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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022The ability to continuously and unobtrusively monitor and classify breathing patterns can be very valuable for automated health assessments because respiration is...
The ability to continuously and unobtrusively monitor and classify breathing patterns can be very valuable for automated health assessments because respiration is tightly coupled to many physiological processes. Pathophysiological changes in these processes often manifest in altered breathing patterns and can thus be immediately detected. In order to develop a breathing pattern monitoring system, a study was conducted in which volunteer subjects were asked to breathe according to a predefined breathing protocol containing multiple breathing patterns while being recorded with color and thermal cameras. The recordings were used to develop and compare several respiratory signal extraction algorithms. An algorithm for the robust extraction of multiple respiratory features was developed and evaluated, capable of differentiating a wide range of respiratory patterns. These features were used to train a one vs. one multiclass support vector machine, which can distinguish between breathing patterns with an accuracy of 95.79 %. The recorded dataset was published to enable further improvement of contactless breathing pattern classification, especially for complex breathing patterns.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Rate; Respiration; Monitoring, Physiologic; Support Vector Machine; Algorithms
PubMed: 36433452
DOI: 10.3390/s22228854 -
Journal of Clinical Monitoring and... Jun 2022Tidal volume monitoring may help minimize lung injury during respiratory assistance. Surface imaging using time-of-flight camera is a new, non-invasive, non-contact,...
Tidal volume monitoring may help minimize lung injury during respiratory assistance. Surface imaging using time-of-flight camera is a new, non-invasive, non-contact, radiation-free, and easy-to-use technique that enables tidal volume and respiratory rate measurements. The objectives of the study were to determine the accuracy of Time-of-Flight volume (VT) and respiratory rate (RR) measurements at the bedside, and to validate its application for spontaneously breathing patients under high flow nasal canula. Data analysis was performed within the ReaSTOC data-warehousing project (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02893462). All data were recorded using standard monitoring devices, and the computerized medical file. Time-of-flight technique used a Kinect V2 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) to acquire the distance information, based on measuring the phase delay between the emitted light-wave and received backscattered signals. 44 patients (32 under mechanical ventilation; 12 under high-flow nasal canula) were recorded. High correlation (r = 0.84; p < 0.001), with low bias (-1.7 mL) and acceptable deviation (75 mL) was observed between VT and VT under ventilation. Similar performance was observed for respiratory rate (r = 0.91; p < 0.001; bias < 1b/min; deviation ≤ 5b/min). Measurements were possible for all patients under high-flow nasal canula, detecting overdistension in 4 patients (tidal volume > 8 mL/kg) and low ventilation in 6 patients (tidal volume < 6 mL/kg). Tidal volume monitoring using time-of-flight camera (VT) is correlated to reference values. Time-of-flight camera enables continuous and non-contact respiratory monitoring under high-flow nasal canula, and enables to detect tidal volume and respiratory rate changes, while modifying flow. It enables respiratory monitoring for spontaneously patients, especially while using high-flow nasal oxygenation.
Topics: Humans; Intensive Care Units; Respiration; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Rate; Tidal Volume
PubMed: 33886075
DOI: 10.1007/s10877-021-00708-x -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Aug 2015
Topics: Heart Rate; Humans; Respiratory Rate
PubMed: 25897036
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307863 -
Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia :... Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Brazil; Respiratory Rate
PubMed: 37493794
DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20230213 -
Journal of Clinical Monitoring and... Oct 2022Respiratory rate (RR) is a marker of critical illness, but during hospital care, RR is often inaccurately measured. The capaciflector is a novel sensor that is small,...
Respiratory rate (RR) is a marker of critical illness, but during hospital care, RR is often inaccurately measured. The capaciflector is a novel sensor that is small, inexpensive, and flexible, thus it has the potential to provide a single-use, real-time RR monitoring device. We evaluated the accuracy of continuous RR measurements by capaciflector hardware both at rest and during exercise. Continuous RR measurements were made with capaciflectors at four chest locations. In healthy subjects (n = 20), RR was compared with strain gauge chest belt recordings during timed breathing and two different body positions at rest. In patients undertaking routine cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET, n = 50), RR was compared with pneumotachometer recordings. Comparative RR measurement bias and limits of agreement were calculated and presented in Bland-Altman plots. The capaciflector was shown to provide continuous RR measurements with a bias less than 1 breath per minute (BPM) across four chest locations. Accuracy and continuity of monitoring were upheld even during vigorous CPET exercise, often with narrower limits of agreement than those reported for comparable technologies. We provide a unique clinical demonstration of the capaciflector as an accurate breathing monitor, which may have the potential to become a simple and affordable medical device.Clinical trial number: NCT03832205 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03832205 registered February 6th, 2019.
