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Colombia Medica (Cali, Colombia) Dec 2018Obesity has reached pandemic proportions in recent years. Not only adults suffer from the disease, but increasingly children and young people. One of the main causes of... (Review)
Review
Obesity has reached pandemic proportions in recent years. Not only adults suffer from the disease, but increasingly children and young people. One of the main causes of overweight and obesity is excessive food intake, in particular heavily processed carbohydrates. Obesity alters multiple organs, including the salivary glands, bringing functional alterations with it. Among researchers, the relation between obesity and tooth decay, periodontal disease and xerostomia is being debated. More and more scientific reports are drawing attention to the changes in the microflora of the oral cavity during obesity. All changes are closely related to the morphological and functional alterations of the salivary glands. This article review presents the current points of view regarding the impact of obesity on the health of the salivary glands, and how changes their functions influence other structures in the oral cavity.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Dental Caries; Humans; Obesity; Pediatric Obesity; Periodontal Diseases; Salivary Gland Diseases; Salivary Glands; Xerostomia
PubMed: 30700921
DOI: 10.25100/cm.v49i3.3919 -
International Review of Cell and... 2022Macrophages are mononuclear innate immune cells which have become of increasing interest in the fields of disease and regeneration, as their non-classical functions have... (Review)
Review
Macrophages are mononuclear innate immune cells which have become of increasing interest in the fields of disease and regeneration, as their non-classical functions have been elucidated in addition to their classical inflammatory functions. Macrophages can regulate tissue remodeling, by both mounting and reducing inflammatory responses; and exhibit direct communication with other cells to drive tissue turnover and cell replacement. Furthermore, macrophages have recently become an attractive therapeutic target to drive tissue regeneration. The major salivary glands are glandular tissues that are exposed to pathogens through their close connection with the oral cavity. Moreover, there are a number of diseases that preferentially destroy the salivary glands, causing irreversible injury, highlighting the need for a regenerative strategy. However, characterization of macrophages in the mouse and human salivary glands is sparse and has been mostly determined from studies in infection or autoimmune pathologies. In this review, we describe the current literature around salivary gland macrophages, and speculate about the niches they inhabit and how their role in development, regeneration and cancer may inform future therapeutic advances.
Topics: Animals; Macrophages; Mice; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 35636925
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.02.001 -
Seminars in Ultrasound, CT, and MR Oct 2019The salivary glands are host to a variety of benign and malignant tumors, as well as tumor-like conditions. Due to the variable FDG avidity of these lesions on positron... (Review)
Review
The salivary glands are host to a variety of benign and malignant tumors, as well as tumor-like conditions. Due to the variable FDG avidity of these lesions on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, as well as the complex embryology and physiology that affect normal FDG uptake, FDG PET imaging of salivary gland pathology can prove challenging for head and neck imagers. We provide a practical guide for PET imaging of salivary gland tumors, detailing important additional diagnostic considerations, such as perineural tumor spread and intraparotid nodal metastases that are unique subsets related to salivary gland malignancy.
Topics: Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radiopharmaceuticals; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 31635766
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2019.07.003 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... Aug 2023Infectious and inflammatory disorders are the commonest pathologies to affect the major salivary glands however frequently overlap in clinical presentation. Imaging... (Review)
Review
Infectious and inflammatory disorders are the commonest pathologies to affect the major salivary glands however frequently overlap in clinical presentation. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, usually initially performed by CT or ultrasound. MRI, with its superior soft-tissue characterization compared with CT, provides a better evaluation of tumors and tumor-like conditions. Imaging features may suggest that a mass is more likely to be benign versus malignant, however, biopsy is often needed to establish a definitive histopathologic diagnosis. Imaging plays a key role in the staging of neoplastic disease.
Topics: Humans; Salivary Glands; Diagnostic Imaging; Diagnosis, Differential; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Gland Diseases
PubMed: 37032181
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2023.02.007 -
Journal of Pineal Research Sep 2023Salivary gland damage caused by ionizing radiation (IR) severely affects the patient quality of life and influences the efficacy of radiotherapy. Most current treatment...
