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FEMS Yeast Research Nov 2015The possibility of utilizing volatile fatty acids (VFA)-containing waste substrates from biotechnological and industrial processes was investigated by cultivating both...
The possibility of utilizing volatile fatty acids (VFA)-containing waste substrates from biotechnological and industrial processes was investigated by cultivating both oleaginous (Candida sp., Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichosporon cutaneum, Yarrowia lipolytica) and non-oleaginous (Kluyveromyces polysporus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii) yeast species on acetic acid, propionic acid and a combination of either acid with glucose as carbon and energy sources. Both oleaginous and non-oleaginous yeasts grew on VFA. Oleaginous yeasts accumulated lipids to 15-48% of dry cell weight, non-oleaginous yeasts also grew on VFA and showed comparable biomass yields but the lipid content was only 2-5%. Biomass and lipid yield increased in cultivations on VFA plus glucose. The lipid composition was comparable to plant-derived oils and therefore might be exploitable in biodiesel production; nearly all species, when cultured on propionate, showed a high content of the desirable odd-chain unsaturated FA, especially 17:1 acid. This study points at the wide array of possible applications of many yeasts, even non-oleaginous strains, for biovalorization of industrial wastes. Despite their low lipid content these species are useful because they can readily utilize VFA from waste products and, since they are not biologically hazardous, their biomass can be afterwards used, e.g. as livestock fodder.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Biomass; Biotransformation; Carbon; Glucose; Lipids; Propionates; Yeasts
PubMed: 26323601
DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov076 -
AMB Express Aug 2018The constant growing demand for vegetable oil for biodiesel and food is raising many environmental concerns about the sustainability of its production based on crops....
The constant growing demand for vegetable oil for biodiesel and food is raising many environmental concerns about the sustainability of its production based on crops. Oleaginous yeasts show great potential to end with those concerns due to their high lipid productivity in small areas. To evaluate their productivity in lipids, an efficient and reproducible extraction process should be used. As no standard extraction process is available for the extraction of yeast lipids, an optimized extraction process is presented. In this work, the lipids extraction process for the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Lipomyces kononenkoae is optimized using bead beating for cell rupture and introducing adaptations of the two most used extraction methods (Bligh and Dyer and Folch). For Rhodotorula g. the optimum extraction conditions are obtained by the Bligh and Dyer method applying 4.8 cycles of 47 s with 0.7 g of glass beads. For Lipomyces k. the optimum extraction conditions make use of the Folch method applying seven cycles of 42 s with 0.54 g of glass beads. These results reinforce the idea that, for each yeast, different extraction processes may be needed to correctly determine the lipid yield. The extraction procedure was further evaluated with less harmful solvents. Toluene was tested as a possible substitute of chloroform, and ethanol as a possible substitute of methanol. With the optimized extraction process, better results for Lipomyces k. were obtained using toluene and ethanol, while for Rhodotorula g. toluene proved to be a valid substitute of chloroform but ethanol is far less effective than methanol.
PubMed: 30083943
DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0658-4 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Nov 2023Microorganisms living in the oral cavity play an important role in health and disease of the host. Cats are susceptible to oral infections, and it is documented that...
BACKGROUND
Microorganisms living in the oral cavity play an important role in health and disease of the host. Cats are susceptible to oral infections, and it is documented that fungi in the oral cavity could impact these infections. Antifungal resistance has been increasing in recent years.
OBJECTIVES
This study was designed to identify yeast isolates from the oral cavity of healthy cats and to evaluate their antifungal susceptibility pattern.
METHODS
Oral specimens were collected from 60 cats and cultured at 37°C for 10 days. Yeasts were isolated and identified. Their antifungal susceptibility pattern was determined according to CLSI M44-A.
RESULTS
Three yeast genera were isolated, including Candida spp (55.5%), Rhodotorula spp (33.3%) and Hanseniaspora spp (11.1%). Antifungal susceptibility profiling showed that, apart from a dose-dependent effect of itraconazole, Hanseniaspora spp was susceptible to all seven drugs studied. The Candida species were susceptible to all drugs except ketoconazole (sensitivity 80%) and caspofungin (sensitivity 40%). In R. glutinis and R. minuta, 100% sensitivity was observed for amphotericin B, posaconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that, in comparison with humans and other animals, cats have a different oral mycoflora in terms of species, number and diversity. However, these isolates have similar susceptibility patterns to those seen in isolates from other animals and humans. More studies should be done to further characterize the oral mycobiota of cats and its role in oral infections.
Topics: Humans; Cats; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Ketoconazole; Fluconazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Yeasts; Candida; Mouth
PubMed: 37847594
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1280 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Sep 2021Carotenoids are a group of tetraterpene pigments widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Torulene, torularhodin, and β-carotene, three...