Topics: Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Reproducibility of Results; Respiration; Respiratory Rate
PubMed: 35040037
DOI: 10.1007/s10877-021-00798-7 -
Annual International Conference of the... Jul 2022Long-term acquisition of respiratory and heart signals is useful in a variety of applications, including sleep analysis, monitoring of respiratory and heart disorders,...
Long-term acquisition of respiratory and heart signals is useful in a variety of applications, including sleep analysis, monitoring of respiratory and heart disorders, and so on. Ballistocardiography (BCG), a non-invasive technique that measures micro-body vibrations caused by cardiac contractions as well as motion caused by breathing, snoring, and body movements, would be ideal for long-term vital parameter acquisition. Turtle Shell Technologies Pvt. Ltd.'s Dozee device, which is based on BCG, is a contactless continuous vital parameters monitoring system. It is designed to measure Heart Rate (HR) and Respiratory Rate (RR) continuously and without contact in a hospital setting or at home. A validation study for HR and RR was conducted using Dozee by comparing it to the vitals obtained from the FDA-approved Patient Monitor. This was done in a sleep laboratory setting over 110 nights in 51 subjects to evaluate HR and over 20 nights in 17 subjects to evaluate RR at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India. Approximately 789 hours data for HR and approximately 112 hours data for RR was collected. Dozee was able to achieve a mean absolute error of 1.72 bpm for HR compared to the gold standard ECG. A mean absolute error of ∼1.24 breaths/min was obtained in determining RR compared to currently used methods. Dozee is ideal for long-term contactless monitoring of vital parameters due to its low mean absolute errors in measuring both HR and RR. Clinical Relevance- Continuous and long-term vitals monitoring is known to enable early screening of clinical deterioration, improve patient outcomes and reduce mortality. Current methods of continuous monitoring are overly complex, costly, and rely heavily on patient compliance. The proposed remote vitals monitoring solution based on BCG was found to be at par with gold standard methods of recording HR and RR. As a result, clinicians can use it to effectively monitor patients in both the hospital and at home.
Topics: BCG Vaccine; Ballistocardiography; Heart Rate; Humans; India; Respiratory Rate; United States
PubMed: 36086663
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC48229.2022.9871007 -
Journal of Clinical Monitoring and... Aug 2023Respiratory rate (RR) is one of the most common vital signs with numerous clinical uses. It is an important indicator of acute illness and a significant change in RR is...
PURPOSE
Respiratory rate (RR) is one of the most common vital signs with numerous clinical uses. It is an important indicator of acute illness and a significant change in RR is often an early indication of a potentially serious complication or clinical event such as respiratory tract infection, respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. Early identification of changes in RR allows for prompt intervention, whereas failing to detect a change may result in poor patient outcomes. Here, we report on the performance of a depth-sensing camera system for the continuous non-contact 'touchless' monitoring of Respiratory Rate.
METHODS
Seven healthy subjects undertook a range of breathing rates from 4 to 40 breaths-per-minute (breaths/min). These were set rates of 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 breaths/min. In total, 553 separate respiratory rate recordings were captured across a range of conditions including body posture, position within the bed, lighting levels and bed coverings. Depth information was acquired from the scene using an Intel D415 RealSense camera. This data was processed in real-time to extract depth changes within the subject's torso region corresponding to respiratory activity. A respiratory rate RR was calculated using our latest algorithm and output once-per-second from the device and compared to a reference.
RESULTS
An overall RMSD accuracy of 0.69 breaths/min with a corresponding bias of -0.034 was achieved across the target RR range of 4-40 breaths/min. Bland-Altman analysis revealed limits of agreement of -1.42 to 1.36 breaths/min. Three separate sub-ranges of low, normal and high rates, corresponding to < 12, 12-20, > 20 breaths/min, were also examined separately and each found to demonstrate RMSD accuracies of less than one breath-per-minute.
