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Boletin Medico Del Hospital Infantil de... 2022Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit with multifactorial etiology. Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, altered sebum production,... (Review)
Review
Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit with multifactorial etiology. Abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, altered sebum production, inflammation of the sebaceous follicle, and colonization by Cutibacterium acnes have been traditionally implicated. However, the diet has also been highlighted in the pathogenesis because of its direct relation with some biochemical markers and the transcription of specific genes associated with sebaceous gland activity, inflammation, and bacterial proliferation, which together promote the development of the disease, affect the severity of the condition, and modify its response to treatment.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Diet; Humans; Inflammation; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebum
PubMed: 35468121
DOI: 10.24875/BMHIM.21000088 -
Nature Reviews. Disease Primers Sep 2015Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease - rather than a natural part of the life cycle as colloquially viewed - of the pilosebaceous unit (comprising the hair... (Review)
Review
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease - rather than a natural part of the life cycle as colloquially viewed - of the pilosebaceous unit (comprising the hair follicle, hair shaft and sebaceous gland) and is among the most common dermatological conditions worldwide. Some of the key mechanisms involved in the development of acne include disturbed sebaceous gland activity associated with hyperseborrhoea (that is, increased sebum production) and alterations in sebum fatty acid composition, dysregulation of the hormone microenvironment, interaction with neuropeptides, follicular hyperkeratinization, induction of inflammation and dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immunity. Grading of acne involves lesion counting and photographic methods. However, there is a lack of consensus on the exact grading criteria, which hampers the conduction and comparison of randomized controlled clinical trials evaluating treatments. Prevention of acne relies on the successful management of modifiable risk factors, such as underlying systemic diseases and lifestyle factors. Several treatments are available, but guidelines suffer from a lack of data to make evidence-based recommendations. In addition, the complex combination treatment regimens required to target different aspects of acne pathophysiology lead to poor adherence, which undermines treatment success. Acne commonly causes scarring and reduces the quality of life of patients. New treatment options with a shift towards targeting the early processes involved in acne development instead of suppressing the effects of end products will enhance our ability to improve the outcomes for patients with acne.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Cicatrix; Hair Follicle; Humans; Quality of Life; Risk Factors; Sebaceous Glands; Sebum
PubMed: 27189872
DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.29 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2019Acne in women is often associated with anxiety and depression, and may persist from adolescence as well as manifest for the first time in adulthood. Genetic and hormonal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Acne in women is often associated with anxiety and depression, and may persist from adolescence as well as manifest for the first time in adulthood. Genetic and hormonal factors contribute to its etiopathogenesis, and maintenance treatment is required, usually for years, due to its clinical evolution.
OBJECTIVE
To develop a guide for the clinical practice of adult female acne.
METHODS
A team of five experts with extensive experience in acne conducted a literature review of the main scientific evidence and met to discuss the best practices and personal experiences to develop a guide containing recommendations for the clinical practice of adult female acne.
RESULTS
The group of specialists reached consensus on the main guidelines for clinical practice, providing detailed recommendations on clinical picture, etiopathogenesis, laboratory investigation and treatment of adult female acne.
CONCLUSION
Different from teenage acne, adult female acne presents some characteristics and multiple etiopathogenic factors that make its management more complex. This guide provides recommendations for best clinical practices and therapeutic decisions. However, the authors consider that additional studies are needed in order to provide more evidence for adult female acne to be better understood.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Androgens; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Consensus; Dermatologic Agents; Female; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Quality of Life; Risk Factors; Sebum
PubMed: 30726466
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20198203 -
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Feb 2021The hair follicle (HF) is a highly conserved sensory organ associated with the immune response against pathogens, thermoregulation, sebum production, angiogenesis,... (Review)
Review
The hair follicle (HF) is a highly conserved sensory organ associated with the immune response against pathogens, thermoregulation, sebum production, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and wound healing. Although recent advances in lineage-tracing techniques and the ability to profile gene expression in small populations of cells have increased the understanding of how stem cells operate during hair growth and regeneration, the construction of functional follicles with cycling activity is still a great challenge for the hair research field and for translational and clinical applications. Given that hair formation and cycling rely on tightly coordinated epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, we thus review potential cell sources with HF-inducive capacities and summarize current bioengineering strategies for HF regeneration with functional restoration.
