-
Infectious Disorders Drug Targets 2022Puerperal infection is used to describe any bacterial infection of the reproductive tract after delivery. Identifying the factors affecting postpartum infections can...
BACKGROUND
Puerperal infection is used to describe any bacterial infection of the reproductive tract after delivery. Identifying the factors affecting postpartum infections can reduce the risk and complications of such factors and postpartum maternal mortality.
OBJECTIVE
This structured study was designed to evaluate factors affecting postpartum infections.
METHODS
In this study, after selecting Scopus, PubMed, SID, and Web of Science electronic databases, all observational studies (cohort and case-control) available and published in Farsi and English to investigate factors affecting postpartum infections were searched. The search was performed using the terms postpartum, infection, wound infection, puerperium, reason, risk factor, and their equivalent Persian words from 2010 to November 2019 regardless of publication status.
RESULTS
Out of the 3227 studies obtained, 19 were reviewed after removing irrelevant articles, duplicates (shared in databases), and animal samples. Age, level of education, delivery method, presence of episiotomy, anemia due to postpartum hemorrhage, interventions and manipulations during childbirth, prenatal hygiene, Povidone Iodine usage before delivery to wash the vagina, antibiotic prevention, increased labor duration, obesity, and the presence of bacteria were common symptoms affecting postpartum infection.
CONCLUSION
In this study, the factors affecting postpartum infection have been identified, some of which are avoidable. Identifying these factors helps reduce postpartum infections and their complications.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Observational Studies as Topic; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection
PubMed: 34844548
DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666211129100519 -
Cellular and Molecular Biology... Apr 2022Any bacterial infection of the genital tract after childbirth is called maternal puerperal infection. This infection accounts for 13% of pregnancy-related deaths and is...
Any bacterial infection of the genital tract after childbirth is called maternal puerperal infection. This infection accounts for 13% of pregnancy-related deaths and is the fifth leading cause of maternal mortality. Endometritis (postpartum uterine infection) has been associated with preeclampsia and maternal lethal bleeding in recent decades. In some studies, the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid has been implicated in the development of endometritis. The study aimed to evaluate the association between interleukin-19 gene polymorphisms and maternal puerperal infection. In this study, 300 pregnant women with a gestational age of at least 37 weeks were studied. Patients were divided into two groups of 150 controls and cases. In the case group, amniotic fluid was impregnated with meconium, and in the control group, it was clear fluid. Both groups underwent cesarean section, and all received prophylactic antibiotics before surgery. Patients were evaluated for purpura infection in the first 40 days after delivery. Five ml of venous blood was taken from each patient and transferred to a tube containing EDTA anticoagulant. Genomic DNA was isolated using a particular kit. Then, the polymerase chain reaction was performed by the ARMS method. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and SPSS software version 19 in case and control groups. This study's results indicate no significant difference in the frequency of AG, GG, and AA genotypes at position rs2243191 and rs1028181 IL-19 gene polymorphism between patients with puerperal infection and the control group (P>0.05). Also, no significant difference was observed in the frequency of both G and A alleles in the mentioned situations between patients and the control group (P>0.05). Based on the results of this study, no significant relationship was observed between IL-19 gene polymorphism at rs2243191 and rs1028181 locus and puerperal infection.
Topics: Cesarean Section; Endometritis; Female; Humans; Infant; Interleukins; Polymorphism, Genetic; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection
PubMed: 35988273
DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2022.68.4.3 -
Archives of Public Health = Archives... Nov 2021Puerperal sepsis is a genital tract infection that can occur from amniotic fluid rupture to six weeks after birth. Maternal complication associated with puerperal sepsis... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Puerperal sepsis is a genital tract infection that can occur from amniotic fluid rupture to six weeks after birth. Maternal complication associated with puerperal sepsis includes prolonged hospital stay, septicemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and death. Even though, puerperal sepsis is the fourth leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia the overall prevalence of puerperal sepsis and its associated factors are not studied at the national stage. As a result, this systematic review and meta-analysis bring out the pooled prevalence of puerperal sepsis and its associated factors in Ethiopia.
METHODS
A variety of data sources such as Pub Med, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, Google Scholar, HINARI, and Ethiopian universities online repositories were searched to identify the primary studies which were used for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The article search was conducted from February10/2021-March 10/2021. The quality of the selected primary studies was assessed using the Newcastle - Ottawa quality assessment Scale (NOS). Data extraction was done with Microsoft Excel and then exported to STATA 11 version statistical software for analysis. The Cochran (Q-test) and I2 test statistics were used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies. Publication bias was evaluated by the eggers regression test. Subgroup analysis was performed with region and sample size category.