Salivary gland damage caused by ionizing radiation (IR) severely affects the patient quality of life and influences the efficacy of radiotherapy. Most current treatment modalities are palliative, so effective prevention of damage caused by IR is essential. Melatonin (MLT) is an antioxidant that has been reported to prevent IR-induced damage in a range of systems, including the hematopoietic system and gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we explored the effects of MLT on whole-neck irradiation (WNI)-induced salivary gland damage in mice. The results revealed that by protecting the channel protein AQP-5, MLT not only alleviates salivary gland dysfunction and maintains salivary flow rate, but also protects salivary gland structure and inhibits the WNI-induced reduction in mucin production and degree of fibrosis. Compared with WNI-treated mice, in those receiving MLT, we observed a modulation of oxidative stress in salivary glands via its effects on 8-OHdG and SOD2, as well as an inhibition of DNA damage and apoptosis. With respect to its radioprotective mechanism, we found that MLT may alleviate WNI-induced xerostomia partly by regulating RPL18A. In vitro, we demonstrated that MLT has radioprotective effects on salivary gland stem cells (SGSCs). In conclusion, our data this study indicate that MLT can effectively alleviate radiation-induced damage in salivary glands, thereby providing a new candidate for the prevention of WNI-induced xerostomia.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Melatonin; Quality of Life; Salivary Glands; Xerostomia; Radiation, Ionizing
PubMed: 37391878
DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12897 -
The Journal of Physiology Jun 2016Studies over the past four decades have established that Ca(2+) is a critical factor in control of salivary gland function and have led to identification of the critical... (Review)
Review
Studies over the past four decades have established that Ca(2+) is a critical factor in control of salivary gland function and have led to identification of the critical components of this process. The major ion transport mechanisms and ion channels that are involved in fluid secretion have also been established. The key event in activation of fluid secretion is an increase in [Ca(2+) ]i triggered by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3 )-induced release of Ca(2+) from ER via the IP3 receptor (IP3 R). IP3 Rs determine the site of initiation and the pattern of the [Ca(2+) ]i signal in the cell. However, Ca(2+) entry into the cell is required to sustain the elevation of [Ca(2+) ]i and fluid secretion and is mediated by the store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) mechanism. Orai1, TRPC1, TRPC3 and STIM1 have been identified as critical components of SOCE in these cells. Cells finely tune the generation and amplification of [Ca(2+) ]i signals for regulation of cell function. An important emerging area is the concept that unregulated [Ca(2+) ]i signals in cells can directly cause cell damage, dysfunction and disease. Alternatively, aberrant [Ca(2+) ]i signals can also amplify and increase the rates of cell damage. Such defects in Ca(2+) signalling have been described in salivary glands in conjunction with radiation-induced loss of salivary gland function as well as in the salivary defects associated with the autoimmune exocrinopathy Sjögren's syndrome. Such defects have been associated with altered function or expression of key Ca(2+) signalling components, such as STIM proteins and TRP channels. These studies offer new avenues for examining the mechanisms underlying the disease and development of novel clinical targets and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Channels; Calcium Signaling; Humans; Salivary Glands; Sjogren's Syndrome
PubMed: 26592972
DOI: 10.1113/JP271143 -
Cells Jul 2021Salivary gland regeneration is important for developing treatments for radiation-induced xerostomia, Sjögren's syndrome, and other conditions that cause dry mouth.... (Review)
Review
Salivary gland regeneration is important for developing treatments for radiation-induced xerostomia, Sjögren's syndrome, and other conditions that cause dry mouth. Culture conditions adopted from tissue engineering strategies have been used to recapitulate gland structure and function to study and regenerate the salivary glands. The purpose of this review is to highlight current trends in the field, with an emphasis on soluble factors that have been shown to improve secretory function in vitro. A PubMed search was conducted to identify articles published in the last 10 years and articles were evaluated to identify the most promising approaches and areas for further research. Results showed increasing use of extracellular matrix mimetics, such as Matrigel, collagen, and a variety of functionalized polymers. Soluble factors that provide supportive cues, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and neurotrophic factors, as well as chemical inhibitors of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and transforming growth factor β receptor (TGFβR) have shown increases in important markers including aquaporin 5 (Aqp5); muscle, intestine, and stomach expression 1 (Mist1); and keratin (K5). However, recapitulation of tissue function at in vivo levels is still elusive. A focus on identification of soluble factors, cells, and/or matrix cues tested in combination may further increase the maintenance of salivary gland secretory function in vitro. These approaches may also be amenable for translation in vivo to support successful regeneration of dysfunctional glands.
