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Neuroimaging Clinics of North America Feb 2020Psychoradiology is an emerging discipline at the intersection between radiology and psychiatry. It holds promise for playing a role in clinical diagnosis, evaluation of... (Review)
Review
Psychoradiology is an emerging discipline at the intersection between radiology and psychiatry. It holds promise for playing a role in clinical diagnosis, evaluation of treatment response and prognosis, and illness risk prediction for patients with psychiatric disorders. Addressing complex issues, such as the biological heterogeneity of psychiatric syndromes and unclear neurobiological mechanisms underpinning radiological abnormalities, is a challenge that needs to be resolved. With the advance of multimodal imaging and more efforts in standardization of image acquisition and analysis, psychoradiology is becoming a promising tool for the future of clinical care for patients with psychiatric disorders.
Topics: Brain; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mental Disorders; Neuroimaging; Prognosis; Psychiatry; Radiology
PubMed: 31759566
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2019.09.001 -
The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear... Mar 2018Sarcoidosis is a multisystem chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by widespread growth of non-caseating granulomas. The diagnosis of... (Review)
Review
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by widespread growth of non-caseating granulomas. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is based on clinical and imaging presentation, histologic confirmation and the absence of alternative diseases. Radiology and Nuclear Medicine play an essential role in the diagnostic work-up of patients with sarcoidosis to assess disease extent and activity. In addition, imaging modalities have shown their potential in managing these patients in terms of treatment response and prognostic assessment. Sarcoidosis has a predilection for chest involvement, showing typical and atypical manifestations in the lungs, airways and hilar/mediastinal lymph nodes. Chest radiography (X-ray) still plays an important role in suggesting diagnosis for cases with typical presentation of sarcoidosis, while computed tomography (CT) has higher accuracy in detecting early stage disease and in narrowing differential diagnosis, particularly in atypical manifestations. For extrathoracic involvement, both CT and MR (magnetic resonance) have comparable performance even though MR is the modality of choice for assessing neurosarcoidosis and cardiac sarcoidosis. In the last decades positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) has demonstrated an increasing and relevant value in assessing disease extent and activity, treatment planning and therapy response, with a crucial role in the management of cardiac sarcoidosis. In this article, an overview of the possible imaging manifestations of thoracic and extrathoracic sarcoidosis and current concepts on staging, response assessment and prognosis is provided. Finally, the potential applications of non-FDG radiotracers is briefly discussed.
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Nuclear Medicine; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Sarcoidosis
PubMed: 29190998
DOI: 10.23736/S1824-4785.17.03046-1 -
Academic Radiology Jun 2024Radiomics uses advanced mathematical analysis of pixel-level information from radiologic images to extract existing information in traditional imaging algorithms. It is... (Review)
Review
Radiomics uses advanced mathematical analysis of pixel-level information from radiologic images to extract existing information in traditional imaging algorithms. It is intended to find imaging biomarkers related to the genomics of tumors or disease patterns that improve medical care by advanced detection of tumor response patterns in tumors and to assess prognosis. Radiomics expands the paradigm of medical imaging to help with diagnosis, management of diseases and prognostication, leveraging image features by extracting information that can be used as imaging biomarkers to predict prognosis and response to treatment. Radiogenomics is an emerging area in radiomics that investigates the association between imaging characteristics and gene expression profiles. There are an increasing number of research publications using different radiomics approaches without a clear consensus on which method works best. We aim to describe the workflow of radiomics along with a guide of what to expect when starting a radiomics-based research project.
