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Body Image Jun 2015The emergence of positive body image research during the last 10 years represents an important shift in the body image literature. The existing evidence provides a... (Review)
Review
The emergence of positive body image research during the last 10 years represents an important shift in the body image literature. The existing evidence provides a strong empirical basis for the study of positive body image and research has begun to address issues of age, gender, ethnicity, culture, development, and intervention in relation to positive body image. This article briefly reviews the existing evidence before outlining directions for future research. Specifically, six areas for future positive body image research are outlined: (a) conceptualization, (b) models, (c) developmental factors, (d) social interactions, (e) cognitive processing style, and (f) interventions. Finally, the potential role of positive body image as a protective factor within the broader body image literature is discussed.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Awareness; Body Image; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Personal Satisfaction; Psychosexual Development; Research; Young Adult
PubMed: 25861909
DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.003 -
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) Dec 2019This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the psychosocial developmental trajectory of various diseases during childhood and adolescence. (Review)
Review
AIM
This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the psychosocial developmental trajectory of various diseases during childhood and adolescence.
METHODS
Studies of Dutch young adults aged 18-35 years, who had grown up with a chronic disease, were included if the Course of Life Questionnaire had been used to assess psychosocial developmental milestones in three domains: social, autonomy and psychosexual. Differences between the disease groups and the general population were presented as Cohen's d and odds ratios.
RESULTS
We included 17 studies comprising 1899 young adults, who had grown up with 18 different paediatric diseases. Psychosocial development was delayed in all three questionnaire domains. Remarkable findings with regard to specific milestones were as follows: less participation in sports clubs in the social domain, less likely to have had paid jobs in the autonomy domain and later sexual intimacy in the psychosexual domain. End-stage renal disease, galactosaemia (males), childhood cancer and orthotopic liver transplants were the most affected disease groups.
CONCLUSION
Children and adolescents with chronic diseases risked delays in psychosocial development. This should be addressed by healthcare providers, along with the physical aspects of diseases, and they should focus on the optimal psychosocial development of the patient.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Child; Child Development; Chronic Disease; Humans; Personal Autonomy; Psychosexual Development; Young Adult
PubMed: 31250466
DOI: 10.1111/apa.14918 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2020The complex process of sexual differentiation is known to be influenced by biological and environmental determinants. The present review has the aim of summarizing the... (Review)
Review
The complex process of sexual differentiation is known to be influenced by biological and environmental determinants. The present review has the aim of summarizing the most relevant studies on the biological basis of sexual development, and in particular, it focuses on the impact of sex hormones and genetic background on the development of sexual differentiation and gender identity. The authors conducted a search of published studies on Medline (from January 1948 to December 2019). The evidence suggests that the sexual dimorphic brain could be the anatomical substrate of psychosexual development, on which gonadal hormones may have a shaping role during prenatal and pubertal periods. Additionally, according to several heritability studies, genetic components may have a role, but a promising candidate gene has not been identified. Even though growing evidence underlines the primary role of biological factors on psychosexual development, further studies are necessary to better explain their complex interactions.
Topics: Brain; Female; Gender Identity; Gene Expression Regulation; Hormones; Humans; Male; Sex Characteristics; Sex Differentiation; Sex Factors
PubMed: 32204531
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062123 -
Pediatric Annals Sep 2021
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Gender Identity; Health Services for Transgender Persons; Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 34542336
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20210818-04 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Apr 2017Adolescents involved with the juvenile justice system have higher rates of risky sexual behaviors, resulting in high rates of sexually transmitted infections and... (Review)
Review
Adolescents involved with the juvenile justice system have higher rates of risky sexual behaviors, resulting in high rates of sexually transmitted infections and increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus, early or complicated pregnancy, and parenting issues. Comorbid substance abuse, gang association, mental health issues, and history of having been abused as children result in further elevated rates. Girls and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths represent growing subpopulations with special risks. Increasingly diverted to community-based alternatives, juvenile justice-involved teens obtain most of their medical care from community providers, who need to understand their risks to provide appropriate, optimal care.
Topics: Adolescent; Dangerous Behavior; Female; Humans; Juvenile Delinquency; Male; Personality Assessment; Psychosexual Development; Sexuality; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Substance-Related Disorders; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 28292458
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.11.012 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2017Most preclinical and clinical, animal, and human research has been biased with respect to sex and even more so with respect to gender. In fact, little is known about the... (Review)
Review
Most preclinical and clinical, animal, and human research has been biased with respect to sex and even more so with respect to gender. In fact, little is known about the impact of sex and even less about the influence of gender on overall metabolic processes. The National Institutes of Health has recognized this gap in scientific knowledge and now mandates that studies be conducted in both sexes and to include gender as variables influencing physiological processes such as metabolism. It is therefore critical to understand and appreciate how to incorporate sex and gender in preclinical and clinical research in order to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic processes differ by sex and gender. In this chapter, we define sex and gender and discuss when sex and gender are not aligned, such as that which occurs in transgender individuals, and how this impacts metabolic processes. We discuss the importance of understanding the influence and interactions between sex hormones and sex chromosomes rather than focusing on their relative contributions to metabolism in isolation. This knowledge will optimize therapies specific for individuals which need to encompass sex and gender.