CONCLUSIONS
We have demonstrated high accuracy in performance for respiratory rate based on a depth camera system. We have shown the ability to perform well at both high and low rates which are clinically important.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Rate; Vital Signs; Posture; Algorithms; Monitoring, Physiologic
PubMed: 37010708
DOI: 10.1007/s10877-023-01003-7 -
IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 2018Breathing rate (BR) is a key physiological parameter used in a range of clinical settings. Despite its diagnostic and prognostic value, it is still widely measured by... (Review)
Review
Breathing rate (BR) is a key physiological parameter used in a range of clinical settings. Despite its diagnostic and prognostic value, it is still widely measured by counting breaths manually. A plethora of algorithms have been proposed to estimate BR from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and pulse oximetry (photoplethysmogram, PPG) signals. These BR algorithms provide opportunity for automated, electronic, and unobtrusive measurement of BR in both healthcare and fitness monitoring. This paper presents a review of the literature on BR estimation from the ECG and PPG. First, the structure of BR algorithms and the mathematical techniques used at each stage are described. Second, the experimental methodologies that have been used to assess the performance of BR algorithms are reviewed, and a methodological framework for the assessment of BR algorithms is presented. Third, we outline the most pressing directions for future research, including the steps required to use BR algorithms in wearable sensors, remote video monitoring, and clinical practice.
Topics: Algorithms; Electrocardiography; Humans; Photoplethysmography; Respiratory Rate; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 29990026
DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2017.2763681 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Jan 2019Respiratory rate is one of the key variables that is set and monitored during mechanical ventilation. As part of increasing efforts to optimize mechanical ventilation,... (Review)
Review
Respiratory rate is one of the key variables that is set and monitored during mechanical ventilation. As part of increasing efforts to optimize mechanical ventilation, it is prudent to expand understanding of the potential harmful effects of not only volume and pressures but also respiratory rate. The mechanisms by which respiratory rate may become injurious during mechanical ventilation can be distinguished in two broad categories. In the first, well-recognized category, concerning both controlled and assisted ventilation, the respiratory rate per se may promote ventilator-induced lung injury, dynamic hyperinflation, ineffective efforts, and respiratory alkalosis. It may also be misinterpreted as distress delaying the weaning process. In the second category, which concerns only assisted ventilation, the respiratory rate may induce injury in a less apparent way by remaining relatively quiescent while being challenged by chemical feedback. By responding minimally to chemical feedback, respiratory rate leaves the control of e almost exclusively to inspiratory effort. In such cases, when assist is high, weak inspiratory efforts promote ineffective triggering, periodic breathing, and diaphragmatic atrophy. Conversely, when assist is low, diaphragmatic efforts are intense and increase the risk for respiratory distress, asynchronies, ventilator-induced lung injury, diaphragmatic injury, and cardiovascular complications. This review thoroughly presents the multiple mechanisms by which respiratory rate may induce injury during mechanical ventilation, drawing the attention of critical care physicians to the potential injurious effects of respiratory rate insensitivity to chemical feedback during assisted ventilation.
Topics: Humans; Lung; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Rate; Ventilator Weaning; Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury
PubMed: 30199652
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201804-0726CI -
Psychiatry Research May 2015Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by anticipatory anxiety and panic, both causing physiological arousal. We investigated the differential responses between... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Panic disorder (PD) is characterized by anticipatory anxiety and panic, both causing physiological arousal. We investigated the differential responses between anticipatory anxiety and panic in PD and healthy controls (HC). Subjects (15 PD and 30 HC) received an injection of a respiratory stimulant, doxapram, with a high rate of producing panic attacks in PD patients, or an injection of saline. PD subjects had significantly higher scores in anxiety and panic symptoms during both conditions. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) indices showed higher sympathetic activity (LF) during anticipatory anxiety and panic states, an increase in the ratio of LF/HF during the anticipatory and panic states and a decrease in parasympathetic (HF) component in PD patients. During doxapram PD subjects increased their LF/HF ratio while HC had a reduction in LF/HF. Parasympathetic component of HRV was lower during anticipatory anxiety in PD. In general, PD showed greater sympathetic and psychological responses related to anxiety and sensations of dyspnea, reduced parasympathetic responses during anticipatory and panic states, but no differences in respiratory response. This confirms previous studies showing that PD patients do not have an intrinsic respiratory abnormality (either heightened or dysregulated) at the level of the brain stem but rather an exaggerated fear response.
Topics: Adult; Arousal; Cross-Over Studies; Doxapram; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Panic Disorder; Respiratory Rate; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 25819170
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.001