Topics: Humans; Imaging Genomics; Neoplasms; Algorithms; Diagnostic Imaging; Genomics; Biomedical Research; Multiomics; Radiomics
PubMed: 38286723
DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2024.01.024 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Jun 2019From diagnostics to prognosis to response prediction, new applications for radiomics are rapidly being developed. One of the fastest evolving branches involves linking... (Review)
Review
From diagnostics to prognosis to response prediction, new applications for radiomics are rapidly being developed. One of the fastest evolving branches involves linking imaging phenotypes to the tumor genetic profile, a field commonly referred to as "radiogenomics." In this review, a general outline of radiogenomic literature concerning prominent mutations across different tumor sites will be provided. The field of radiogenomics originates from image processing techniques developed decades ago; however, many technical and clinical challenges still need to be addressed. Nevertheless, increasingly accurate and robust radiogenomic models are being presented and the future appears to be bright.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Genomics; Humans; Medical Oncology; Phenotype; Precision Medicine; Radiology
PubMed: 31049614
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02028-w -
Clinical Cancer Research : An Official... May 2021Human intratumoral immunotherapy (HIT-IT) is under rapid development, with promising preliminary results and high expectations for current phase III trials. While... (Review)
Review
Human intratumoral immunotherapy (HIT-IT) is under rapid development, with promising preliminary results and high expectations for current phase III trials. While outcomes remain paramount for patients and the referring oncologists, the technical aspects of drug injection are critical to the interventional radiologist to ensure optimal and reproducible outcomes. The technical considerations for HIT-IT affect the safety, efficacy, and further development of this treatment option. Image-guided access to the tumor allows the therapeutic index of a treatment to be enhanced by increasing the intratumoral drug concentration while minimizing its systemic exposure and associated on-target off-tumor adverse events. Direct access to the tumor also enables the acquisition of cancer tissue for sequential sampling to better understand the pharmacodynamics of the injected immunotherapy and its efficacy through correlation of immune responses, pathologic responses, and imaging tumor response. The aim of this article is to share the technical insights of HIT-IT, with particular consideration for patient selection, lesion assessment, image guidance, and technical injection options. In addition, the organization of a standard patient workflow is discussed, so as to optimize HIT-IT outcome and the patient experience.
Topics: Clinical Decision-Making; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Management; Humans; Immunotherapy; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Radiology, Interventional; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; Radiotherapy, Image-Guided; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33419781
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-4073 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2021The fields of both radiology and radiation oncology have evolved considerably in the past few decades, resulting in an increased ability to delineate between tumor and... (Review)
Review
The fields of both radiology and radiation oncology have evolved considerably in the past few decades, resulting in an increased ability to delineate between tumor and normal tissue to precisely target and treat vertebral metastases with radiation therapy. These scientific advances have also led to improvements in assessing treatment response and diagnosing toxic effects related to radiation treatment. However, despite technological innovations yielding greatly improved rates of palliative relief and local control of osseous spinal metastases, radiation therapy can still lead to a number of acute and delayed posttreatment complications. Treatment-related adverse effects may include pain flare, esophageal toxic effects, dermatitis, vertebral compression fracture, radiation myelopathy, and myositis, among others. The authors provide an overview of the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of spinal metastases, indications for surgical management versus radiation therapy, various radiation technologies and techniques (along with their applications for spinal metastases), and current principles of treatment planning for conventional and stereotactic radiation treatment. Different radiologic criteria for assessment of treatment response, recent advances in radiologic imaging, and both common and rare complications related to spinal irradiation are also discussed, along with the imaging characteristics of various adverse effects. Familiarity with these topics will not only assist the diagnostic radiologist in assessing treatment response and diagnosing treatment-related complications but will also allow more effective collaboration between diagnostic radiologists and radiation oncologists to guide management decisions and ensure high-quality patient care. RSNA, 2021.