Topics: Energy Metabolism; Female; Gender Identity; Health Status Disparities; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Male; Risk Factors; Sex Characteristics; Sex Chromosomes; Sex Factors; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29224113
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_27 -
Culture, Health & Sexuality Oct 2022Nonbinary young adults (who do not identify with a binary male or female identity and may hold diverse gender identities, including genderqueer, nonbinary and agender)...
Nonbinary young adults (who do not identify with a binary male or female identity and may hold diverse gender identities, including genderqueer, nonbinary and agender) may have unique and unmet sexual healthcare needs compared to binary transgender and cisgender people. However, there is limited knowledge about the sexual health and healthcare needs of nonbinary young adults. We conducted 19 semi-structured, in-depth interviews between August and November 2018 with nonbinary people aged 18-30 years in New England. Interview topics included experiences accessing sexual healthcare and engaging in sexual activity. Interviews were transcribed and transcripts were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic analysis. Three main themes were identified. First, participants described barriers to accessing high-quality sexual healthcare at both the interpersonal and institutional level. Second, participants employed strategies to meet their sexual healthcare needs despite encountering barriers. Third, participants articulated the ways nonbinary gender identities affect sexual relationships, with implications for sexual health. These findings underscore the need for research and advocacy - in collaboration with nonbinary persons themselves - to develop best practices to meet the sexual healthcare needs and advance the sexual health of nonbinary young people.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Gender Identity; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Sexual Behavior; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism; Young Adult
PubMed: 34657546
DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1946595 -
Psychiatria Polska Dec 2018Gender dysphoria in individuals with schizophrenia may result from the delusionally changed gender identity or appear regardless of psychotic process. Distinguishing... (Review)
Review
Gender dysphoria in individuals with schizophrenia may result from the delusionally changed gender identity or appear regardless of psychotic process. Distinguishing between these situations is not only a diagnostic challenge, but also affects the therapeutic decisionmaking. The review of the literature shows that different delusional beliefs regarding belonging to another gender, anatomy or changes within the genitals affect about one-fourth of patients with schizophrenia. Contemporary classifications of disorders are moving towards the elimination of psychotic disorders as a disqualifying criterion in diagnosing gender dysphoria. It is also established that schizophrenia may change the picture of gender dysphoria, e.g., by giving meaning and delusional interpretations of the fact of the incompatibility of phenotypic sex with the sense of gender. At the same time, before making a therapeutic decision (especially aimed at gender reassignment), it is necessary to exclude the psychotic background of the desire for gender reassignment. In case of co-occurrence of both disorders, it is crucial to evaluate the chronology and dynamics of the individual symptoms, their constancy (prolonged observation), patient's criticism and response to antipsychotic treatment.
Topics: Adult; Female; Gender Dysphoria; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Sex Characteristics; Sex Factors; Social Adjustment; Transsexualism
PubMed: 30659566
DOI: 10.12740/PP/80013 -
Revista de Psiquiatria Y Salud Mental 2019
Topics: Gender Dysphoria; Humans; International Classification of Diseases; Transsexualism
PubMed: 30846280
DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2019.01.002 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Aug 2022Youth view gender as a spectrum of experiences, not the cis-binary framework of girls/women versus boys/men. However, research has historically focused on cisgender...
Youth view gender as a spectrum of experiences, not the cis-binary framework of girls/women versus boys/men. However, research has historically focused on cisgender people, without considering the rich experiences of transgender and non-binary people. Method. To address gaps in the inclusion of transgender and gender non-binary youth in research, a group of transgender and non-binary youth came together through a research-based youth engagement initiative to discuss what they wanted researchers to know about gender. Results. Youth propose ten guidelines and principles that they ask researchers to acknowledge, respect, and apply. These guidelines and principles focus on acknowledging and accepting diverse experiences situated on a gender spectrum, committing to learning more about gender, incorporating gender appropriately in their research initiatives, and engaging with transgender and non-binary youth in the research they conduct. Funders, research ethics boards, and publishers are also responsible for attending to gender. Conclusions. Researchers are called on to consider these guidelines and principles and to engage in dialogue around them in order to better capture the experiences of transgender and non-binary youth in the new evidence base as it emerges.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Research Design; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 34990762
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.12.010