Carotenoids are a group of tetraterpene pigments widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Torulene, torularhodin, and β-carotene, three principal carotenoids synthesized by ZHK, possess strong health-promoting properties such as antioxidant, provitamin A, and antitumor. Here, the effect of different salt conditions on carotenoids production of ZHK was investigated. The results showed that the total carotenoids were significantly enhanced in 0.5 M (3.91 mg/L) and 0.75 M (5.41 mg/L) NaCl treatments than that in 1.0 M (0.35 mg/L) and control (1.42 mg/L) after 120 h of cultivation. Of which, the increase in torulene and torularhodin production acts as the main contributor to the enhancement of total carotenoids. Transcriptome profiling revealed that salt stress efficiently promotes the gene expression of , which could explain the molecular mechanisms of the enhanced torulene and torularhodin production under salt stress. Further experiments indicated that torulene and torularhodin play an important role in quenching excrescent reactive oxygen species induced by salt stress. Together, the present study reports an effective strategy for simultaneously improving torulene and torularhodin production in ZHK.
Topics: Carotenoids; Rhodotorula; Transcriptome
PubMed: 34545740
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04028 -
Biotechnology For Biofuels Mar 2021Crude glycerol (CG) and hemicellulose hydrolysate (HH) are low-value side-products of biodiesel transesterification and pulp-and paper industry or lignocellulosic...
BACKGROUND
Crude glycerol (CG) and hemicellulose hydrolysate (HH) are low-value side-products of biodiesel transesterification and pulp-and paper industry or lignocellulosic ethanol production, respectively, which can be converted to microbial lipids by oleaginous yeasts. This study aimed to test the ability of oleaginous yeasts to utilise CG and HH and mixtures of them as carbon source.
RESULTS
Eleven out of 27 tested strains of oleaginous yeast species were able to grow in plate tests on CG as sole carbon source. Among them, only one ascomycetous strain, belonging to Lipomyces starkeyi, was identified, the other 10 strains were Rhodotorula spec. When yeasts were cultivated in mixed CG/ HH medium, we observed an activation of glycerol conversion in the Rhodotorula strains, but not in L. starkeyi. Two strains-Rhodotorula toruloides CBS 14 and Rhodotorula glutinis CBS 3044 were further tested in controlled fermentations in bioreactors in different mixtures of CG and HH. The highest measured average biomass and lipid concentration were achieved with R. toruloides in 10% HH medium mixed with 55 g/L CG-19.4 g/L and 10.6 g/L, respectively, with a lipid yield of 0.25 g lipids per consumed g of carbon source. Fatty acid composition was similar to other R. toruloides strains and comparable to that of vegetable oils.
CONCLUSIONS
There were big strain differences in the ability to convert CG to lipids, as only few of the tested strains were able to grow. Lipid production rates and yields showed that mixing GC and HH have a stimulating effect on lipid accumulation in R. toruloides and R. glutinis resulting in shortened fermentation time to reach maximum lipid concentration, which provides a new perspective on converting these low-value compounds to microbial lipids.
PubMed: 33712047
DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01916-y -
Current Microbiology Jun 2022The objective of this work is the study of the antifungal and antibacterial activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S61 strains, isolated from traditional fermenting...
The objective of this work is the study of the antifungal and antibacterial activity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S61 strains, isolated from traditional fermenting green olives against Rhodotorula glutinis UMP 22 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, and its application in meat as bio-preservative agent. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lpb. plantarum S61 shows high inhibition zones, which are 22.45 ± 0.49 and 17.75 ± 0.35 mm, against Rhodotorula glutinis and Listeria monocytogenes. The minimum fungicidal and bactericidal concentrations of the CFS obtained are 8% (v/v) and 10% (v/v), respectively. The competition assay, realized in liquid medium by co-culture of Lpb. plantarum S61 with Rho Rhodotorula glutinis and L. monocytogenes, led to inhibition percentages of 77.72% and 89.52%, respectively. However, the antimicrobial activity of Lpb. plantarum S61 was revealed a proteinaceous nature. Lpb. plantarum S61 strain allowed the reduction of L. monocytogenes in minced poultry meat during 7 days of storage at 4 °C. In addition, Lpb. plantarum S61 improved the physicochemical and color parameters of poultry minced meat. Lpb. plantarum S61 and/or its antimicrobial compounds can be applied as bio-preservative agent in meat product and food industry.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Listeria monocytogenes; Meat; Poultry; Probiotics; Rhodotorula
PubMed: 35767082
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02923-4 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022Exploration of yeast diversity for the sustainable production of biofuels, in particular biodiesel, is gaining momentum in recent years. However, sustainable, and... (Review)
Review
Exploration of yeast diversity for the sustainable production of biofuels, in particular biodiesel, is gaining momentum in recent years. However, sustainable, and economically viable bioprocesses require yeast strains exhibiting: (i) high tolerance to multiple bioprocess-related stresses, including the various chemical inhibitors present in hydrolysates from lignocellulosic biomass and residues; (ii) the ability to efficiently consume all the major carbon sources present; (iii) the capacity to produce lipids with adequate composition in high yields. More than 160 non-conventional (non-) yeast species are described as oleaginous, but only a smaller group are relatively well characterised, including , , , , and . This article provides an overview of lipid production by oleaginous yeasts focusing on yeast diversity, metabolism, and other microbiological issues related to the toxicity and tolerance to multiple challenging stresses limiting bioprocess performance. This is essential knowledge to better understand and guide the rational improvement of yeast performance either by genetic manipulation or by exploring yeast physiology and optimal process conditions. Examples gathered from the literature showing the potential of different oleaginous yeasts/process conditions to produce oils for biodiesel from agro-forestry and industrial organic residues are provided.