RESULT
In this review, a total of 2222 respondents were involved from seven studies. The pooled prevalence of puerperal sepsis was 14.811% (95%CI; 8.46: 21.16; I = 94.2, P ≤ 0.001). Cesarean section delivery (CSD) (OR = 3.26, 95%CI: 1.90, 5.61), membrane rupture≥24 h (OR = 4.04, 95%CI: 2.54, 6.42), being multiparous mother (OR = 3.99, 95%CI: 1.82, 8.78), vaginal examination≥5 times (OR = 3.15, 95%CI: 1.17, 8.52), and anemia (OR = 5.68, 95%CI: 4.38, 7.36) were factors significantly associated with puerperal sepsis.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of puerperal sepsis was high in Ethiopia. CSD, membrane rupture≥24 h, being multiparous mother, vaginal examination≥5, and anemia were factors associated with puerperal sepsis. Appropriate standard infection prevention techniques during CSD shall be practiced to reduce the maternal burden of puerperal sepsis. The unnecessary vaginal examination should be discouraged during the intrapartum period. Besides this, routine Iron sulfate supplementation and counsel on iron reach foods during ante partum and postpartum shall be considered for all mothers.
PubMed: 34844656
DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00732-y -
Bioscience Trends Feb 2016Nosocomial infection is a kind of infection, which is spread in various hospital environments, and leads to many serious diseases (e.g. pneumonia, urinary tract... (Review)
Review
Nosocomial infection is a kind of infection, which is spread in various hospital environments, and leads to many serious diseases (e.g. pneumonia, urinary tract infection, gastroenteritis, and puerperal fever), and causes higher mortality than community-acquired infection. Bacteria are predominant among all the nosocomial infection-associated pathogens, thus a large number of antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, are adopted in clinical treatment. However, in recent years antibiotic resistance quickly spreads worldwide and causes a critical threat to public health. The predominant bacteria include Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii. In these bacteria, resistance emerged from antibiotic resistant genes and many of those can be exchanged between bacteria. With technical advances, molecular mechanisms of resistance have been gradually unveiled. In this review, recent advances in knowledge about mechanisms by which (i) bacteria hydrolyze antibiotics (e.g. extended spectrum β-lactamases, (ii) AmpC β-lactamases, carbapenemases), (iii) avoid antibiotic targeting (e.g. mutated vanA and mecA genes), (iv) prevent antibiotic permeation (e.g. porin deficiency), or (v) excrete intracellular antibiotics (e.g. active efflux pump) are summarized.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Hydrolysis; Mutation; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 26877142
DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01020 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Dec 2016Endometritis is characterized by inflammation of the endometrial lining of the uterus and is a leading cause of subfertility in broodmares. When traditional therapies... (Review)
Review
Endometritis is characterized by inflammation of the endometrial lining of the uterus and is a leading cause of subfertility in broodmares. When traditional therapies fall short, nonconventional means can be used either to supplement or in lieu of customary practices to manage endometritis. This article reviews alternative therapies available for use in broodmare practice and provides anecdotal and scientific evidence supporting their use.
Topics: Animals; Endometritis; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 27726985
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.08.002 -
The Indian Journal of Surgery Jun 2020Hungarian obstetrician Ignac Semmelweis (1818-1865) was one of the earliest clinical investigators of modern medical science. In nineteenth century Europe, puerperal...
Hungarian obstetrician Ignac Semmelweis (1818-1865) was one of the earliest clinical investigators of modern medical science. In nineteenth century Europe, puerperal fever (childbed fever) was a major clinical and public health problem with very high maternal mortality. It was thought to be caused by miasma, epidemicity, or the Will of Providence. Apart from bloodletting, there was no cure for it. Semmelweis cared for the childbed fever women during their illness, and when they died, he did autopsies on them. Astute clinical observations and logical reasoning goaded Semmelweis to suspect the role of "unholy" hands of "holy" physicians in the transmission of puerperal fever. He enforced a hand-washing policy for physicians. Those with unwashed hands were disallowed into labor room. The hand-washing practice for 1 year led to unprecedented decrease in maternal mortality. It enabled Semmelweis to establish a strong, specific, temporal causal association between unclean hands and puerperal fever. Although not accepted during his lifetime, this causal hypothesis contributed significantly to the understanding of etiopathophysiology of not only puerperal fever but also many other communicable diseases. Clinical hand washing, since then, has prevented millions of deaths of humankind. In the present times too, his idea of hand hygiene plays a central role in COVID-19 pandemic management. Authors present a brief account of life and work of this maverick genius, who was born "too early in the darkness." He is also called the "Father of infection control" and "Savior of mothers."