Topics: Animals; Cell Culture Techniques; Humans; Salivary Glands; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 34359893
DOI: 10.3390/cells10071723 -
Neuroimaging Clinics of North America May 2018This article reviews the multimodality diagnostic imaging features of benign neoplastic and nonneoplastic tumors associated with the major salivary glands. Examples of... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the multimodality diagnostic imaging features of benign neoplastic and nonneoplastic tumors associated with the major salivary glands. Examples of neoplastic conditions that are depicted and discussed include pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin tumor, oncocytoma, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, lipoma, and hemangiomas or hemangioendotheliomas. Examples of nonneoplastic conditions that are depicted and discussed include ranulas, benign lymphoepithelial lesions, Kimura disease, and vascular malformations. Specific imaging and clinical features of these conditions are emphasized in this article.
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Salivary Gland Diseases; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 29622111
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2018.01.002 -
Neuroimaging Clinics of North America May 2018MR imaging is the modality of choice in evaluation of salivary gland tumors. Postcontrast MR imaging is adequate for exact localization and extension of salivary gland... (Review)
Review
MR imaging is the modality of choice in evaluation of salivary gland tumors. Postcontrast MR imaging is adequate for exact localization and extension of salivary gland tumors and multiparametric of diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging helps in characterization of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Imaging is important for preoperative localization, characterization of salivary gland tumors and locoregional extension, perineural spread, and nodal and distant staging of malignant salivary gland tumors. Imaging has a role in detection of tumor recurrence, monitoring patients after therapy, prediction of malignant transformation of benign tumors, and differentiation of salivary gland tumors from simulating inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Glands; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 29622121
DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2018.01.009 -
Rheumatology (Oxford, England) Aug 2022To compare findings on salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) and salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) in patients with primary SS (pSS).
OBJECTIVE
To compare findings on salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) and salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) in patients with primary SS (pSS).
METHODS
The study cohort included patients newly diagnosed with pSS who underwent SGUS and SGS at the same time at our tertiary care hospital. Baseline demographics, laboratory data, clinical data and SGUS and SGS findings were collected. An SGUS cut-off score ≥14 defined positive SGUS findings and was used to classify patients in SGUS+ and SGUS- groups. SGS findings were quantified by the parotid:submandibular uptake ratio (PU:SU) and percentage parotid/submandibular excretion (%PE/%SE). The correlation between SGUS and SGS findings was evaluated.
RESULTS
For analysis, 18 patients with SGUS+ findings and 18 with SGUS- findings were recruited, for a total study cohort of 36 patients. There were no between-group differences in baseline demographics and clinical and laboratory data. The PU, %PE, SU and %SE were significantly lower in the SGUS+vs SGUS- group. The SGUS score for the parotid gland was negatively correlated to the PU (r = -0.36, P = 0.03) and %PE (r = -0.35, P = 0.04). The SGUS score of the submandibular gland was negatively correlated to the SU (r = -0.42, P = 0.01) and %SE (r = -0.39, P = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with a higher SGUS score had lower salivary gland function. The SGUS score showed a significant correlation with PU, %PE, SU and %SE. These findings are indicative of a possible predictive role of SGUS to diagnose salivary gland dysfunction.
Topics: Humans; Parotid Gland; Radionuclide Imaging; Salivary Glands; Sjogren's Syndrome; Submandibular Gland; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 34888620
DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab881