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European Heart Journal Nov 2015Music can powerfully evoke and modulate emotions and moods, along with changes in heart activity, blood pressure (BP), and breathing. Although there is great... (Review)
Review
Music can powerfully evoke and modulate emotions and moods, along with changes in heart activity, blood pressure (BP), and breathing. Although there is great heterogeneity in methods and quality among previous studies on effects of music on the heart, the following findings emerge from the literature: Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) are higher in response to exciting music compared with tranquilizing music. During musical frissons (involving shivers and piloerection), both HR and RR increase. Moreover, HR and RR tend to increase in response to music compared with silence, and HR appears to decrease in response to unpleasant music compared with pleasant music. We found no studies that would provide evidence for entrainment of HR to musical beats. Corresponding to the increase in HR, listening to exciting music (compared with tranquilizing music) is associated with a reduction of heart rate variability (HRV), including reductions of both low-frequency and high-frequency power of the HRV. Recent findings also suggest effects of music-evoked emotions on regional activity of the heart, as reflected in electrocardiogram amplitude patterns. In patients with heart disease (similar to other patient groups), music can reduce pain and anxiety, associated with lower HR and lower BP. In general, effects of music on the heart are small, and there is great inhomogeneity among studies with regard to methods, findings, and quality. Therefore, there is urgent need for systematic high-quality research on the effects of music on the heart, and on the beneficial effects of music in clinical settings.
Topics: Anxiety; Depression; Emotions; Heart; Heart Diseases; Heart Rate; Humans; Music; Music Therapy; Pain; Respiratory Rate
PubMed: 26354957
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv430 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020Respiratory rate is a fundamental vital sign that is sensitive to different pathological conditions (e.g., adverse cardiac events, pneumonia, and clinical deterioration)... (Review)
Review
Respiratory rate is a fundamental vital sign that is sensitive to different pathological conditions (e.g., adverse cardiac events, pneumonia, and clinical deterioration) and stressors, including emotional stress, cognitive load, heat, cold, physical effort, and exercise-induced fatigue. The sensitivity of respiratory rate to these conditions is superior compared to that of most of the other vital signs, and the abundance of suitable technological solutions measuring respiratory rate has important implications for healthcare, occupational settings, and sport. However, respiratory rate is still too often not routinely monitored in these fields of use. This review presents a multidisciplinary approach to respiratory monitoring, with the aim to improve the development and efficacy of respiratory monitoring services. We have identified thirteen monitoring goals where the use of the respiratory rate is invaluable, and for each of them we have described suitable sensors and techniques to monitor respiratory rate in specific measurement scenarios. We have also provided a physiological rationale corroborating the importance of respiratory rate monitoring and an original multidisciplinary framework for the development of respiratory monitoring services. This review is expected to advance the field of respiratory monitoring and favor synergies between different disciplines to accomplish this goal.
Topics: Delivery of Health Care; Exercise; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Respiratory Rate; Sports Medicine; Vital Signs
PubMed: 33182463
DOI: 10.3390/s20216396 -
Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia :... 2018Patient-v entilator asynchrony (PVA) is a mismatch between the patient, regarding time, flow, volume, or pressure demands of the patient respiratory system, and the... (Review)
Review
Patient-v entilator asynchrony (PVA) is a mismatch between the patient, regarding time, flow, volume, or pressure demands of the patient respiratory system, and the ventilator, which supplies such demands, during mechanical ventilation (MV). It is a common phenomenon, with incidence rates ranging from 10% to 85%. PVA might be due to factors related to the patient, to the ventilator, or both. The most common PVA types are those related to triggering, such as ineffective effort, auto-triggering, and double triggering; those related to premature or delayed cycling; and those related to insufficient or excessive flow. Each of these types can be detected by visual inspection of volume, flow, and pressure waveforms on the mechanical ventilator display. Specific ventilatory strategies can be used in combination with clinical management, such as controlling patient pain, anxiety, fever, etc. Deep sedation should be avoided whenever possible. PVA has been associated with unwanted outcomes, such as discomfort, dyspnea, worsening of pulmonary gas exchange, increased work of breathing, diaphragmatic injury, sleep impairment, and increased use of sedation or neuromuscular blockade, as well as increases in the duration of MV, weaning time, and mortality. Proportional assist ventilation and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist are modalities of partial ventilatory support that reduce PVA and have shown promise. This article reviews the literature on the types and causes of PVA, as well as the methods used in its evaluation, its potential implications in the recovery process of critically ill patients, and strategies for its resolution.
Topics: Humans; Interactive Ventilatory Support; Positive-Pressure Respiration; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory Rate
PubMed: 30020347
DOI: 10.1590/S1806-37562017000000185 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Apr 2022Clinical research on the beneficial effects induced by slow-paced breathing has been increasingly extended in the past twenty years. Improvements in cardiovascular... (Review)
Review
Clinical research on the beneficial effects induced by slow-paced breathing has been increasingly extended in the past twenty years. Improvements in cardiovascular functioning, executive functions, or stress management appear to be among the most prominent observations in these studies. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are multiple and complex. This review will focus on the importance of reducing breathing rate at the resonant frequency (~ 0.1 Hz), which increases cardiac oscillations, thus reflecting improved vagally-mediated heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity. These effects are achieved through temporal coherence of respiratory, blood pressure, and cardiac phases, which are the origin of multiple peripheral benefits. In return, vagal afferents, which send inputs to interoceptive areas, are stimulated for longer and more intensely than when breathing spontaneously. In limbic areas, which may also be stimulated through larger cerebral blood flow oscillations and increases in oxygen delivery, interoceptive activation produces a cascade of neural activations that may be at the origin of the central benefits of deep and slow-paced breathing.
Topics: Baroreflex; Blood Pressure; Heart Rate; Humans; Respiration; Respiratory Rate; Vagus Nerve
PubMed: 35167847
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104576 -
British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen... Apr 2019Respiratory rate measurement is regarded as a core nursing skill. Yet there are numerous recorded discrepancies in the monitoring and assessment of patients' respiratory...
Respiratory rate measurement is regarded as a core nursing skill. Yet there are numerous recorded discrepancies in the monitoring and assessment of patients' respiratory rate. This article discusses the importance of respiration rate in terms of patient clinical outcomes, monitoring and documentation.
Topics: Clinical Competence; Humans; Nursing Assessment; Respiratory Rate
PubMed: 31002547
DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2019.28.8.504 -
Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) Mar 2023
Topics: Humans; Child; Infant; Respiratory Rate; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 36605003
DOI: 10.1111/apa.16645 -
Brain Stimulation 2014Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is currently used to treat refractory epilepsy and is being investigated as a potential therapy for a range of conditions, including heart...
BACKGROUND
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is currently used to treat refractory epilepsy and is being investigated as a potential therapy for a range of conditions, including heart failure, tinnitus, obesity and Alzheimer's disease. However, the invasive nature and expense limits the use of VNS in patient populations and hinders the exploration of the mechanisms involved.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated a non-invasive method of VNS through electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve distributed to the skin of the ear--transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) and measured the autonomic effects.
METHODS
The effects of tVNS parameters on autonomic function in 48 healthy participants were investigated using heart rate variability (HRV) and microneurography. tVNS was performed using a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) machine and modified surface electrodes. Participants visited the laboratory once and received either active (200 μs, 30 Hz; n = 34) or sham (n = 14) stimulation.
RESULTS
Active tVNS significantly increased HRV in healthy participants (P = 0.026) indicating a shift in cardiac autonomic function toward parasympathetic predominance. Microneurographic recordings revealed a significant decrease in frequency (P = 0.0001) and incidence (P = 0.0002) of muscle sympathetic nerve activity during tVNS.
CONCLUSION
tVNS can increase HRV and reduce sympathetic nerve outflow, which is desirable in conditions characterized by enhanced sympathetic nerve activity, such as heart failure. tVNS can therefore influence human physiology and provide a simple and inexpensive alternative to invasive VNS.
Topics: Adult; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Rate; Sympathetic Nervous System; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; Vagus Nerve; Young Adult
PubMed: 25164906
DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.031 -
Annual International Conference of the... Nov 2021Vital signs monitoring is critical for healthcare. Currently, at-home vital signs monitoring is obstructed by the complicated device, unaffordable cost, and...
Vital signs monitoring is critical for healthcare. Currently, at-home vital signs monitoring is obstructed by the complicated device, unaffordable cost, and inconvenience. In this study, we develop a simultaneous heart rate and respiratory rate monitoring technique that requires only one tri-axial accelerometer placing on the sternum. We devise a signal processing technique to generate seismocardiography and respiratory vibration from the raw acceleration data; furthermore, we formulate the algorithms to compute the heart rate and respiratory rate from the processed signals. We tested the methodology on 20 young healthy adults during pre-exercise and post-exercise sitting. The accuracy of 98.3% and 97.3% are achieved in heart rate monitoring during pre-exercise and post-exercise sitting. For respiratory rate, an accuracy of 96.8% is accomplished. Given the accuracy, affordable cost and convenience, the acceleration-based technique shows great promise for at-home vital signs monitoring.Clinical relevance- Portable heart rate and respiratory rate monitoring is substantial in elevating the quality of healthcare environment.
Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Heart Rate; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Respiratory Rate; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 34892686
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630298 -
Journal of Clinical Monitoring and... Apr 2020
Topics: Longitudinal Studies; Monitoring, Physiologic; Respiratory Rate; Temperature
PubMed: 31342305
DOI: 10.1007/s10877-019-00357-1 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2019There is an ever-growing demand for measuring respiratory variables during a variety of applications, including monitoring in clinical and occupational settings, and... (Review)
Review
There is an ever-growing demand for measuring respiratory variables during a variety of applications, including monitoring in clinical and occupational settings, and during sporting activities and exercise. Special attention is devoted to the monitoring of respiratory rate because it is a vital sign, which responds to a variety of stressors. There are different methods for measuring respiratory rate, which can be classed as contact-based or contactless. The present paper provides an overview of the currently available contact-based methods for measuring respiratory rate. For these methods, the sensing element (or part of the instrument containing it) is attached to the subject's body. Methods based upon the recording of respiratory airflow, sounds, air temperature, air humidity, air components, chest wall movements, and modulation of the cardiac activity are presented. Working principles, metrological characteristics, and applications in the respiratory monitoring field are presented to explore potential development and applicability for each method.
Topics: Exercise; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Respiration; Respiratory Rate; Thoracic Wall
PubMed: 30795595
DOI: 10.3390/s19040908