PubMed: 35887443
DOI: 10.3390/jof8070687 -
Bioresource Technology Oct 2016In this study, the flocculation process of Chlorella vulgaris and Rhodotorula glutinis induced by inorganic salts modified montmorillonoid was conducted. The maximum...
In this study, the flocculation process of Chlorella vulgaris and Rhodotorula glutinis induced by inorganic salts modified montmorillonoid was conducted. The maximum flocculation efficiency (FE) of 98.50% for C. vulgaris and 11.83% for R. glutinis were obtained with 4g/L and 5g/L flocculant within the dosage scope of 1-5g/L. The difference of FE was then thermodynamically explained by the extended DLVO theory and the FE of R. glutinis was mechanically enhanced to 90.66% with 0.06g/L cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) at an optimum pH of 9. After that, aimed to utilize the remainder flocculant capacity, C. vulgaris culture was added to the aggregation of R. glutinis. Fortunately, the coagulation of R. glutinis and C. Vulgaris was achieved with 0.05g/L CPAM and 5g/L flocculant at pH 9 and the FE reached 90.15% and 91.24%, respectively.
Topics: Acrylic Resins; Biofuels; Cations; Cell Separation; Chlorella vulgaris; Flocculation; Rhodotorula
PubMed: 27420162
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.016 -
Archives of Microbiology Dec 2021This study was performed to elucidate the effects of two fungal quorum sensing molecules (tyrosol and farnesol) on carotenoid synthesis in the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis...
This study was performed to elucidate the effects of two fungal quorum sensing molecules (tyrosol and farnesol) on carotenoid synthesis in the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and prodigioin synthesis in the bacterium Serratia marcencens. Farnesol or tyrosol was directly added to the flask cultures at the beginning (immediately after inoculation with the preculture) of day 1 or the beginning (49th h) of day 3. The results demonstrated that tyrosol supplementation increased the synthesis of carotenoids but farnesol supplementation increased the synthesis of prodigiosin. It was found that adding farnesol or tyrosol into the culture on day 3 compared to day 1 caused more increments in pigment synthesis. The maximum increase (fivefold) in the synthesis of prodigiosin was achieved with 200 μL/L farnesol supplementation, whereas the maximum increase (2.13 fold) in the synthesis of carotenoids was achieved with 4 mg/L tyrosol supplementation. This is the first report about the effects of fungal quorum sensing molecules (farnesol and tyrosol) on the synthesis of carotenoids and prodigiosin in microorganisms. Due to non-human toxicity and low price and of farnesol and tyrosol, these molecules can be used as novel inducers for large-scale production of microbial pigments.
Topics: Biofilms; Carotenoids; Farnesol; Phenylethyl Alcohol; Prodigiosin
PubMed: 34972980
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02742-4 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Aug 2018Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have several technological applications and may be synthetized by chemical, physical and biological methods. Biosynthesis using fungi has a...
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have several technological applications and may be synthetized by chemical, physical and biological methods. Biosynthesis using fungi has a wide enzymatic range and it is easy to handle. However, there are few reports of yeasts with biosynthetic ability to produce stable AgNPs. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify soil yeasts (Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). After this step, the yeasts were used to obtain AgNPs with catalytic and antifungal activity evaluation. Silver Nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, DLS, FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM and AFM. The AgNPs produced by R. glutinis and R. mucilaginosa have 15.45 ± 7.94 nm and 13.70 ± 8.21 nm (average ± SD), respectively, when analyzed by TEM. AgNPs showed high catalytic capacity in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol and methylene blue. In addition, AgNPs showed high antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis and increase the activity of fluconazole (42.2% for R. glutinis and 29.7% for R. mucilaginosa), while the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was only observed at high concentrations. Finally, two yeasts with the ability to produce AgNPs were described and these particles showed multifunctionality and can represent a technological alternative in many different areas with potential applications.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Brazil; Candida parapsilosis; Catalysis; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Fluconazole; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Methylene Blue; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrophenols; Particle Size; Phylogeny; Rhodotorula; Silver; Soil Microbiology; Wastewater; Water Purification
PubMed: 30084085
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2514-8