Topics: Animals; Body Temperature Regulation; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Gene Expression Regulation; Hair Follicle; Humans; Immunity; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Neurogenesis; Regeneration; Sebum
PubMed: 33594043
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00441-y -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Oct 2022Microbial dysbiosis in the skin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD); however, whether and how changes in the skin microbiome initiate skin...
Microbial dysbiosis in the skin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD); however, whether and how changes in the skin microbiome initiate skin inflammation, or vice versa, remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the levels of sebum and its microbial metabolite, propionate, were lower on the skin surface of AD patients compared with those of healthy individuals. Topical propionate application attenuated skin inflammation in mice with MC903-induced AD-like dermatitis by inhibiting IL-33 production in keratinocytes, an effect that was mediated through inhibition of HDAC and regulation of the AhR signaling pathway. Mice lacking sebum spontaneously developed AD-like dermatitis, which was improved by topical propionate application. A proof-of-concept clinical study further demonstrated the beneficial therapeutic effects of topical propionate application in AD patients. In summary, we have uncovered that the dysregulated sebum-microbial metabolite-IL-33 axis might play an initiating role in AD-related skin inflammation, thereby highlighting novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD.
Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Atopic; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammation; Interleukin-33; Keratinocytes; Mice; Propionates; Sebum; Skin
PubMed: 35977109
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212397 -
Folia Microbiologica Dec 2022Acne is a frequently presented dermatological condition brought about by an interplay among inflammation, increased sebum production, hyperkeratinisation, and... (Review)
Review
Acne is a frequently presented dermatological condition brought about by an interplay among inflammation, increased sebum production, hyperkeratinisation, and predominantly Propionibacterium acnes (renamed as Cutibacterium acnes) proliferation, leading to debilitating psychological scars. However, it has been shown that it is the loss of microbial diversity in the skin and the imbalance among C. acnes phylotypes that brings about acne rather than the C. acnes species as a whole. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that other microorganisms may be implicated, such as the fungi Malassezia and the bacteria Cutibacterium granulosum. A plethora of scientific evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is implicated in the overall health and physiology of the host; studies show that the gut microbiome of acne patients is distinct and depicts less microbial diversity compared to individuals without acne. Herein, using the key terms: acne, C. acnes, IGF-1, sebum, and gut microbiome, we carried out a review of the literature, using Google Scholar and PubMed, and discussed the role of the gut and skin microbiome in relation to acne, as a narrative review. The role of hormones, diet, sebum, and stress in relation to the gut microbiome was also investigated. Therapeutic implications and the use of pre-/postbiotics are also deliberated upon. In this light, future research should investigate the relationship between the gut microbiome and the agreed upon factors of acne pathology, potentially leading to the discovery of novel acne treatments with milder side effects.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Acne Vulgaris; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin; Microbiota
PubMed: 35711021
DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00982-5 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Oct 2019Sebaceous glands (SGs) are appendages of mammalian skin that produce a mixture of lipids known as sebum. Acne vulgaris is an exceptionally common skin condition,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sebaceous glands (SGs) are appendages of mammalian skin that produce a mixture of lipids known as sebum. Acne vulgaris is an exceptionally common skin condition, characterized by elevated sebum production, altered sebum composition, and the formation of infundibular cysts, called comedones. Comedo-associated SGs are atrophic, suggesting that comedo formation involves abnormal differentiation of progenitor cells that generate the SG and infundibulum: the 'comedo switch'. Understanding the biological processes that govern SG homeostasis promises to highlight potential aetiological mechanisms underlying acne and other SG-associated skin disorders.
RESULTS
In this review, we discuss the clinical data, genetic mouse models and in vitro research that have highlighted major hormones, paracrine factors, transcription factors and signalling pathways that control SG homeostasis. These include, but are not limited to androgens, progestogens and oestrogens; retinoids; receptor tyrosine kinases such as ErbB family receptors, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; aryl hydrocarbon receptor; and the Wnt signalling pathway. Where possible, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these regulatory factors control SG biology are indicated, along with considerations as to how they might contribute to acne pathogenesis.
