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Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and... 2019Assessment of heart rate has been used for millennia as a marker of health. Several studies have indicated that low resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with health... (Review)
Review
Assessment of heart rate has been used for millennia as a marker of health. Several studies have indicated that low resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with health and longevity, and conversely, a high resting heart to be associated with disease and adverse events. Longitudinal studies have shown a clear association between increase in heart rate over time and adverse events. RHR is a fundamental clinical characteristic and several trials have assessed the effectiveness of heart rate lowering medication, for instance beta-blockers and selective sinus node inhibition. Advances in technology have provided new insights into genetic factors related to RHR as well as insights into whether elevated RHR is a risk factor or risk marker. Recent animal research has suggested that heart rate lowering with sinus node inhibition is associated with increased lifespan. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies in the general population using Mendelian randomization have demonstrated a causal link between heart rate at rest and longevity. Furthermore, the development in personal digital devices such as mobile phones, fitness trackers and eHealth applications has made heart rate information and knowledge in this field as important as ever for the public as well as the clinicians. It should therefore be expected that clinicians and health care providers will be met by relevant questions and need of advice regarding heart rate information from patients and the public. The present review provides an overview of the current knowledge in the field of heart rate and health.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Biomarkers; Cardiac Glycosides; Cardiovascular Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Longevity; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sinoatrial Node
PubMed: 30761923
DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1566567 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jan 2023
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Heart Rate; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 36203197
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28194 -
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Nov 2023The physical examination is a key part of a continuum that extends from the history of the present illness to the therapeutic outcome. An understanding of the... (Review)
Review
The physical examination is a key part of a continuum that extends from the history of the present illness to the therapeutic outcome. An understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism behind a physical sign is essential for arriving at the correct diagnosis. Early detection of deteriorating physical/vital signs and their appropriate interpretation is thus the key to achieve correct and timely management. By definition, vital signs are "the signs of life that may be monitored or measured, namely pulse rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood pressure." Vital signs are the simplest, cheapest and probably the most inexpensive information gathered bedside in outpatient or hospitalized patients. The pulse oximeter was introduced in the 1980s. It is an accurate and non-invasive method for the measurement of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2). Pulse oximetry-based arterial oxygen saturation can be effectively used bedside in in-hospital and ambulatory patients with diagnosed or suspected lung disease. The present pandemic of COVID-19 should be considered as a wake-up call. Articles related to arterial oxygen saturation and its importance as a vital sign in patient care were searched online especially in PubMed. Available studies were studied in full length and data was extracted. Discussion: A. Clinical Utility of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring: There are many studies reporting the clinical applicability and usefulness of pulse oximetry in the early detection of hypoxemic events during intraoperative and postoperative periods. B. Role of clinical expertise accompanied by knowledge of physiology: A diagnostic sign is useful only if it is interpreted accurately and applied appropriately while evaluating a patient. The World Health Organisation also appreciates these facts and published "The WHO Pulse Oximetry Training Manual." Understanding the physiology behind and overcoming limitations of the diagnostic sign by clinical expertise is important. While using pulse oximetry, a clinician needs to keep in mind the sigmoidal nature of the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve. Considering these benefits of SaO2 measurement, there have been several references in the past to consider oxygen saturation as the fifth vital sign. In the present pandemic oxygen saturation i.e., SpO2 (arterial oxygen saturation) measured by pulse oxymeter, has been the single most important warning and prognostic sign be it for households, offices, street vendors, hospitals or governments. Measurement of trends of SaO2 added with respiratory rate will provide clinicians with a holistic overview of respiratory functions and multidimensional conditions associated with hypoxemia.