Topics: Fractures, Compression; Humans; Radiation Oncology; Spinal Fractures; Spinal Neoplasms; Spine
PubMed: 34623944
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021210052 -
European Journal of Radiology Jul 2021Musculoskeletal (MSK) pathologies are one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. However, treatment options and understanding of pathogenetic processes are still... (Review)
Review
Musculoskeletal (MSK) pathologies are one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. However, treatment options and understanding of pathogenetic processes are still partially unclear, mainly due to a limited ability in early disease detection and response to therapy assessment. In this scenario, thanks to a strong technological advancement, structural imaging is currently established as the gold-standard of diagnosis in many MSK disorders but each single diagnostic modality (plain films, high-resolution ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance) still suffer by a low specificity regarding the characterization of inflammatory processes, the quantification of inflammatory activity levels, and the degree of response to therapy. To overcome these limitations, molecular imaging techniques may play a promising role. Starting from the strengths and weaknesses of structural anatomical imaging, the present narrative review aims to highlight the promising role of molecular imaging in the assessment of non-neoplastic MSK diseases with a special focus on its role to monitor treatment response.
Topics: Humans; Molecular Imaging; Radiography; Radiology; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 33951567
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109737 -
Academic Radiology Nov 2021Bloom's Taxonomy, an integral component of learning theory since its inception, describes cognitive skill levels in increasing complexity (Remember, Understand, Apply,...
Bloom's Taxonomy, an integral component of learning theory since its inception, describes cognitive skill levels in increasing complexity (Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create). Considering Bloom's Taxonomy when writing learning objectives and lecture material, teaching residents at the workstation and creating multiple choice questions can increase an educator's effectiveness. The incorporation of higher Bloom levels aids in cultivating critical thinking skills vital to image interpretation and patient care, and becomes increasingly important as the radiologist's role evolves with the continued development of artificial intelligence. Following established tenets of multiple choice question writing, involving trainees in the question writing process, and incorporating audience response systems into lectures are all strategies in which higher Bloom level skills can be accomplished.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Educational Measurement; Humans; Learning; Radiology; Thinking
PubMed: 32921568
DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.08.013 -
RoFo : Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der... Jun 2021Personalized precision medicine requires highly accurate diagnostics. While radiological research has focused on scanner and sequence technologies in recent decades,... (Review)
Review
Personalized precision medicine requires highly accurate diagnostics. While radiological research has focused on scanner and sequence technologies in recent decades, applications of artificial intelligence are increasingly attracting scientific interest as they could substantially expand the possibility of objective quantification and diagnostic or prognostic use of image information.In this context, the term "radiomics" describes the extraction of quantitative features from imaging data such as those obtained from computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examinations. These features are associated with predictive goals such as diagnosis or prognosis using machine learning models. It is believed that the integrative assessment of the feature patterns thus obtained, in combination with clinical, molecular and genetic data, can enable a more accurate characterization of the pathophysiology of diseases and more precise prediction of therapy response and outcome.This review describes the classical radiomics approach and discusses the existing very large variability of approaches. Finally, it outlines the research directions in which the interdisciplinary field of radiology and computer science is moving, characterized by increasingly close collaborations and the need for new educational concepts. The aim is to provide a basis for responsible and comprehensible handling of the data and analytical methods used. KEY POINTS:: · Radiomics is playing an increasingly important role in imaging research.. · Radiomics has great potential to meet the requirements of precision medicine.. · Radiomics analysis is still subject to great variability.. · There is a need for quality-assured application of radiomics in medicine.. CITATION FORMAT: · Attenberger UI, Langs G, . How does Radiomics actually work? - Review. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 652 - 657.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Computational Biology; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Precision Medicine; Radiology; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 33264805
DOI: 10.1055/a-1293-8953 -
Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences... Apr 2023The application of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in radiology has expanded exponentially. In recent years, an extremely large number of studies have... (Review)
Review
The application of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in radiology has expanded exponentially. In recent years, an extremely large number of studies have reported about the hepatobiliary domain. Its applications range from differential diagnosis to the diagnosis of tumor invasion and prediction of treatment response and prognosis. Moreover, it has been utilized to improve the image quality of DL reconstruction. However, most clinicians are not familiar with ML and DL, and previous studies about these concepts are relatively challenging to understand. In this review article, we aimed to explain the concepts behind ML and DL and to summarize recent achievements in their use in the hepatobiliary region.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Deep Learning; Machine Learning; Radiology; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36697024
DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2022-0102