CONCLUSIONS
Future research should seek to establish the relative importance, and causative relationships, of altered sebum production, sebum composition, inflammation and abnormal differentiation of sebaceous progenitors to the process of comedo formation in acne. Such an understanding will allow for therapeutic targeting of regulatory factors that control SG homeostasis, with the aim of treating acne.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Sebaceous Glands; Sebum; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 31056753
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17981 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and... Apr 2023Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common dermatological disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. This review discusses the topical products... (Review)
Review
Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common dermatological disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. This review discusses the topical products available for treating SD, which target several aspects of disease pathobiology, including cutaneous microbial dysbiosis (driven by Malassezia yeast), inflammation, sebum production and skin barrier disruption. Among the various treatments available, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) based products that exhibit anti-fungal action are the market leaders. A skin compartment approach is presented here for combining ZnPT exposure information with threshold levels for anti-fungal efficacy and toxicity, overall providing a comprehensive picture of ZnPT therapeutics and safety. While Malassezia yeast on the surface are effectively targeted, yeast residing beyond the superficial follicle may not receive adequate ZnPT for anti-fungal effect forming the basis for skin re-colonisation. Levels entering systemic circulation from topical delivery are well below toxic thresholds, however the elevated zinc levels within the viable epidermis warrants further investigation. Strategies to improve formulation design can be broadly classified as influencing 1) topical delivery, 2) therapeutic bioactivity, 3) skin mildness, and 4) sensory attributes. Successful SD treatment ultimately requires formulations that can balance efficacy, safety, and consumer appeal.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Skin; Epidermis; Sebum; Malassezia
PubMed: 36842718
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.023 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology Oct 2018Skin health is an important aspect of aesthetics. Dermatologists and scientists try to develop novel methods and materials to fulfill this aim. Facial cosmetics keep... (Review)
Review
Skin health is an important aspect of aesthetics. Dermatologists and scientists try to develop novel methods and materials to fulfill this aim. Facial cosmetics keep skin moist and remove sebum from the skin to maintain proper skin health. The use of suitable cosmetics according to the facial skin type results in healthy skin. Facial masks are the most prevalent cosmetic products utilized for skin rejuvenation. Facial masks are divided into four groups: (a) sheet masks; (b) peel-off masks; (c) rinse-off masks; and (d) hydrogels. Each of these has some advantages for specific skin types based on the ingredients used. The following article presents the available information about the facial mask. Also, we have focused on the facial masks available in the market. Despite several developments in this field, extensive research is required for performing successful and precise clinical trials in the future. Further improvements would enable the researchers to develop new products in this field. In this review, we present the most recent breakthroughs in the field of skin care and rejuvenation by cosmeceutical facial mask. This information is valuable to get the picture of the latest trends and also helpful for clinicians and related manufacturing companies.
Topics: Cosmeceuticals; Cosmetics; Face; Humans; Hydrogels; Rejuvenation; Sebum; Skin Aging; Skin Care; Skin Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 30133135
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12730 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Jul 2021Emerging studies indicate that the immune system can regulate systemic metabolism. Here, we show that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) stimulates T cells to induce...
Emerging studies indicate that the immune system can regulate systemic metabolism. Here, we show that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) stimulates T cells to induce selective white adipose loss, which protects against obesity, improves glucose metabolism, and mitigates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Unexpectedly, adipose loss was not caused by alterations in food intake, absorption, or energy expenditure. Rather, it was induced by the excessive loss of lipids through the skin as sebum. TSLP and T cells regulated sebum release and sebum-associated antimicrobial peptide expression in the steady state. In human skin, expression correlated directly with sebum-associated gene expression. Thus, we establish a paradigm in which adipose loss can be achieved by means of sebum hypersecretion and uncover a role for adaptive immunity in skin barrier function through sebum secretion.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Cytokines; Diet; Glucose; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Lipid Metabolism; Mice; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins; Receptors, Cytokine; Sebaceous Glands; Sebum; Signal Transduction; Skin; T-Lymphocytes; Weight Loss; Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
PubMed: 34326208
DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2893