal cortex, creating a multiregional mode that predicts movement timing and direction.
Topics: Animals; Psychomotor Performance; Macaca mulatta; Neurons; Parietal Lobe; Saccades
PubMed: 37348458
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.030 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Aug 2017
Topics: Apraxias; Humans; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 28410626
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.010 -
Experimental Psychology May 2017Possibilities for behavior (i.e., affordances) can be perceived with units spanning anatomical components and external objects. For example, affordances for standing on...
Possibilities for behavior (i.e., affordances) can be perceived with units spanning anatomical components and external objects. For example, affordances for standing on an inclined surface can be perceived with an object held in the hand or attached to the head. We investigated whether these two person-plus-object perceptual systems exhibit the same pattern of nonlinear phase transitions in perception of this affordance. Blindfolded participants explored an inclined surface with a rod held in the hand or attached to the head and reported whether they could stand on that surface. Inclinations were presented in ascending or descending sequences. In both conditions, responses exhibited negative hysteresis - perceptual boundaries occurred at steeper angles for descending than for ascending sequences. The generalization of this pattern across components that differ in physiology, sensitivity, and experience is consistent with both the soft assembly of perceptual devices and with a dynamical systems perspective on perception of affordances.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Perception; Posture; Psychomotor Performance; Systems Analysis
PubMed: 28633621
DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000357 -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Oct 2020With the advancement of technologies like in-car navigation and smartphones, concerns around how cognitive functioning is influenced by "workload" are increasingly... (Review)
Review
With the advancement of technologies like in-car navigation and smartphones, concerns around how cognitive functioning is influenced by "workload" are increasingly prevalent. Research shows that spreading effort across multiple tasks can impair cognitive abilities through an overuse of resources, and that similar overload effects arise in difficult single-task paradigms. We developed a novel lab-based extension of the Detection Response Task, which measures workload, and paired it with a Multiple Object Tracking Task to manipulate cognitive load. Load was manipulated either by changing within-task difficulty or by the addition of an extra task. Using quantitative cognitive modelling we showed that these manipulations cause similar cognitive impairments through diminished processing rates, but that the introduction of a second task tends to invoke more cautious response strategies that do not occur when only difficulty changes. We conclude that more prudence should be exercised when directly comparing multi-tasking and difficulty-based workload impairments, particularly when relying on measures of central tendency.
Topics: Executive Function; Humans; Models, Psychological; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 32440999
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-020-01741-8 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2016Early and extensive musical training provides plastic adaptations of the nervous system and enhanced sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Over decades, neuronal... (Review)
Review
Early and extensive musical training provides plastic adaptations of the nervous system and enhanced sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Over decades, neuronal mechanism underlying the plastic adaptation through musical training has been investigated using neuroimaging and transcranial stimulation techniques. Recently, plastic changes in neuroplastic functions through musical training have gradually gained some interest, so-called metaplasticity. Metaplasticity enables faster and more stable skill acquisition for individuals with a history of prior musical training. This mechanism may also serve for prevention of developing maladaptive changes in the nervous system, being pathophysiology of focal dystonia in musicians. The present chapter introduces neurophysiological mechanisms and functional significances of brain plasticity and metaplasticity of the sensory and motor systems of musicians.
Topics: Brain; Humans; Motor Skills; Music; Neuronal Plasticity; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 28035567
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47313-0_11 -
Behavioural Neurology 2015
Topics: Auditory Perception; Brain; Humans; Music; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 26543324
DOI: 10.1155/2015/927274 -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Apr 2016For nearly four decades bimanual coordination, "a prototype of complex motor skills" and apparent "window into the design of the brain," has been intensively studied.... (Review)
Review
For nearly four decades bimanual coordination, "a prototype of complex motor skills" and apparent "window into the design of the brain," has been intensively studied. Past research has focused on describing and modeling the constraints that allow the production of some coordination patterns while limiting effective performance of other bimanual coordination patterns. More recently researchers have identified a coalition of perception-action constraints that hinder the effective production of bimanual skills. The result has been that given specially designed contexts where one or more of these constraints are minimized, bimanual skills once thought difficult, if not impossible, to effectively produce without very extensive practice can be executed effectively with little or no practice. The challenge is to understand how these contextual constraints interact to allow or inhibit the production of complex bimanual coordination skills. In addition, the factors affecting the stability of bimanual coordination tasks needs to be re-conceptualized in terms of perception-related constraints arising from the environmental context in which performance is conducted and action constraints resident in the neuromotor system.
Topics: Hand; Humans; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 26282829
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-015-0915-3