PubMed: 32837058
DOI: 10.1007/s12262-020-02386-6 -
British Journal of Hospital Medicine... Aug 2015
Topics: Female; Humans; Puerperal Infection
PubMed: 26255929
DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2015.76.8.C118 -
Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... May 2021Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a kind of spherical DNA virus, which is related to many factors such as immune status and pregnancy. Due to the decrease of immunity,...
OBJECTIVES
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a kind of spherical DNA virus, which is related to many factors such as immune status and pregnancy. Due to the decrease of immunity, pregnant women are more likely to have HPV infection, which causes serious imbalance of vaginal microecology and is not beneficial to pregnancy outcome. Therefore, this study focuses on the impact of HPV infection on vaginal microecology and maternal and neonatal outcomes.
METHODS
A total of 140 pregnant women with HPV infection during pregnancy, who received obstetric examination in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College from November 2017 to July 2019, were selected as a HPV infection group, and 150 normal pregnant women with HPV negative in the same period were selected as a control group. Vaginal secretions were collected from all the pregnant women at 28-34 weeks of gestation to evaluate vaginal pH, cleanliness and microecological status, and to record pregnancy outcomes for all pregnant women.
RESULTS
The proportions of vaginal pH>4.5, constituent ratio of flora density and diversity of I-II, positive detection rate of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and bacterial vaginosis (BV) in HPV infected pregnant women were significantly higher than those in the control group (all <0.05). There was no significant difference in vaginal cleanliness, dominant bacteria classification, detection rate of trichomonas vaginitis (TV), BV negative, and BV intermediate type between the 2 groups (all >0.05). The incidence of microecological imbalance in pregnant women with HPV infection was significantly higher than that in the control group (<0.05). There was no significant difference in natural delivery rate and cesarean section rate between the control group and the HPV infection group (>0.05). The incidences of premature delivery, puerperal infection, postpartum hemorrhage, and chorioamnionitis in the HPV infection group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all <0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of premature rupture of membranes between the 2 groups (>0.05). The incidences of premature delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, and premature rupture of membranes of HPV-infected pregnant women in microecological imbalance group were significantly higher than those in the microecological normal group (all <0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidences of puerperal infection and chorioamnionitis between the microecological normal group and the microecological imbalance group (all >0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Pregnant women with HPV infection during pregnancy are more likely to have vaginal microecological disorders, and can increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as premature delivery and chorioamnionitis.
Topics: Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Cesarean Section; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Papillomavirus Infections; Pregnancy; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 34148886
DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200066 -
Animal : An International Journal of... May 2023This paper reviews recent data and concepts on metritis, purulent vaginal discharge (PVD), and endometritis in dairy cows and the ways in which these diseases affect... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews recent data and concepts on metritis, purulent vaginal discharge (PVD), and endometritis in dairy cows and the ways in which these diseases affect reproductive performance. Metritis is characterized by fetid discharge from the uterus, with or without fever. Purulent vaginal discharge describes exudate that is >50% pus that may be attributable to uterine infection or cervicitis. Endometritis is inflammation of the uterus diagnosed by endometrial cytology with a proportion of neutrophils (typically ≥5%) that is associated with impaired fertility. Metritis and PVD are associated with uterine bacterial dysbiosis: changes in the microbiota to lesser diversity and greater abundance of pathogens, especially Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, and Trueperella pyogenes in the case of PVD. Metritis is justifiably treated with approved antibiotics but criteria for more selective treatment without loss of performance are emerging. Purulent vaginal discharge is not synonymous with clinical endometritis, and greater precision in terminology is warranted. PVD is likely under-diagnosed and represents an opportunity for improved management in many herds. Endometritis seems in many cases to reflect persistent, dysregulated inflammation, for which the inciting cause is unclear. Postpartum uterine infection and inflammation have harmful effects on oocytes, embryo development, and the endometrium for at least three months, even if the disease is apparently resolved. Emerging concepts of the resolution and regulation of inflammation are promising for the improvement of prevention and therapy of endometritis.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Endometritis; Vaginal Discharge; Postpartum Period; Fertility; Puerperal Disorders; Inflammation; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37567665
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100781