Topics: Humans; Heart Rate; Hypoxia; Oximetry; Oxygen; Oxygen Saturation
PubMed: 38044759
DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_2026_21 -
JAMA Jun 2022
Topics: Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; Heart Rate
PubMed: 35763006
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.17024 -
Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach,... May 2022Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted keen research interest and have been widely used for long-term and real-time cardiovascular status monitoring. Owing to compelling characteristics, including light weight, wearing comfort, and high sensitivity to pulse pressures, physiological pulse waveforms can be precisely and continuously monitored by flexible pressure sensors for wearable health monitoring. Herein, an overview of wearable pressure sensors for human pulse wave monitoring is presented, with a focus on the transduction mechanism, microengineering structures, and related applications in pulse wave monitoring and cardiovascular condition assessment. The conceptualizations and methods for the acquisition of physiological and pathological information related to the cardiovascular system are outlined. The biomechanics of arterial pulse waves and the working mechanism of various wearable pressure sensors, including triboelectric, piezoelectric, magnetoelastic, piezoresistive, capacitive, and optical sensors, are also subject to systematic debate. Exemple applications of pulse wave measurement based on microengineering structured devices are then summarized. Finally, a discussion of the opportunities and challenges that wearable pressure sensors face, as well as their potential as a wearable intelligent system for personalized healthcare is given in conclusion.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Heart Rate; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Pulse; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 35044014
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109357 -
Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2023The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the use of face masks in public. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of face...
OBJECTIVE
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the use of face masks in public. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of face masks on pulse rate and partial blood oxygen saturation in patients without cardiorespiratory disorders.
METHODS
A total of 150 volunteers of both sexes were divided into three groups (n=50) according to age (children, young adults, and older adults). The partial blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate were measured for each volunteer using a digital oximeter while wearing a facial mask and remaining at rest. The masks were removed for two minutes, and partial blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate were remeasured. The materials and types of masks used were recorded. The t -test for paired samples was used to compare the mean values obtained before and after removing the masks.
RESULTS
The most frequently used mask was a two-layered cloth (64.7%). A decrease in pulse rate was observed after removing the face mask in males, particularly in children (p=0.006) and young adults (p=0.034). Partial blood oxygen saturation levels increased in young adult males after mask removal (p=0.01).
CONCLUSION
The two-layer cotton tissue face masks are associated with a higher pulse rate and reduced arterial blood oxygen saturation without associated clinical disorders, mainly in adult men with a lower tolerance to breathing and ear discomfort.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Young Adult; Humans; Aged; Masks; Heart Rate; Lung; Oxygen
PubMed: 37970950
DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2023AO0349 -
International Journal of Biological... 2017With the fast development of wearable medical device in recent years, it becomes critical to conduct research on continuously measured physiological signals. Entropy is... (Review)
Review
With the fast development of wearable medical device in recent years, it becomes critical to conduct research on continuously measured physiological signals. Entropy is a key metric for quantifying the irregularity and/or complexity contained in human physiological signals. In this review, we focus on exploring how entropy changes in various physiological signals in cardiovascular diseases. Our review concludes that the direction of entropy change relies on the physiological signals under investigation. For heart rate variability and pulse index, the entropy of a healthy person is higher than that of a patient with cardiovascular diseases. For diastolic period variability and diastolic heart sound, the direction of entropy change is reversed. Our conclusion should not only give valuable guidance for further research on the application of entropy in cardiovascular diseases but also provide a foundation for using entropy to analyze the irregularity and/or complexity of physiological signals measured by wearable medical device.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Electrocardiography; Entropy; Heart Rate; Humans
PubMed: 29104498
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.19462 -
IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health... May 2021The main aim of this work is to identify alterations in the morphology of the pulse photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal, due to the exposure of the subjects to a hyperbaric...
The main aim of this work is to identify alterations in the morphology of the pulse photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal, due to the exposure of the subjects to a hyperbaric environment. Additionally, their Pulse Rate Variability (PRV) is analysed to characterise the response of their Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). To do that, 28 volunteers are introduced into a hyperbaric chamber and five sequential stages with different atmospheric pressures from 1 atm to 5 atm are performed. In this work, nineteen morphological parameters of the PPG signal are analysed: the pulse amplitude; eight parameters related to pulse width; eight parameters related to pulse area; and the two two pulse slopes. Also, classical time and frequency parameters of PRV are computed. Notable widening of the pulses width is observed in the stages analysed. The PPG area increases with pressure, with no significant changes when the initial pressure is recovered. These changes in PPG waveform may be caused by an increase in the systemic vascular resistance as a consequence of of vasoconstriction in the extremities, suggesting a sympathetic activation. However, the PRV results show an augmented parasympathetic activity and a reduction in the parameters that characterise the sympathetic response. So, only a sympathetic activation is detected in the peripheral region, as reflected by PPG morphology. The information regarding the ANS and the cardiovascular response that can be extracted from the PPG signal, as well as its compatibility with wet conditions make this signal the most suitable for studying the physiological response in hyperbaric environments.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Extremities; Heart Rate; Humans; Photoplethysmography; Pulse; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Vital Signs
PubMed: 32870804
DOI: 10.1109/JBHI.2020.3020743 -
Annual International Conference of the... Jul 2022Monitoring of heart rate in patients in the general ward is necessary to assess the clinical situation of the patient. Currently, this is done via spot-checks on pulse...
Monitoring of heart rate in patients in the general ward is necessary to assess the clinical situation of the patient. Currently, this is done via spot-checks on pulse rate manually or on heart rate using Electrocardiogram (ECG) by nurses. More frequent measurements would allow early detection of adverse cardiac events. In this work, we investigate a contactless measurement setup combined with a signal processing pipeline, which is based on speckle vibrometry (SV), to perform contactless heart rate monitoring of human subjects in a supine position, mimicking a resting scenario in the general ward. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of extracting heart rate with SV through varying textile thicknesses (i.e., 8 mm, 32 mm and 64 mm), with an error smaller than 3 beats per minute on average compared to the ground-truth heart rate derived from ECG.
Topics: Electrocardiography; Heart; Heart Rate; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 36086409
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC48229.2022.9871712 -
World Journal of Urology Jan 2023To identify the relationship between fluoroscopy pulse rate and absorbed radiation dose. We compared absorbed radiation dose with common proxy measurements such as...
PURPOSE
To identify the relationship between fluoroscopy pulse rate and absorbed radiation dose. We compared absorbed radiation dose with common proxy measurements such as fluoroscopy time and C-arm reported dose.
METHODS
Using a simulated patient model, 60 s fluoroscopy exposures were performed using pulse rates of 30, 8, 4, 2, and 1 pulse(s) per second. Each experiment was performed with both standard and low-dose settings using a GE OEC 9800 plus C-arm. Landauer nanoDot™ OSL dosimeters were used to measure the absorbed radiation dose.
RESULTS
Fluoroscopy pulse rate and absorbed radiation dose demonstrated a linear correlation for both standard (R = 0.995, p < 0.001) and low-dose (R = 0.998, p < 0.001) settings. For any given pulse rate, using the low-dose setting reduced absorbed radiation dose by 58 ± 2.8%. Fluoroscopy time demonstrated a linear relationship with absorbed radiation dose for both standard (R = 0.996, p < 0.001) and low-dose (R = 0.991, p < 0.001) settings, but did not change with use of the low-dose setting. C-arm reported radiation dose correlated linearly with absorbed dose (R = 0.999) but consistently under-estimated measured values by an average of 49 ± 3.5%. Using a combination of 1 pulse-per-second and low-dose fluoroscopy, absorbed dose was reduced by 97.7 ± 0.1% compared to standard dose and 30 pulse-per-second settings.
CONCLUSION
Absorbed radiation dose decreases linearly with fluoroscopy pulse rate during equivalent exposure times. Adjusting fluoroscopy pulse rate and utilizing low-dose settings significantly reduces overall absorbed radiation exposure by up to 98%.
Topics: Humans; Radiation Dosage; Heart Rate; Radiation Exposure; Fluoroscopy; Patients
PubMed: 36525105
DOI: 10.1007/s00345-022-04238-2